cis 381: social & ethical issues of computingdkoop/cis381-2019sp/lectures/lecture02.pdf · cis...
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CIS 381: Social & Ethical Issues of Computing
Technologies as Catalysts for Change Dr. David Koop
D. Koop, CIS 381, Spring 2019
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“Technology is not neutral. The choices that get made in building technology then
have social ramifications.” — M. Sahami
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The Moral Machine Experiment
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[E. Awad et al., Nature, 2018]D. Koop, CIS 381, Spring 2019
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Course Material• Course Website
- http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~dkoop/cis381-2019sp
- All material will be posted there - myCourses for turning in
assignments • Textbook: Ethics for the Information
Age by M. J. Quinn, 7th ed., 2017 - Provides background on ethics - Covers major issues in computing
and data science • Assigned Readings
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Grading• Writing Assignments, Quizzes and Participation: 35% • Tests (2): 35% • Term Paper & Presentation: 30% • Late Policy
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Important Dates• Check these now! • Test 1: February 27 • Test 2: April 10 • Presentations: April 17–May 1 • Tests may not be rescheduled and can only be made up in case of
a documented emergency.
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Syllabus• Do not plagiarize or otherwise cheat • Check test dates • Register on COIN if you haven't already • See me about any accommodations • Questions?
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Assignment 1• Link • Read "Is Google Making Us Stupid?", N. Carr • Write 250-300 words, approximately one half-page single-spaced
in 12pt font, about the above subject • Check spelling and grammar! • Writing assignments are to be done individually • Due next Wednesday (1/30) before class • Turn in via myCourses
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Advances in Computing
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Aids to Manual Calculating• Tablet
- Clay, wax tablets (ancient times) - Slates (late Middle Ages) - Paper tablets (19th century)
• Abacus - Rods or wires in rectangular frame - Lines drawn on a counting board
• Mathematical tables - Tables of logarithms (17th century) - Income tax tables (today)
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Cash Register• Store owners of late 1800s faced
problems - Keeping accurate sales records
for department stores - Preventing embezzlement from
clerks • Response: cash register
- Created printed, itemized receipts - Maintained printed log of
transactions - Rang bell every time drawer was
opened
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[NCR Archive, M. J. Quinn]D. Koop, CIS 381, Spring 2019
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Antecedents to the Personal Computer• Whole Earth Catalog
- “Sort of like Google in paperback form” (Steve Jobs) - Stewart Brand saw “technology as a tool for individual and
collective transformation” (Fred Turner) • People’s Computer Company
- Educated people on how to use computers - People gathered around time-share computers - Culture promoted free exchange of software
• Homebrew Computer Club - Meeting place for hobbyists - Steve Wozniak created system that became Apple I
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[M. J. Quinn]D. Koop, CIS 381, Spring 2019
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Apple I Personal Computer
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Personal Computer• Altair 8800
- Gates and Allen created BASIC interpreter - Interpreter pirated at Homebrew Computer Club meeting
• Personal computers became popular - Apple Computer: Apple II - Tandy Corporation: TRS 80
• Businesses drawn to personal computers - Computer spreadsheet program: VisiCalc - IBM launches IBM PC
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Recent Technological Advances• Smartphones • Digital photography • Automobile navigation systems • Video streaming
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Technology and Values• Dynamic between people, technology
- People invent, adopt technology - Technology changes society
• Using technology can change people - Experiences cause physical changes in brains (e.g., London taxi
drivers) - Experiences with technology can have psychological effects, too
(e.g., dependency on cell phones) • Technologies solve problems, but may create new problems
- Automobile - Refrigerator - Low-cost international communication
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[M. J. Quinn]D. Koop, CIS 381, Spring 2019
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Advances in Networking
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Electricity and Electromagnetism• Volta invented battery (1799) • Oersted: electricity creates magnetic field • Sturgeon constructed electromagnet • Henry: communication using electromagnets (1830)
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Telegraph• Electric vs. Semaphore • Built by Samuel Morse,1843-1844 • Private networks flourished
- 12,000 miles of lines in 1850 - Transcontinental line in 1861 put
Pony Express out of business - 200,000 miles of lines by 1877
• Technology proved versatile - Fire alarm boxes - Police call boxes
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Semaphore Telegraph Tower, [Photo l’Adresse Musée de La Poste]
D. Koop, CIS 381, Spring 2019
[M. J. Quinn]
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Impact: Pony Express Riders Lose Jobs
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Telephone• Alexander Graham Bell
- A "harmonic" telegraph - Leveraged concept into first telephone
• Social impacts: - Blurred public life / private life boundary - Eroded traditional social hierarchies - Reduced privacy: party lines - Enabled first “online” communities
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Typewriter and Teletype• Typewriter
- Individual production of “type set” documents - Common in offices by 1890s
• Teletype - Typewriter connected to telegraph line - Popular uses
• Transmitting news stories • Sending records of stock transactions
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Radio• Pioneers
- Hertz generated electromagnetic waves - Marconi invented radio
• First used in business - Wireless telegraph - Transmit voices
• Entertainment uses - Suggested by Sarnoff - Important entertainment medium by 1930s
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Television• Became popular in 1950s
- Price fell dramatically - Number of stations increased
• Social effects - Worldwide audiences - Networks strive to be first to deliver news - Impact of incorrect information; e.g., 2000 presidential election
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Remote Computing• Stibitz and Williams built Complex Number Calculator at Bell Labs • Bell Labs part of AT&T (phone company) • Teletype chosen for input/output • Allowed operator to be distant from machine • Long-distance demonstration between New Hampshire and New
York City
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ARPANET• DoD created ARPA in late 1950s • Licklider conceived of “Galactic Network” • Decentralized design to improve survivability • Packet-switching replaced circuit switching
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Circuit-switched v. Packet-switched Networks
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Email• Creation
- Tomlinson at BBN wrote software to send, receive email messages
- Roberts created email utility • Current status
- One of world’s most important communication technologies - Billions of messages sent in U.S. every day
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Internet• Kahn conceived of open architecture networking • Cerf and Kahn designed TCP/IP protocol • Internet: network of networks communicating using TCP/IP
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NSFNET• Created by National Science Foundation • Provided access grants to universities • Encouraged commercial subscribers for regional networks • Banned commercial traffic on NSFNET Backbone • Private companies developed long-distance Internet connections • After private networks established, NSF shut down NSFNET
Backbone
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Broadband• Broadband
- High-speed Internet connection - Makes feasible transfer of very large files (e.g., video) - Growth in file-swapping growth parallels growth in broadband
• Typical broadband speeds - South Korea (#1): 14.0 megabits/second - Japan (#2): 10.8 megabits/second - United States (#8): 7.4 megabits/second
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Wireless Networks• Cell phones
- Appeared in 1973, weighed 2 ½ pounds - Now weigh a few ounces and also support texting and
broadband Internet access • Public access wireless local area networks
- Proposed in 1993 - Hotspot: wireless Internet access point - Wi-Fi most common hotspot technology
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Advances in Information Storage and Retrieval
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Greek Alphabet• True alphabet: letters for both consonant and vowel sounds • 750 BC: Greeks developed first true alphabet with 24 characters • Simple, efficient way of transforming spoken words into written form • Oral culture transitioned to written culture
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Codex and Paper• Codex
- Rectangular pages sewn together on one side - Replaced papyrus scrolls as way of storing books - Allowed quicker access to particular passages - First produced by hand, then by wood engraving
• Paper - Invented by Chinese, brought to Europe in late Middle Ages - By 15th century replaced parchment for pages in less expensive
codices
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Gutenberg’s Printing Press• Based on movable metal type • Church principal customer of early publishers • Powerful mass communication tool • Printing press’s impact on Reformation
- More than 300,000 copies of Luther’s publications - Protestants out-published Catholics by
10-to-1 in the middle 16th century
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Newspapers• Newspapers: Stimulated free expression • Governments responded
- Licensing - Censorship
• Impact on American Revolution - Newspapers helped unify colonies - Swayed public opinion toward independence
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Hypertext• Vannevar Bush envisioned Memex • Ted Nelson
- Coined word hypertext - Proposed creation of Xanadu
• Douglas Engelbart - Directed construction of NLS (oNLine System) - Demonstrated windows, email, mouse, videoconferencing
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Englebart's "Mother of all Demos"
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Englebart's "Mother of all Demos"
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Homework• Writing Assignment 1: Is Google Making Us Stupid? N. Carr • Read Chapter 2
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