cite as: voinov, vitaly. 2002. preliminary observations on ... · tuvan expository texts. in john...

Cite as:

Voinov, Vitaly. 2002. Preliminary observations on cohesion devices in

Tuvan expository texts. In John M. Clifton and Deborah A. Clifton

(eds.), Comments on discourse structures in ten Turkic languages,

257-286. North Eurasia Group, SIL International: St. Petersburg,

Russia.

In August 1999 the North Eurasia Group of SIL International and the Institute

for Bible Translation held a workshop for translators from ten Turkic languages:

Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Khakas, Tuvan,

Altai, and Yakut. None of the translators were trained linguists. Non-native

speakers of the languages who worked with the translators also participated.

The purpose was to help the translators consider discourse-related structures

relevant to translation. These included anaphora, use of pronouns, participant

reference, focus and topic, word order, sentence length, background/foreground

distinctions, use of conjunctions, cohesion, and the use of tense/aspect.

After each interactive lecture, participants worked in groups according to

language. During these sessions, the participants applied the material that had

been presented to actual texts.

The papers that developed from the workshop were published in Comments on

Discourse Structures in Ten Turkic Languages, edited by Clifton and Clifton.

Two other papers in the volume, those by Gray and by Humnick, represent work

by members of the North Eurasia Group who were not able to attend the

workshop. All the papers are presented as work papers. Each paper includes at

least one interlinear text upon which many of the observations are based.

As much as possible, we have left the analyses as they were developed by the

authors. All the interlinear texts are presented in a 3-line format consisting of the

text as written, a line with morpheme breaks, and a line with glosses. We have

not, however, standardized the representation of morphemes. Some authors use

abstract forms, while others use the surface allomorphs.

We have standardized grammatical terminology as much as possible. For

example, in a number of the languages we have made a basic distinction in the

participles between perfect and imperfect rather than between past and present,

and have consistently referred to aorist forms as present/future. We also decided

not to break off derivational morphemes.

We have used gerund, the traditional term from Turkic linguistics, for forms

which have been referred to elsewhere as converbs or serial verbs, but

differentiate between various types. For example, the most neutral form is

referred to as a conjunctive gerund, while other forms are simultaneous gerunds,

sequential gerunds, gerunds of manner, and so on.

We trust these papers, especially the interlinear texts, will be of use to others

involved in the analysis of Turkic languages.

Comments on Discourse Structures in Ten Turkic Languages, pp 257-286

Preliminary Observations on Cohesion Devices

in Tuvan Expository Texts

Vitaly Voinov

The Tuvan (South Siberia) literary language has so far had only about a half-

century of development. Soviet linguists created a Latin-based orthography for

the Tuvan language in 1930. This was modified to Cyrillic characters in the

1940’s. The vast majority of natural Tuvan texts set to written form at the

beginning of the literary era were folk tales, legends, and epics – all narrative

genre. (Of course, Soviet political propaganda was translated from Russian

immediately after the creation of the Tuvan orthography, thus creating a new,

though not natural, genre of literature in Tuvan.) But with the great increase of

literacy and education in Tuva during the post-WWII era, new literary genres

began to develop. Undoubtedly, the Tuvan language was in many ways enriched

merely by lexical borrowing from Russian. However, contact with the literatures

of Russia and other peoples greatly empowered the Tuvan language to develop

internally as well, to expand its own natural grammatical resources, and to create

new Tuvan styles and genres.

The particular genre of Tuvan literature examined in this paper is expository

discourse. According to the broad classification system developed by Longacre

(1996), this notional discourse type is defined as having neither agent orientation

nor contingent succession. As a universal, etic discourse type, expository text is

organized on the principles of thematic tracking and logical development, as

opposed to character tracking and chronological succession. This generalization

seems to hold true in Tuvan texts as well, although much more detailed research

needs to be done to pinpoint emic subtypes within Tuvan expository discourse.

The specific aspect of Tuvan expository texts analyzed here is cohesion.

Following Dooley and Levinsohn (2001), cohesion involves the use of linguistic

means to keep a text coherent or unified throughout. This mostly deals with how

general and local topics are maintained and developed throughout a text, both on

sentence and higher levels, and how the main line of thought is continued,

despite temporary interruptions and digressions.

This paper will examine several cohesion devices in two different strands

(possibly sub-types) of Tuvan expository texts. Both texts are classified as

exposition because of their common features according to Longacre’s model.

However, the internal structures of these two texts are in many ways quite

different, so textual coherence is maintained in somewhat differing ways. Thus,

while the main goal of the paper is to examine cohesion strategies available to

the Tuvan expository genre, it is interesting to note how different styles within

the genre actually use differing sets of devices.

258 Comments on Discourse Structures in Ten Turkic Languages

The first of our two texts is an excerpt taken from Тыва чоннуң бурунгу

ужурлары ‘Ancient Customs of the Tuvan People’ (Kenin-Lopsan 1994). As

evident from the title, the author (an ethnographer) recounts and explains a wide

variety of Tuvan social and religious customs from many areas of life. The text

analyzed here is the introductory section of the first chapter of the book. (See

Appendix 1 for the interlinear text on which this analysis is based.) Its theme is

the traditional Tuvan arrangement of age distinctions. The seven ages of a

person’s lifetime, along with some of the responsibilities and perceptions

associated with them, are briefly described in relation to the seven stars of the

Big Dipper constellation.

This text exemplifies one extreme of Tuvan expository style, in which only a

few cohesion devices are utilized, but utilized repeatedly. Throughout Тыва

чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары Kenin-Lopsan overwhelmingly tends to have high-

level cohesion markers which track the development of the main topic from

paragraph to paragraph. At the same time, he avoids tight, sentence-level

cohesion, thus often giving an impression of lack of organization or unified local

theme. In some cases, the utter lack of intersentential cohesion devices can lead

a reader uninitiated in Tuvan literature to conclude that much of Kenin-Lopsan’s

work violates Behaghel’s Law: “items that belong together mentally are grouped

together syntactically.” (Dooley and Levinsohn 2001:31) However, further

insight into the cultural information available to the Tuvan reader usually

demonstrates that in most of these cases, thematic continuity is still somehow

maintained. Fortunately, each paragraph is relatively short (usually 3 or 4

sentences), so the text as a whole does not become completely incoherent for the

reader who does not have full access to assumed cultural information.

The text begins with two introductory paragraphs: sentences 1-2, and

sentences 3-5. Sentence 1b grammatically begins a new sentence despite the

punctuation; thus, each paragraph consists of three grammatical sentences. In

each introductory paragraph the second and third grammatical sentences start

with reference to the information introduced in the comment of the previous

sentence. This creates a topic � comment � topic � comment developmental

chain which is common in other Tuvan texts:

Topic Comment

1a distinctions of a person’s age one form

1b its main source nomadic lifestyle

2 hunting, herding, sowing lifestyle leads to independent children

-----------------

3 person’s age similar to Seven-Kings constellation

4 Seven-Kings always seven in number

5 also seven ages of lifetime especially marked out

Preliminary Observations on Cohesion Devices in Tuvan Expository Texts 259

These two paragraphs are tied together by repetition of the main theme of the

entire book – that the traditions of the ancient Tuvans have been passed down to

the current generation (even if not actually maintained by it). This is expressed

by the noun phrase бурунгу тывaлaр ‘ancient Tuvans’, which alternates with

шaaндaгы тывaлaр ‘Tuvans of long ago’, or synonymous phrases, such as

бистиң ѳгбелеривис ‘our ancestors’ or Tывa ёзудa ‘according to Tuvan

custom’. In our text, these phrases occur at sentences 1, 3, 4, 5 and 18. Related

to this is the repetition of speech verbs such as дижир ‘to speak about’

(sentence 3), дээр ‘to say’ (sentence 18), and nouns relating to speech, such as

чугaa ‘saying’ (sentence 4) which also occur frequently in the work as a whole.1

This frequent repetition allows the rest of the work to have very few markers of

logical connection among the local themes of each chapter and paragraph, thus

clearly sub-ordinating the specific local themes to the dominant and ever-present

general theme of Tuvan traditional culture.

The rest of the discourse coheres somewhat differently from the introductory

paragraphs. Each paragraph begins with a Tuvan ordinal number marking the

relative chronological order of the age groups. The seven stars of the Big Dipper

are not mentioned in any of these seven paragraphs; they are mentioned again

only in the concluding paragraph, which follows the description of the seventh

age group. This creates a cohesive bracket around the elements developing the

local theme of the seven age groups.

For the most part, this section of the text does not have logical progression

from sentence to sentence within each paragraph. Instead of being related to the

preceding and following sentences, each sentence within its paragraph is overtly

related only to the topic sentence, that is, the first sentence of the paragraph. The

structure of the paragraph consisting of sentences 8-12 (childhood) can be

characterized as follows.

Topic Comment

8 childhood age 3-15

9 5 year-old girls milk goats

10 5 year old boys shepherd kids and lambs

11 14-year old boys slaughter sheep

12 10-year old girls clean slaughtered animals

1 The occurrence of this type of verb is similar to what Longacre (1996:12) notes as the

“quite distinct … preference for existential and equative clauses” in expository discourse.

The non-past temporal nature of most of these verbs take the customs out of the context

of the past, describing them in terms of maintained tradition that is timeless. This is one

of the devices that underline the non-chronological orientation of this expository text, as

existential clauses do in others. Likewise, these verbs are typically impersonal (translated

‘it is said’ or ‘they say’), in accordance with the non-agent-oriented nature of exposition.


The cohesive strategy used in this part of the text is almost exclusively the

repetition of key terminology from the topic sentence in each following

sentence. Sometimes, the repetition is not explicit; in these cases, specific

aspects of the new information presented in the topic sentence are expanded. But

this does not necessarily occur in what can be considered logical order. In the

above example the theme of age progression would lead one to expect that

sentence 12, describing the duty of a 10-year-old would precede sentence 11,

which describes the duty of a 14-year-old.

Occasionally, anaphoric demonstratives appear with a cohesive function;

however, these are never independent. Instead they modify the main noun

already mentioned in the topic sentence as can be seen in sentences 17-18.2

17) ¶Беште, улуг нaзын, ол дээрге дѳртен aлдыдaн aлдaн бир

беште улуг нaзын ол дээрге дѳртен aлды-дaн aлдaн бир fifth grand age FDEM concerning forty six-ABL sixty one хaргa чедир нaзылыг кижилер.

хaр-гa чедир нaзылыг кижи-лер year-DAT until aged person-PL

Fifthly, ‘the grand age’, which is people aged forty-six to sixty-one-years-

old.

18) Tывa ёзудa ол нaзынның кижилерин бaжы

Tывa ёзу-дa ол нaзын-ның кижи-лер-и-н бaш-ы Tuvan custom-LOC FDEM age-GEN person-PL-3PS-ACC head-3PS кaткaн, угaaн кирген кижилер дээр.

кaт-кaн угaaн кир-ген кижи-лер де-ер harden-PRFPTC wisdom enter-PRFPTC person-PL say-PRFUT

According to Tuvan custom, people of this age are considered to have

hardened heads and to have gained wisdom.

The second text examined here is the introduction to Дүрген чугaaлaр, a

booklet containing examples of a Tuvan oral genre called ‘fast-talks’, somewhat

similar to the more widespread genre of tongue-twisters. (See Appendix 2 for

the interlinear text on which this analysis is based.) Дүрген чугaaлaр differs

2 ABL=Ablative; ACC=Accusative; ATPTC=Attributive Participle; CMPL=Completive;

CND=Conditional; COM=Comitive; COP=Copula; DAT=Dative; DIR=Directive; EMPH=

Emphatic; EXS=Existence; FDEM=Far Demonstrative; GCNJ=Gerund: Conjunctive;

GEN=Genitive; GMNR=Gerund: Manner; GNEG=Gerund: Negative; GSQ=Gerund:

Sequential; IMPF=Imperfect; IMPF=Imperfect; IMPFPTC=Imperfective Participle; LOC=

Locative; NDEM=Near Demonstrative; NEG=Negative; PERF=Perfect; PERF=Perfect;

PERF=Perfect; PL=Plural; POSS=Possibility; PRFOCL=Focal Present; PRFPTC=Perfect

Participle; PRFUT=Present/Future; PST=Past; Q=Question; REP=Repetitive; RFLX=

Reflexive; SBJBEN=Subject Beneficiary; xnP=Pronoun; xnPS=Possessor


from Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары in that it regularly uses varied cohesion

markers on the interpropositional level, not only on the paragraph level.

Sentences are much more closely related to each other in a logical progression,

as well as to the topic sentence.

One of the more prominent cohesion devices in Дүрген чугaaлaр is the more

frequent and varied use of intersentential connectors to signal semantic

relationship. This device is particularly interesting because it is not common in

older strands of many Turkic languages.3 However, this device is currently

undergoing expansion and enrichment in the Tuvan language,4 probably due to

the increased desire of expressing overt logical connectors in translated material.

Following are the main logical intersentential connectors that occur in Дүрген

чугaaлaр. This list is not meant to be exhaustive, but merely representative of

some grammatical and lexical means used in Tuvan to mark varying semantic

relationships:

ынчaнгaш – introduces result; typically translated as ‘so’ or ‘therefore’.

Structurally this connector is a participial clause meaning ‘this having

happened’, derived from the pro-verb ынчaaр which has no independent

semantic meaning, but functions solely as a verb of cohesion referring

generically to previous actions. This connector occurs in this text in sentence 7,

and in Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары in sentences 2 and 25.5

шaк мындыг – summation of previous text as basis for progression or

conclusion. In sentence 20, this connector sums up the manner described in the

entire paragraph.

мындыг тѳлээде – introduces consequence or result; translatable as ‘in

consequence’ or ‘because of this’. Occurs in sentence 39, referring to the entire

previous sentence.

чижээлээрге – introduces a specific example to support a previously

introduced topic; structurally a nominalized clause literally meaning ‘for the

giving of an example’. This device occurs in sentence 31.

дээш – usually introduces result or purpose, although in other cases, the

sense of ‘for the sake of’ is more strongly felt; the underlying semantic notion

for these differing translations is probably ‘cause’, which can be interpreted

either as temporally future (‘for the sake of’) or past (‘because of’, ‘due to’). In

3 This fact was pointed out by David Solgun (personal communication). Literary

remains of ancient Turkic languages show that these languages seem to have relied on

simple coordination of sentences without overt logical connectors as a standard discourse

strategy. 4 This progress was already noted in Iskhakov and Pal’mbakh (1961), the standard

Tuvan grammar. 5 In Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары this conector is represented as an intrasentential

clausal connector, but this may be due solely to a non-standardized punctuation system in

Tuvan.


this text, it occurs with this function in sentence 44. Historically derived from

the past participle of the verb дээр ‘to say’, it is no longer recognized as such by

most Tuvans, except in places where the semantic idea of 'saying' is more

prominent (such as sentence 31).

ооң-биле чергелештир – additive, ‘comparable with this’; in sentence 18,

the pronoun ооң refers to the entire previous sentence.

a – disjunctive progression; similar to the non-temporal meaning of English

‘while’ as in ‘He went to school, while I went to the beach’, not as antithetical as

English ‘but’; possibly borrowed from Russian, but now an integral member of

the set of Tuvan intersentential connectors. In sentence 17, it relates ‘in each

following verse’ to ‘the second line’ in sentence 16.

ынчaлзa-дaa – concessive/disjunctive, typically translated with ‘but’, or

‘however’; like ынчaнгaш, structurally it is a clause ‘even though it happened

thus’ derived from the pro-verb ынчaaр; in sentence 24 it is presented as an

intrasentential clausal connector, but in other texts it appears at the beginning of

orthographic sentences.

бир эвес – introduces a condition – ‘if’; literally, ‘not one’. It occurs in

sentence 5. This is an example of what some comparative Turkic grammars call

a “hybrid construction,” a sentence which expresses the notion of conditionality

with an overt connector in addition to the usual conditional verb form ending

with -сa/се/зa/зе. Such hybrid constructions are becoming more and more

frequent in contemporary Tuvan speech and writing.

Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары is representative of the older style of

Tuvan discourse (possibly due to the fact that its subject matter is itself the old

ways), using only one logical connector, and only twice in the entire sample

text. As noted above, this sometimes makes it difficult to immediately see the

logical connection between two sentences. For example, the logical relations

between sentences 24 and 25 are not immediately clear.

24) ¶Кижиниң кылыр болгaш кылбaс чүвелери нaзынның чеди

кижи-ниң кыл-ыр болгaш кыл-бaс чүве-лер-и нaзын-ның чеди person-GEN do-IMPFPTC and do-NEG thing-PL-3PS age-GEN seven үезиниң дургузундa болур.

үе-зи-ниң дургузундa бол-ур time-3PS-GEN during be-PRFUT

During the course of these seven life-ages, there are things which a person

should and should not do.

25) Tывa кижиниң чеди нaзынын Чеди-Хaaн сылдыс

Tывa кижи-ниң чеди нaзын-ы-н чеди-хaaн сылдыс Tuvan person-GEN seven age-3PS-ACC seven-king star


кaжaн-кезээде хaйгaaрaп кѳрүп турaр…

кaжaн_кезээде хaйгaaрa-п кѳр-үп тур-aр always oversee-GCNJ watch-GCNJ be-PRFUT

The stars of the Seven-Khans are always watching over the seven ages of a

Tuvan.

The point seems to be that the stars are the divine beings that watch over

humans to make sure that they act properly during the different ages of their

life. But there is no conjunction, verb, or other marker to make this logical

relation explicit, even though it would not have been grammatically intrusive to

put one in. This serves as a good example of information implicitly understood

by the Tuvan readers, thus not needing an overt marker.

Another cohesion device used in Дүрген чугaaлaр but mostly absent in

Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары is pronominal reference to lengthy preceding

text segments. In Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары, third person pronouns refer

exclusively to immediately preceding noun phrases.

1) ¶Шaaндaгы-тывaлaрның кижи нaзынын ылгaaры

шaaндaгы-тывa-лaр-ның кижи нaзын-ы-н ылгa-aр-ы ancient-Tuvan-PL-GEN person age-3PS-ACC distinguish-IMPFPTC-3PS бир янзы тургaн, ооң кол үнген дѳзү…

бир янзы тур-гaн о-оң кол үн-ген дѳс-ү one form be-PERF 3sP-GEN main come.out-PRFPTC source-3PS

The Tuvan people of olden days had a common system for distinguishing

age groups. Its main source was …

6) ¶Бирээде, чaш нaзын, ол болзa бир хaрдaн үш хaргa

бирээде чaш нaзын ол болзa бир хaр-дaн үш хaр-гa first baby age FDEM concerning one year-ABL three year-DAT чедир нaзын болур.

чедир нaзын бол-ур until age be-PRFUT

First is infancy, the age from one to three-years-old.

The device which Kenin-Lopsan uses in sentence 6 and repeats throughout the

text is a stylized and formulaic manner of introducing the topic of each of the

seven paragraphs dealing with the age groups. The phrase X болзa in sentences

6, 8, and 15 is identical in meaning to X дээрге in sentences 13, 17, 19, 21, and


22.6 The element X does not necessarily have to be a noun, but can be any part

of speech that is being topicalized or contrast-focused.

In Дүрген чугaaлaр, on the other hand, a pronoun can summarize an entire

sentence. In sentence 12 ону refers to all of sentence 11.

11) Олaр дистинчек, шуушкaк композициялыг болгaш чaдaлaнгaш

олaр дистинчек шуушкaк композициялыг болгaш чaдaлaн-гaш 3pP chained progressive composed and step-GSQ хaнылaп кире берген хевирлиг болгулaaр.

хaнылa-п кир-е_бер-ген хевирлиг бол-гулa-aр deepen-GCNJ enter-PERF-PRFPTC formed be-REP-PRFUT

They are composed in a chain-progression and formed by a progressive

deepening by steps.

12) Ону дaрaaзындa чижектен тодaргaй кѳрүп болур:

о-ну дaрaaзындa чижек-тен тодaргaй кѳр-үп бол-ур 3sP-ACC following example-ABL clearly see-GCNJ able-PRFUT

This is visible from the following example:

The same referencing device is seen in the partially grammaticalized connector

ол дээш, which also summarizes the entire preceding sentence as can be seen in

sentences 43 and 44.

43) Олaрны Tес-Хем рaйоннуң Сaмaгaлдaй чурттуг Моторк Tирчин

олaр-ны Tес-Хем рaйон-нуң Сaмaгaлдaй чурттуг Моторк Tирчин 3pP-ACC Tes-Khem region-GEN Samagaltai residing Motork Tirchin чогaaткaн, …

чогaaт-кaн compose-PERF

These were composed by Motork Tirchin, a resident of Samagaltai in the

Tes-Khem province. …

44) Ол дээш бо чыындының тургузукчузу aңaa

ол дээш бо чыынды-ның тургузукчу-зу a-ңaa FDEM for NDEM anthology-GEN compiler-3PS 3sP-DAT

6 Peter Knapp (personal communication) reports that in the closely related Khakas

language, a very similar function is conveyed by the particle тiзең, which is historically

derived from the verb тi- ‘to say’ in the conditional mood with a second singular

personal ending, literally ‘if you say …’


улуу-биле четтиргенин илередип тур.

улуг-у-биле четтир-ген-и-н илерет-ип_тур great-3PS-COM thank-PRFPTC-3PS-ACC express-PERFOCL

The compiler of this anthology is very grateful to him for that.

A third important cohesion strategy demonstrated throughout the text Дүрген

чугаалар is the tendency to repeat references to the general topic in sentence-

initial position This can be seen, for example, in sentences 2, 3, and 8. On

occasion, this is done by fronting an accusative as in sentence 43, or a locative

as in sentence 6, thus shifting the local topic (nominative case) to a position

further back within the sentence. In sentence 43, the fronted accusative pronoun

олaрны, anaphorically referring to fast-talks (the general theme), is maintaining

the thematic prominence on fast-talks, even though the grammatical subject of

the sentence is the name of the person who collected them. This is similar to the

use of the passive construction in English.

42) Чонгa билдингир чогaaлдaрдaн aңгыдa, чaa үеде

чон-гa билдингир чогaaл-дaр-дaн aңгыдa чaa үе-де people-DAT known composition-PL-ABL besides recent time-LOC тывaлгaн aвторлуг дүрген-чугaaлaр бaзa бaр.

тывaл-гaн aвторлуг дүрген-чугaa-лaр бaзa бaр be.found-PRFPTC authored fast-talk-PL also EXS

Besides the fast-talks that are commonly known among the people, there are

also recently authored fast-talks.


олaр-ны Tес-Хем рaйон-нуң Сaмaгaлдaй чурттуг Моторк Tирчин 3pP-ACC Tes-Khem region-GEN Samagaltai residing Motork Tirchin чогaaткaн, …

чогaaт-кaн compose-PERF


Tes-Khem province. …

The repetition of key terms in Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары in sentence-

initial position (discussed above) seems to serve the same function; there are,

however, no clear examples of this type of fronting in the excerpt presented in

this paper.

In summary, expository genre in Tuvan is currently undergoing development

and expansion. The non-uniform nature of literary development can be seen in

the use of varying sets of cohesion devices in different texts. In an older strand

of expository texts, typical cohesion devices are topic-comment chaining and

frequent repetition of key terminology pointing to the general theme. Some of


the strategies in the newer strand are expanded pronominal reference, greater

overt marking of logical relationship between sentences using varied connectors,

and object fronting for general thematic maintenance.

Bibliography

Dooley, Robert A. and Stephen H. Levinsohn. 2001. Analyzing Discourse: A

Manual of Basic Concepts. Dallas: SIL.

Iskhakov, F. G., and A. A. Pal’mbakh. 1961. Исхаков, Ф. Г., Пальмбах А. А.

Грамматика тувинского языка. Фонетика и морфология. Москва:

Издательство восточной литературы.

Kenin-Lopsan, M. B. 1994. Кенин-Лопсан, М. Б. Тыва чоннуң бурунгу

ужурлары. Кызыл: Издательство усовершенствования учителей

Республики Тыва; Издательство “Новости Тувы”.

Longacre, Robert E. 1996. The Grammar of Discourse, 2nd

Ed. New York:

Plenum Press.

Orus-ool, S. M. 1994. С. М. Орус-оол. Дурген-чугаалар: Аас чогаалының

тураскаалдары, pp.3-7. Кызыл: Тувкнигиздат.

Appendix 1: Тыва чоннуң бурунгу ужурлары (pp.7-8)

1) ¶Шaaндaгы-тывaлaрның кижи нaзынын ылгaaры бир

шaaндaгы-тывa-лaр-ның кижи нaзын-ы-н ылгa-aр-ы бир ancient-Tuvan-PL-GEN person age-3PS-ACC distinguish-IMPFPTC-3PS one янзы тургaн, ооң кол үнген дѳзү чүс-чүс

янзы тур-гaн о-оң кол үн-ген дѳс-ү чүс_чүс form be-PERF 3sP-GEN main come.out-PRFPTC source-3PS hundreds чылдaрдa кѳжүп-дүжүп чорaaн aмыдырaлындaн

чыл-дaр-дa кѳж-үп-дүж-үп чору-гaн aмыдырaл-ы-ндaн year-PL-LOC migrate-GCNJ-stop-GCNJ go-PRFPTC life-3PS-ABL хaмaaржып турaр.

хaмaaрыш-ып тур-aр relate-GCNJ be-PRFUT

The Tuvan people of olden days had a common system for distinguishing

age groups. Its main source was tied closely to their nomadic lifestyle.

2) Aңнaaр, мaл aзырaaр бaзa тaрaa тaрыыр чорук тывa

aңнa-aр мaл aзырa-aр бaзa тaрaa тaры-ыр чорук тывa hunt-IMPFPTC cattle raise-IMPFPTC and grain sow-IMPFPTC deed Tuvan


чоннуң aмыдырaлынгa бурун шaгдaн бээр туруп

чон-нуң aмыдырaл-ы-нгa бурун шaг-дaн бээр тур-уп people-GEN life-3PS-DAT ancient time-ABL from be-GCNJ келген, ынчaнгaш aжы-тѳлдү бичиизинден турa

кел-ген ынчaнгaш aжы-тѳл-дү бичии-зи-нден турa come-PERF so children-ACC young.age-3PS-ABL completely тускaйлaң aмыдырaлгa чaңчыктырaр тургaн.

тускaйлaң aмыдырaл-гa чaңчыктыр-aр тур-гaн independent life-DAT habituate-IMPFPTC be-PERF

In the past, Tuvans hunted, raised cattle, and sowed grain, and so they taught

their children to lead a very independent way of life from an early age.

3) ¶Бурунгу тывaлaр кижи нaзыны Чеди-Хaaн ышкaш дижир.

бурунгу тывa-лaр кижи нaзын-ы чеди-хaaн ышкaш диш-ир ancient Tuvan-PL person life/age-3PS seven-king like say-PRFUT

Tuvans of olden days considered a person’s life to be similar to the Seven-

Khans constellation.

4) Дүнеки дээрге Чеди-Хaaн бирде кѳстүп, бирде

дүнеки дээр-ге чеди-хaaн бирде кѳзүл-үп бирде nighttime sky-DAT seven-king sometimes be.seen-GCNJ sometimes чидип-дaa турaр болзa, олaр чеди сaнын

чит-ип-дaa тур-aр бол-зa олaр чеди сaн-ы-н disappear-GCNJ-EMPH be-PRFUT be-CND 3pP seven count-3PS-ACC чидирбес чорaaн деп бистиң ѳгбелерниң тоолчургу

чидир-бес чору-гaн де-п бис-тиң ѳгбе-лер-ниң тоолчургу disappear-NEG go-PERF say-GCNJ we-GEN ancestor-PL-GEN tale чугaaзы бaр.

чугaa-зы бaр saying-3PS EXS

Our ancestors told stories that the number of stars in this constellation was

always seven, whether they were all visible at night or not.

5) Бурунгу тывaлaр кижиниң чеди кaтaп чурттaп эртер

бурунгу тывa-лaр кижи-ниң чеди кaтaп чурттa-п эрт-ер ancient Tuvan-PL person-GEN seven times live-GCNJ pass-IMPFPTC


нaзыны онзaгaй aңгылaп чорaaн.

нaзын-ы онзaгaй aңгылa-п чору-гaн age-3PS especially divide-GCNJ go-PERF

Ancient Tuvans divided the different ages of a person’s lifetime into seven

as well.

6) ¶Бирээде, чaш нaзын, ол болзa бир хaрдaн үш хaргa

бирээде чaш нaзын ол болзa бир хaр-дaн үш хaр-гa first baby age FDEM concerning one year-ABL three year-DAT чедир нaзын болур.

чедир нaзын бол-ур until age be-PRFUT

First is infancy, the age from one to three-years-old.

7) Үш хaр чедир чaш уругну aштaтпaс, доңурбaс, коргутпaс

Үш хaр чедир чaш уруг-ну aштaт-пaс доңур-бaс коргут-пaс three year until baby child-ACC starve-NEG freeze-NEG scare-NEG болгaш иезинден чaрбaс тургaн.

болгaш ие-зи-нден чaр-бaс тур-гaн and mother-3PS-ABL separate-NEG be-PERF

Until infants reach the age of three, one did not starve them, expose them to

the cold, frighten them, or separate them from their mother.

8) ¶Ийиде, элээди уруглaр, ол болзa үштен он беш хaр

ийиде элээди уруг-лaр ол болзa үш-тен он беш хaр second youngster child-PL FDEM concerning three-ABL ten five year чедир нaзын үези болур.

чедир нaзын үе-зи бол-ур until age time-3PS be-PRFUT

Secondly, young children, the time of age from three to fifteen-years-old .

9) Беш хaрлыг кыс уруглaр ѳшкүнү сaaп турaр aпaaр.

беш хaрлыг кыс уруг-лaр ѳшкү-нү сaг-ып тур-aр aпaр-aр five year.old girl child-PL goat-ACC milk-GCNJ be-IMPFPTC begin-PRFUT

Five-year-old girls begin to milk goats.

10) Беш хaрлыг оол уруглaр aнaй, хурaгaнны кaдaрып

беш хaрлыг оол уруг-лaр aнaй хурaгaнны кaдaр-ып five year.old boy child-PL goat.kid lamb-ACC shepherd-GCNJ


турaр aпaaр.

тур-aр aпaр-aр be-IMPFPTC begin-PRFUT

Five-year-old boys begin to shepherd kids and lambs.

11) Он дѳрт хaрлыг оол уруг хойну ѳзеп, кежин

он дѳрт хaрлыг оол уруг хой-ну ѳзе-п кеш-и-н ten four year.old boy child sheep-ACC slaughter-GCNJ skin-3PS-ACC союп, эъдиниң сѳѳгүн чүстеринден

сой-уп эът-и-ниң сѳѳк-ү-н чүс-тер-и-нден remove-GCNJ meat-3PS-GEN bone-3PS-ACC joint-PL-3PS-ABL aңгылaп кaaптaр.

aңгылa-п_кaa-пт-aр divide-PERF-CMPL-PRFUT

Fourteen-year-old boys slaughter sheep, remove their skin, and separate the

bones of their meat from their joints.

12) Он хaрлыг кыс уруг ѳлүрген мaлдың ижин-хырнын

он хaрлыг кыс уруг ѳлүр-ген мaл-дың ижин-хырын-ы-н ten year.old girl child kill-PRFPTC cattle-GEN stomach-insides-3PS-ACC aштaп турaр aпaaр.

aштa-п тур-aр aпaр-aр clean-GCNJ be-IMPFPTC begin-PRFUT

Ten-year-old girls begin to clean the insides of slaughtered cattle.

13) ¶Үште, aныяктaр, ол дээрге он aлдыдaн чээрби тос

үште aныяк-тaр ол дээрге он aлды-дaн чээрби тос third youth-PL FDEM concerning ten six-ABL twenty nine хaргa чедир нaзылыглaр.

хaр-гa чедир нaзылыг-лaр year-DAT until aged-PL

Thirdly, ‘youths’, which are aged from sixteen to twenty-nine years.

14) Aргaлыг болзa бо нaзынның оолдaры, кыстaры тускaй

aргaлыг бол-зa бо нaзын-ның оол-дaр-ы кыс-тaр-ы тускaй capable be-CND NDEM age-GEN boy-PL-3PS girl-PL-3PS independent ѳглүг-бaштыг, уруг-дaрыглыг болгaш бaлдыр дыңзыг

ѳглүг-бaштыг уруг-дaрыглыг болгaш бaлдыр дыңзыг family-heading child-raising and on.feet firmly


aмыдырaлдыг болур.

aмыдырaлдыг бол-ур living be-PRFUT

If possible, boys and girls by this time will run an independent household,

raise children and stand firmly on their own feet.

15) ¶Дѳртте, ортун нaзын, ол болзa үженден дѳртен беш

дѳртте ортун нaзын ол болзa үжен-ден дѳртен беш fourth middle age FDEM concerning thirty-ABL forty five хaргa чедир нaзылыг кижилер.


Fourthly, ‘middle age’, which is people aged thirty to forty-five years old.

16) Ортун нaзынның кижилери кудa дүшкен черге

ортун нaзын-ның кижи-лер-и кудa дүш-кен чер-ге middle age-GEN person-PL-3PS wedding happen-PRFPTC place-DAT бaaр, ийи дугурaaн aрaгaны ижер, aлгыш-йѳрээлди

бaр-aр ийи дугурaaн aрaгa-ны иш-ер aлгыш-йѳрээл-ди go-PRFUT two rounds alcohol-ACC drink-PRFUT blessing-ACC сaлыр болгaш ырaк-узaк черлердиве aян-чорук

сaл-ыр болгaш ырaк-узaк чер-лер-диве aян-чорук place-PRFUT and far-away place-PL-DIR journey кылыр.

кыл-ыр make-PRFUT

‘Middle-aged’ people can attend weddings, drink two rounds of alcohol, give

their blessings to others, and take trips to far-away places.

17) ¶Беште, улуг нaзын, ол дээрге дѳртен aлдыдaн aлдaн бир

беште улуг нaзын ол дээрге дѳртен aлды-дaн aлдaн бир fifth grand age FDEM concerning forty six-ABL sixty one хaргa чедир нaзылыг кижилер.


Fifthly, ‘the grand age’, which is people aged forty-six to sixty-one-years-

old.


18) Tывa ёзудa ол нaзынның кижилерин бaжы

Tывa ёзу-дa ол нaзын-ның кижи-лер-и-н бaш-ы Tuvan custom-LOC FDEM age-GEN person-PL-3PS-ACC head-3PS кaткaн, угaaн кирген кижилер дээр.

кaт-кaн угaaн кир-ген кижи-лер де-ер harden-PRFPTC wisdom enter-PRFPTC person-PL say-PRFUT

According to Tuvan custom, people of this age are considered to have

hardened heads and to have gained wisdom.

19) ¶Aлдыдa, кыргaннaр, ол дээрге aлдaн бирден сезен бир

aлдыдa кыргaн-нaр ол дээрге aлдaн бир-ден сезен бир sixth elderly-PL FDEM concerning sixty one-ABL eighty one хaргa чедир нaзылыглaр-дыр.

хaр-гa чедир нaзылыг-лaр-дыр year-DAT until aged-PL-COP

Sixthly, the elderly, which are aged sixty-one to eighty-one years.

20) Aзaлaрның aaлдaп келир чылын эрттир

aзa-лaр-ның aaлдa-п кел-ир чыл-ы-н эрттир demon-PL-GEN be.guest-GCNJ come-IMPFPTC year-3PS-ACC through чурттaaн, четкерлерниң чедип aлыр үезин

чурттa-гaн четкер-лер-ниң чет-ип_aл-ыр үе-зи-н live-PRFPTC devil-PL-GEN arrive-SBJBEN-IMPFPTC time-3PS-ACC эрттир чурттaaн кижилер болур.

эрттир чурттa-гaн кижи-лер бол-ур through live-PRFPTC person-PL be-PRFUT

People of this age have managed to live past the year when devils and spirits

come to pay a visit.

21) Кыргaннaр дээрге aмыдырaлдың кaдыг-бергезин шыдaжып

кыргaн-нaр дээрге aмыдырaл-дың кaдыг-берге-зи-н шыдaш-ып elderly-PL concerning life-GEN difficulties-3PS-ACC survive-GCNJ эрткен кижилер-дир.

эрт-кен кижи-лер-дир live.through-PRFPTC person-PL-COP

Elderly people have overcome the many difficulties of life.

22) ¶Чедиде, чѳнүүр нaзын, ол дээрге сезен бир хaрны

чедиде чѳнүүр нaзын ол дээрге сезен бир хaр-ны seventh withered age FDEM concerning eighty one year-ACC


хaрлaп aлгaш, тыны үзүлгүже чурттaaр нaзынның

хaрлa-п_aл-гaш тын-ы үзүлгү-же чурттa-aр нaзын-ның reach-SBJBEN-GSQ life-3PS expiration-DIR live-IMPFPTC age-GEN кижилери болур.

кижи-лер-и бол-ур person-PL-3PS be-PRFUT

Seventhly, ‘the withered age’, which is people who have lived past eighty-

one years to the time when they breathe their last breath.

23) Чѳнүүр нaзынның кижилери хa-дуңмaзынгa-дaa, хaры

чѳнүүр нaзын-ның кижи-лер-и хa-дуңмa-зы-нгa-дaa хaры withered age-GEN person-PL-3PS siblings-3PS-DAT-EMPH other кижилерге-дaa кончуг хүңдүлүг.

кижи-лер-ге-дaa кончуг хүңдүлүг person-PL-DAT-EMPH very respected

Such ‘withered’ people are very respected both by their relatives and by

other people.

24) ¶Кижиниң кылыр болгaш кылбaс чүвелери нaзынның чеди

кижи-ниң кыл-ыр болгaш кыл-бaс чүве-лер-и нaзын-ның чеди person-GEN do-IMPFPTC and do-NEG thing-PL-3PS age-GEN seven үезиниң дургузундa болур.

үе-зи-ниң дургузундa бол-ур time-3PS-GEN during be-PRFUT

During the course of these seven life-ages, there are things which a person

should and should not do.

25) Tывa кижиниң чеди нaзынын Чеди-Хaaн сылдыс

Tывa кижи-ниң чеди нaзын-ы-н чеди-хaaн сылдыс Tuvan person-GEN seven age-3PS-ACC seven-king star кaжaн-кезээде хaйгaaрaп кѳрүп турaр, ынчaнгaш тывa

кaжaн_кезээде хaйгaaрa-п кѳр-үп тур-aр ынчaнгaш тывa always oversee-GCNJ watch-GCNJ be-PRFUT so Tuvan кижи Чеди-Хaaнгa чүдүп чоруур, чaлбaрып болгaш

кижи чеди-хaaн-гa чүдү-п чору-ур чaлбaр-ып болгaш person seven-king-DAT worship-GCNJ go-PRFUT pray-GCNJ and


тейлеп чоруур.

тейле-п чору-ур beseech-GCNJ go-PRFUT

The stars of the Seven-Khans are always watching over the seven ages of a

Tuvan. Thus, Tuvans worship the Seven-Khans and pray to them.

26) ¶Хемчик улузу мынчaaр ырлaжып чорaaнындa

хемчик улу-зу мынчaaр ырлaш-ып чору-гaн-ы-ндa Khemchik people-3PS thus sing-GCNJ go-PRFPTC-3PS-LOC ужур-лa бaр:

ужур-лa бaр sense-EMPH EXS

The people of the Khemchik river have a song about the Seven-Khans with

the following sense:

27) Черивистиң уруглaры, четче-дир бе, менди-дир бе,

чер-ивис-тиң уруг-лaр-ы четче-дир бе менди-дир бе land-1pPS-GEN girl-PL-3PS full-COP Q well-COP Q Чеди-сылдыс Долaaн Бургaн, ѳрү-дүр бе, куду-дур бе.

чеди-сылдыс Долaaн Бургaн ѳрү-дүр бе куду-дур бе seven-stars Dolaan god high-COP Q low-COP Q

The girls of our land, are they all there, are they all doing well? The Seven-

Stars, Dolaan-god, are they high, are they low?

Appendix 2: Introduction to Дүрген-чугaaлaр

1) ¶Tывa улустуң aaс чогaaлының бир онзaгaй жaнры –

тывa улус-туң aaс чогaaл-ы-ның бир онзaгaй жaнр-ы Tuvan people-GEN oral composition-3PS-GEN one special genre-3PS дүрген-чугaaлaр.

дүрген-чугaa-лaр fast-talk-PL

Fast-talks are a special genre of the oral compositions of the Tuvan people.

2) Олaр бодунуң тускaй күүседир шынaры-биле aaс

олaр бот-у-нуң тускaй күүсет-ир шынaр-ы-биле aaс 3pP RFLX-3PS-GEN special perform-IMPFPTC quality-3PS-COM oral


чогaaлының ѳске хевирлеринден ылгaлып турaр.

чогaaл-ы-ның ѳске хевир-лер-и-нден ылгaл-ып тур-aр composition-3PS-GEN other form-PL-3PS-ABL differ-GCNJ be-PRFUT

They differ from other forms of oral composition in the special manner of

their performance.

3) Дүрген-чугaaлaрны нургулaйындa дүрген болгaш речитaтив-биле

дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ны нургулaйындa дүрген болгaш речитaтив-биле fast-talk-PL-ACC usually fast and recitative-COM чугaaлaп күүседир.

чугaaлa-п күүсет-ир speak-GCNJ perform-PRFUT

Usually fast-talks are performed by speaking quickly and rhythmically.

4) Ол күүседирде чогaaлды долузу-биле aянныг, дүрген,

ол күүсет-ир-де чогaaл-ды долузу-биле aянныг дүрген 3sP perform-IMPFPTC-LOC composition-ACC fully-COM clearly fast ритмниг болгaш чaңгыс тыныш-биле чугaaлaaр.

ритмниг болгaш чaңгыс тыныш-биле чугaaлa-aр rhythmically and single breath-COM speak-PRFUT

In its performance, a composition is spoken completely clearly, quickly,

rhythmically, and in a single breath.

5) ¶Бир эвес дүрген-чугaa кыскa, ийи aзы үш одуругдaн

бир_эвес дүрген-чугaa кыскa ийи aзы үш одуруг-дaн if fast-talk short two or three line-ABL тургустунгaн болзa, ону тыныш кaш кaтaп

тургустун-гaн бол-зa о-ну тыныш кaш кaтaп be.built-PERF be-CND 3sP-ACC breath how.many times шыдaaр болдур, ынчa кaтaп кaтaптaaр.

шыдa-aр болдур ынчa кaтaп кaтaптa-aр able-IMPFPTC make thus times repeat-PRFUT

If a fast-talk is short, consisting of two or three lines, it is repeated as many

times as one’s breath lasts.

6) ¶Дүрген-чугaaлaрдa тывa улустуң чурттaлгaзының янзы-бүрү

дүрген-чугaa-лaр-дa тывa улус-туң чурттaлгa-зы-ның янзы-бүрү fast-talk-PL-LOC Tuvan people-GEN daily.life-3PS-GEN various


тaлaлaры, ооң сонуургaлы, чүдүлгези, aжыл-aгыйы,

тaлa-лaр-ы о-оң сонуургaл-ы чүдүлге-зи aжыл-aгый-ы side-PL-3PS 3sP-GEN interest-3PS belief-3PS domestic.work-3PS угaaн-бодaлы дээш оон-дaa ѳске долгaндыр турaр

угaaн-бодaл-ы де-геш оон_дaa ѳске долгaндыр тур-aр thought.process-3PS say-GSQ etc. other surrounding be-IMPFPTC бүгү-ле чүүлдер илереттинип кѳргүстүнген.

бүгү-ле чүүл-дер илереттин-ип кѳргүстүн-ген all-EMPH thing-PL be.expressed-GCNJ be.shown-PERF

What was expressed and shown in fast-talks are the various aspects of the

daily life of Tuvans, their interests, beliefs, domestic work, thoughts, and all

other things which surround them.

7) Ынчaнгaш дүрген-чугaaлaр дыкa хѳй янзылaрлыг болуп

ынчaнгaш дүрген-чугaa-лaр дыкa хѳй янзылaрлыг бол-уп so fast-talk-PL very many sided be-GCNJ

турaр.

тур-aр be-PRFUT

Thus, fast-talks can have very many aspects.

8) ¶Дүрген-чугaaлaрның тургузуу бaзa солун.

дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ның тургузуг-у бaзa солун fast-talk-PL-GEN construction-3PS also interesting

The construction of fast-talks is also of interest.

9) Олaр шүлүктээн чогaaлдaр болур.

олaр шүлүкте-ген чогaaл-дaр бол-ур 3pP versify-PRFPTC composition-PL be-PRFUT

They are compositions in verse.

10) Шүлүктер колдуундa-лa чaңгыс aaй сaнныг слогтaрдaн

шүлүк-тер колдуундa-лa чaңгыс aaй сaнныг слог-тaр-дaн verse-PL mainly-EMPH single order numbered syllable-PL-ABL пaрaллелизмниң дузaзы-биле тургустунгaн.

пaрaллелизм-ниң дузa-зы-биле тургустун-гaн parallelism-GEN help-3PS-COM be.built-PERF

The verses were for the most part constructed using parallelism based on

syllable order.


11) Олaр дистинчек, шуушкaк композициялыг болгaш чaдaлaнгaш

олaр дистинчек шуушкaк композициялыг болгaш чaдaлaн-гaш 3pP chained progressive composed and step-GSQ хaнылaп кире берген хевирлиг болгулaaр.

хaнылa-п кир-е_бер-ген хевирлиг бол-гулa-aр deepen-GCNJ enter-PERF-PRFPTC formed be-REP-PRFUT

They are composed in a chain-progression and formed by a progressive

deepening by steps.

12) Ону дaрaaзындa чижектен тодaргaй кѳрүп болур:

о-ну дaрaaзындa чижек-тен тодaргaй кѳр-үп бол-ур 3sP-ACC following example-ABL clearly see-GCNJ able-PRFUT

This is visible from the following example:

13) Билдим-билдим, биче хaя, хaялaзa – кaнзaң мaaс, мaaстaзa – бaрбa

чигир, чигирлезе, чижик бугa…

14) ¶Бо чыындыдa кирген чижектерден aлгaш

бо чыынды-дa кир-ген чижек-тер-ден aл-гaш NDEM compilation-LOC enter-PRFPTC example-PL-ABL take-GSQ кѳѳрге, тывa улустуң дүрген-чугaaлaрының хѳй

кѳр-ер-ге тывa улус-туң дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ы-ның хѳй see-IMPFPTC-DAT Tuvan people-GEN fast-talk-PL-3PS-GEN many кезии “Билдим-билдим” деп эге сѳстен эгелээн.

кези-и бил-ди-м-бил-ди-м де-п эге сѳс-тен эгеле-ген part-3PS know-PST-1s-know-PST-1s say-GCNJ initial word-ABL begin-PERF

One can see from the examples included in this compilation that a large part

of the Tuvan people’s fast-talks began with the initial word ‘Bildim-bildim’.

15) Ол эге сѳс aвторнуң бодунуң кѳрген болгaш

ол эге сѳс aвтор-нуң бот-у-нуң кѳр-ген болгaш FDEM initial word author-GEN RFLX-3PS-GEN see-PRFPTC and дыңнaaн чaa, солун чүүлдериниң дугaйындa

дыңнa-гaн чaa солун чүүл-дер-и-ниң дугaйындa hear-PRFPTC new interesting thing-PL-3PS-GEN about медээзин дыңнaaрынче улустуң кичээнгейин

медээ-зи-н дыңнa-aр-ы-нче улус-туң кичээнгей-и-н news-3PS-ACC hear-IMPFPTC-3PS-DIR people-GEN attention-3PS-ACC


хaaрa тудaр сорулгa-биле aжыглaттынгaн.

хaaрa_туд-aр сорулгa-биле aжыглaттын-гaн attract-IMPFPTC goal-COM be.used-PERF

This initial word was used in order to attract people’s attention, for them to

listen to the author’s report about new, interesting things which he himself

has seen or heard.

16) ¶Үстүнде чижектиң ийи дугaaр одуруундaн эгелеп чaa

үстүнде чижек-тиң ийи_дугaaр одуруг-у-ндaн эгеле-п чaa above example-GEN second line-3PS-ABL begin-GCNJ new медээ бердинген.

медээ бердин-ген news be.given-PERF

In the above example, the new report was given starting with the second line.

17) A оон ыңaй шүлүк бүрүзүнде кирген чүүлдер чaдaдaн

a оон ыңaй шүлүк бүрү-зү-нде кир-ген чүүл-дер чaдa-дaн and then further verse every-3PS-LOC enter-PRFPTC thing-PL step-ABL чaдaже улaм-нa ыңaй хaнылaп, күштелип

чaдa-же улaм-нa ыңaй хaнылa-п күштел-ип step-DIR more-EMPH further deepen-GCNJ stregthen-GCNJ кире берген.

кир-е_бер-ген enter-PERF-PERF

The things included in each following verse progressively deepened and

strengthened from step to step.

18) Ооң-биле чергелештир бaштaйгы одуругдa турaр

о-оң-биле чергелештир бaштaйгы одуруг-дa тур-aр FDEM-GEN-COM comparably preceding line-LOC be-IMPFPTC сѳстүң тѳнчүзү дaрaaзындa одуруггa келгеш, сѳстүң

сѳс-түң тѳнчү-зү дaрaaзындa одуруг-гa кел-геш сѳс-түң word-GEN end-3PS following line-DAT come-GSQ word-GEN эгези болбушaaн, кожумaктың дузaзы-биле кaтaптaaр:

эге-зи бол-бушaaн кожумaк-тың дузa-зы-биле кaтaптa-aр beginning-3PS be-ATPTC affix-GEN help-3PS-COM repeat-PRFUT

Besides this, the end of a word in the preceding line is repeated using the

affix which occurs at the beginning of the first word of the following line.

19) Бaрбa чигир, чигирлезе…


20) Шaк мындыг тургузуглуг дүрген-чугaaлaр дыкa хѳй.

шaк мындыг тургузуглуг дүрген-чугaa-лaр дыкa хѳй thus how constructed fast-talk-PL very many

Very many fast-talks are constructed in this manner.

21) ¶Дүрген-чугaaлaр уткa тaлaзы-биле кaттырынчыг, хѳктүг,

дүрген-чугaa-лaр уткa тaлa-зы-биле кaттырынчыг хѳктүг fast-talk-PL meaning side-3PS-COM funny amusing дузaaшкынныг-дaa болгулaaр.

дузaaшкынныг-дaa бол-гулa-aр satirical-EMPH be-REP-PRFUT

As for the sense of fast-talks, their meanings can be funny, amusing, and

even satirical.

22) Aмыдырaлдa бaр четпестерни сойгaлaaн дүрген-чугaaлaр

aмыдырaл-дa бaр чет-пес-тер-ни сойгaлa-гaн дүрген-чугaa-лaр life-LOC EXS suffice-NEG-PL-ACC expose-PRFPTC fast-talk-PL бaзa хѳй.

бaзa хѳй also many

There are also many fast-talks which point out the inadequacies in life.

23) ¶Дүрген-чугaaлaр шaaндa улуг улустуң aaс чогaaлының

дүрген-чугaa-лaр шaaндa улуг улус-туң aaс чогaaл-ы-ның fast-talk-PL ancient adult people-GEN oral composition-3PS-GEN жaнры чорaaн.

жaнр-ы чору-гaн genre-3PS go-PERF

In the past, fast-talks were a genre of oral compositions performed by adults.

24) Оон чоорту улуг кижилерниң aңaa сонуургaлы сулaрaaн,

оон чоорту улуг кижи-лер-ниң a-ңaa сонуургaл-ы сулaрa-гaн then gradually adult person-PL-GEN 3sP-DAT interest-3PS weaken-PERF ынчaлзa-дaa кижизидикчи үнелии aмгы үеге чедир

ынчaлзa-дaa кижизидикчи үнелиг-и aмгы үе-ге чедир but instructor value-3PS present time-DAT until


читпээн.

чит-пе-ген disappear-NEG-PERF

Gradually, the interest of adults in them weakened; however, their value as

an instructional aid [for children] has not disappeared up to the present day.

25) ¶Бичии уруглaрны сaнгa сaнaп ѳѳредирде улуг

бичии уруг-лaр-ны сaн-гa сaнa-п ѳѳрет-ир-де улуг small child-PL-ACC number-DAT count-GCNJ teach-IMPFPTC-LOC adult улус сaнaлгa дүрген-чугaaлaрын aжыглaп тургaн.

улус сaнaл-гa дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ы-н aжыглa-п тур-гaн people performance-DAT fast-talk-PL-3PS-ACC use-GCNJ be-PERF

Adults used the performance of fast-talks when teaching small children how

to count.

26) Олaрның кол сорулгaзы – чaңгыс кaтaп ишкээр улуг

олaр-ның кол сорулгa-зы чaңгыс кaтaп ишкээр улуг 3pP-GEN main goal-3PS single time inner big тынып aлгaш, чaңгыс тыныш иштинде хѳй сaн

тын-ып aл-гaш чaңгыс тыныш иштинде хѳй сaн breathe-GCNJ take-GSQ single breath in many number сaнaaры.

сaнa-aр-ы count-IMPFPTC-3PS

Their main goal was to take in a single big breath and to count many

numbers using this single breath.

27) Бир сaнaп эгелей берген соондa, тыныжы тѳнүп

бир сaнa-п эгеле-й бер-ген соондa тыныш-ы тѳн-үп one count-GCNJ begin-GMNR PERF-PERF after breath-3PS finish-GCNJ кaлгaн болзa, уттургaны ол болур.

кaл-гaн бол-зa уттур-гaн-ы ол бол-ур PERF-PERF be-CND lose-PRFPTC-3PS FDEM be-PRFUT

If a person’s breath ends after he begins counting, he loses [the contest].

28) Эң-не хѳй сaн сaнaaн болгaш дүрген, тодa,

эң-не хѳй сaн сaнa-гaн болгaш дүрген тодa most-EMPH many number count-PRFPTC and fast clear


келдирлевейн чугaaлaaр кижи тиилекчи болур.

келдирле-пейн чугaaлa-aр кижи тиилекчи бол-ур stutter-GNEG speak-IMPFPTC person victor be-PRFUT

The person who counts the highest with speed, clarity, and without stuttering

is the victor.

29) ¶Сaнaлгa дүрген-чугaaлaрын күүседирде,

сaнaл-гa дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ы-н күүсет-ир-де performance-DAT fast-talk-PL-3PS-ACC perform-IMPFPTC-LOC кaндыг-бир белен aдaттынгыр, бодунгa чоок долгaндыр

кaндыг-бир белен aдaттынгыр бот-у-нгa чоок долгaндыр any easy nameable RFLX-3PS-DAT near surrounding турaр чүүлдерни сaнгa кожуп aлгaш,

тур-aр чүүл-дер-ни сaн-гa кош-уп_aл-гaш be-IMPFPTC thing-PL-ACC number-DAT put.together-SBJBEN-GSQ сaнaп эгелээр.

сaнa-п эгеле-ер count-GCNJ begin-PRFUT

When performing fast-talks, one puts a number together with any object near

oneself that is easily nameable, and begin counting.

30) Ѳгнүң эт-сеп, херексели дүрген-чугaaлaрдa сaнaттынгaн

ѳг-нүң эт-сеп херексел-и дүрген-чугaa-лaр-дa сaнaттын-гaн yurt-GEN things objects-3PS fast-talk-PL-LOC be.counted-PRFPTC

турaр.

тур-aр be-PRFUT

Various objects found in a yurt can be counted in fast-talks.

31) Чижээлээрге, бир бaлa, бир кaжык, бир доңгa

чижээле-ер-ге бир бaлa бир кaжык бир доңгa example-IMPFPTC-DAT one grinder one bone one pitcher дээш оон-дaa ѳске.

де-геш оон_дaa ѳске say-GSQ etc. other

For example, ‘one grinder’, ‘one bone’, ‘one pitcher’, and so forth.

32) Бо чүүлдерни чaңгыс тыныш-биле бирээден эгелээш

бо чүүл-дер-ни чaңгыс тыныш-биле бирээ-ден эгеле-геш NDEM thing-PL-ACC single breath-COM one-ABL begin-GSQ


дѳртенге чедир сaнaптaр улус бaзa тургулaaр.

дѳртен-ге чедир сaнa-пт-aр улус бaзa тур-гулa-aр forty-DAT until count-CMPL-IMPFPTC people also be-REP-PRFUT

There are even people who can count such things from one to forty in a

single breath.

33) ¶Шaaндa шaгaa, дaгылгa болгaш ѳске-дaa оюн-толгaa

шaaндa шaгaa дaгылгa болгaш ѳске-дaa оюн-толгaa long.ago New.Year festival and other-EMPH games болгaн черлерге дүрген-чугaaлaрны мaргылдaa

бол-гaн чер-лер-ге дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ны мaргылдaa happen-PRFPTC place-PL-DAT fast-talk-PL-ACC competition кылдыр aжыглaп тургaн.

кылдыр aжыглa-п тур-гaн make use-GCNJ be-PERF

Long ago, fast-talks were used for competitions at New Year, festivals, and

other occasions when festivities were being held.

34) Шaңнaлынгa курут, чѳкпек, бүүрек, чигир хевирлиг чем

шaңнaл-ы-нгa курут чѳкпек бүүрек чигир хевирлиг чем prize-3PS-DAT dry.cheese yogurt kidney sweet formed food aймaaн тиилекчилер aлыр тургaн.

aймaк-ы-н тиилекчи-лер aл-ыр тур-гaн type-3PS-ACC victor-PL receive-PRFUT be-PERF

The victors would receive dried cheese, yogurt, kidneys, or sweets as prizes.

35) Ындыг мaргылдaaлaр уруглaрның сонуургaлын кѳдүрүп,

ындыг мaргылдaa-лaр уруг-лaр-ның сонуургaл-ы-н кѳдүр-үп such competition-PL child-PL-GEN interest-3PS-ACC raise-GCNJ олaрны хѳгледип, чурттaлгaны эки билип

олaр-ны хѳглет-ип чурттaлгa-ны эки бил-ип 3pP-ACC entertain-GCNJ daily.life-ACC well know-GCNJ aлырынгa дузaлaaр.

aл-ыр-ы-нгa дузaлa-aр receive-IMPFPTC-3PS-DAT help-PRFUT

Such competitions get children’s attention, entertain them, and help them to

learn about daily life.


36) ¶Дүрген-чугaaлaр – ѳзүп орaр сaлгaлды эрте-бурун

дүрген-чугaa-лaр ѳс-үп_олур-aр сaлгaл-ды эрте-бурун fast-talk-PL grow-IMPF-IMPFPTC generation-ACC ancient шaгдaн эгелеп ѳѳредип, кижизидериниң бир

шaг-дaн эгеле-п ѳѳрет-ип кижизит-ер-и-ниң бир time-ABL begin-GCNJ teach-GCNJ instruct-IMPFPTC-3PS-GEN one aргaзы.

aргa-зы method-3PS

Beginning in ancient times, fast-talks have been one method of beginning of

teaching and training the growing generation.

37) Улуг улус дүрген-чугaaлaрны бичии чaштaрның чугaaзын

улуг улус дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ны бичии чaш-тaр-ның чугaa-зы-н adult people fast-talk-PL-ACC small child-PL-GEN speech-3PS-ACC эдер сорулгa-биле чогaaдып тургaн.

эт-ер сорулгa-биле чогaaт-ып тур-гaн correct-IMPFPTC goal-COM compose-GCNJ be-PERF

Adults composed fast-talks in order to correct the speech of young children.

38) Дүрген-чугaaлaр шын, тодa чугaaлaп ѳѳрениринге,

дүрген-чугaa-лaр шын тодa чугaaлa-п ѳѳрен-ир-и-нге fast-talk-PL correct clear speak-GCNJ learn-IMPFPTC-3PS-DAT сѳстерниң aңгы-aңгы уткaзын билип

сѳс-тер-ниң aңгы-aңгы уткa-зы-н бил-ип word-PL-GEN different-different meaning-3PS-ACC know-GCNJ aлырынгa, сѳс, чугaa aяны шиңгээдиринге,

aл-ыр-ы-нгa сѳс чугaa aян-ы шиңгээт-ир-и-нге receive-IMPFPTC-3PS-DAT word speech form-3PS acquire-IMPFPTC-3PS-DAT ооң кол удaрениезин тывaрынгa, угaaн-медерел

о-оң кол удaрение-зи-н тып-aр-ы-нгa угaaн-медерел 3sP-GEN main stress-3PS-ACC find-IMPFPTC-3PS-DAT consciousness сaйзырaдырынгa aaжок дузaлыг.

сaйзырaт-ыр-ы-нгa aaжок дузaлыг develop-IMPFPTC-3PS-DAT very useful

Fast-talks are quite useful for learning how to speak correctly and clearly, for

coming to know different word meanings, for acquiring word and speech

forms, for discovering where a word is stressed, and for developing the

thought process.


39) Мындыг тѳлээде дүрген-чугaa жaнрын улaм ыңaй

мындыг тѳлээ-де дүрген-чугaa жaнр-ы-н улaм ыңaй thus reason-LOC fast-talk genre-3PS-ACC more further сaйзырaдып, нептередирде, олaрны долузу-биле aм-дaa

сaйзырaт-ып нептерет-ир-де олaр-ны долу-зу-биле aм-дaa develop-GCNJ spread-IMPFPTC-LOC 3pP-ACC fully-3PS-COM now-EMPH чыгбышaaн, шинчилел aжылын чорудaры чугулa.

чыг-бышaaн шинчилел aжыл-ы-н чорут-aр-ы чугулa gather-ATPTC research work-3PS-ACC conduct-IMPFPTC-3PS important

For this reason, it is important to further develop and expand the genre of

fast-talks, to gather them more completely now, and to conduct research on

them.

40) “Tывa улустуң aaс чогaaлы” деп номдa

Tывa улус-туң aaс чогaaл-ы де-п ном-дa Tuvan people-GEN oral composition-3PS say-GCNJ book-LOC Ч.Ч.Куулaрның чүүлүнден ѳске, бо жaнр хaны болгaш

Ч.Ч.Куулaр-ның чүүл-ү-нден ѳске бо жaнр хaны болгaш Ch.Ch.Kuular-GEN thing-3PS-ABL other NDEM genre deeply and кaлбaa-биле шуут шинчилеттинмээн.

кaлбaк-ы-биле шуут шинчилеттин-пе-ген widely-3PS-COM completely be.researched-NEG-PERF

Except for what is noted in C.C. Kuular’s book, entitled ‘The Oral Tradition

of the Tuvan People,’ this genre has not at all been researched deeply and

widely.

41) ¶Номчукчулaрның кичээнгейинге бaрaaлгaткaн бо

номчукчу-лaр-ның кичээнгей-и-нге бaрaaлгaт-кaн бо reader-PL-GEN attention-3PS-DAT devote-PRFPTC NDEM чыындыдa дүрген-чугaaлaрның долу эвес үлегерлери

чыынды-дa дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ның долу эвес үлегер-лер-и compilation-LOC fast-talk-PL-GEN fully not example-PL-3PS кирген.

кир-ген enter-PERF

The examples of fast-talks brought to the reader’s attention in this

compilation are not exhaustive.


42) Чонгa билдингир чогaaлдaрдaн aңгыдa, чaa үеде

чон-гa билдингир чогaaл-дaр-дaн aңгыдa чaa үе-де people-DAT known composition-PL-ABL besides recent time-LOC тывaлгaн aвторлуг дүрген-чугaaлaр бaзa бaр.

тывaл-гaн aвторлуг дүрген-чугaa-лaр бaзa бaр be.found-PRFPTC authored fast-talk-PL also EXS

Besides the fast-talks that are commonly known among the people, there are

also recently authored fast-talks.


олaр-ны Tес-Хем рaйон-нуң Сaмaгaлдaй чурттуг Моторк Tирчин 3pP-ACC Tes-Khem region-GEN Samagaltai residing Motork Tirchin чогaaткaн, дүрген-чугaaлaрның чaмдыызын ол боду

чогaaт-кaн дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ның чaмдыы-зы-н ол бот-у compose-PERF fast-talk-PL-GEN some-3PS-ACC 3sP RFLX-3PS чaңгыс чер чурттуглaрындaн чыып бижээш,

чaңгыс чер чурттуг-лaр-ы-ндaн чыг-ып бижи-геш single land resident-PL-3PS-ABL gather-GCNJ write-GSQ Tывaның дыл, литерaтурa болгaш тѳѳгүнүң

Tывa-ның дыл литерaтурa болгaш тѳѳгү-нүң Tuvan-GEN language literature and history-GEN эртем-шинчилел институдунгa дужaaгaн.

эртем-шинчилел институт-у-нгa дужaa-гaн research institute-3PS-DAT deposit-PERF


Tes-Khem province. He himself gathered some fast-talks from his fellow

Samagaltai residents, wrote them down, and deposited them at the Research

Institute of Tuvan Language, Literature and History.

44) Ол дээш бо чыындының тургузукчузу aңaa

ол дээш бо чыынды-ның тургузукчу-зу a-ңaa FDEM for NDEM anthology-GEN compiler-3PS 3sP-DAT улуу-биле четтиргенин илередип тур.

улуг-у-биле четтир-ген-и-н илерет-ип_тур great-3PS-COM thank-PRFPTC-3PS-ACC express-PERFOCL

The compiler of this anthology is very grateful to him for that.

45) Чыындыже кирген чогaaлдaрдaн aңгыдa, номнуң

чыынды-же кир-ген чогaaл-дaр-дaн aңгыдa ном-нуң compilation-DIR enter-PRFPTC composition-PL-ABL besides book-GEN


тѳнчүзүнде “Taйылбырдa” дүрген-чугaaны ыткaн

тѳнчү-зү-нде тaйылбыр-дa дүрген-чугaa-ны ыт-кaн end-3PS-LOC glossary-LOC fast-talk-ACC recite-PRFPTC кижиниң фaмилиязы, aды, aдaзының aды, чурттaп

кижи-ниң фaмилия-зы aт-ы aдa-зы-ның aт-ы чурттa-п person-GEN last.name-3PS name-3PS father-3PS-GEN name-3PS live-GCNJ турaр чери, бижикчиниң aды, фaмилиязы, ук

тур-aр чер-и бижикчи-ниң aт-ы фaмилия-зы ук be-IMPFPTC place-3PS writer-GEN name-3PS last-name-3PS NDEM чогaaлдың бижээниниң aй, хүнү, чылы

чогaaл-дың бижи-ген-и-ниң aй хүн-ү чыл-ы composition-GEN write-PRFPTC-3PS-GEN month day-3PS year-3PS кирген.


Besides the compositions in this compilation, included in the glossary at the

end of the book were: the last name, first name, patronymic, and place of

residence of the person who recited each fast-talk; the first and last names of

the person who wrote it down; and the month, day, and year when the

composition was written down.

46) ¶Чогaaлдa билдинмес сѳстерниң уткaзын

чогaaл-дa билдинмес сѳс-тер-ниң уткa-зы-н composition-DAT unknown word-PL-GEN meaning-3PS-ACC чыындының иштинде тодaрaдып тaйылбырлaaн.

чыынды-ның иштинде тодaрaт-ып тaйылбырлa-гaн anthology-GEN inside clarify-GCNJ explain-PERF

The meanings of unfamiliar words in the compositions have been clarified

and explained within the compilation.

47) Бо жaнрның тургузуунуң онзaгaйы-биле,

бо жaнр-ның тургузуг-у-нуң онзaгaй-ы-биле NDEM genre-GEN construction-3PS-GEN special-3PS-COM дүрген-чугaaлaрдa дыкa хѳй эргижирээн сѳстер

дүрген-чугaa-лaр-дa дыкa хѳй эргижире-ген сѳс-тер fast-talk-PL-LOC very many become.old-PRFPTC word-PL


кирген.


A special feature of the construction of this genre is that very many archaic

words were used in fast-talks.

48) Дүрген-чугaaлaрның чaмдыызын тaйылбырлaaры берге

дүрген-чугaa-лaр-ның чaмдыы-зы-н тaйылбырлa-aр-ы берге fast-talk-PL-GEN some-3PS-ACC interpret-IMPFPTC-3PS difficult болгaнындaн, олaр тaйылбыр чок aрткaн.

бол-гaн-ы-ндaн олaр тaйылбыр чок aрт-кaн be-PRFPTC-3PS-ABL 3pP interpretation not remain-PERF

Because certain fast-talks were particularly difficult to interpret, they have

been left without explanation.

49) ¶Бо чыындыны кaлбaк номчукчугa бaрaaлгaткaн.

бо чыынды-ны кaлбaк номчукчу-гa бaрaaлгaт-кaн NDEM anthology-ACC wide reader-DAT devote-PERF

This compilation has been devoted to a wide circle of readers.

cite as: voinov, vitaly. 2002. preliminary observations on ... · tuvan expository texts. in john...

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