Cities and CivilizationsCities and CivilizationsAP World History AAP World History A

Warm Up:Warm Up: Look at the map below. 1. Describe, on the back of your video notes handout, where the earliest farming villages began.

2. Why is this part of the world the logical place for farming to have begun?

Check the write Check the write board for your board for your seating seating assignment. assignment.

Cities and Cities and CivilizationsCivilizations

AP World AP World History AHistory A

Warm Up:Warm Up: Take 5 minutes to complete your River Valleys map and turn it in!Look at the map below. Does your map look like this one?

Check the write Check the write board for your board for your seating seating assignment. assignment.

““Farmer Power” Farmer Power” Guns, Germs and SteelGuns, Germs and Steel

Answer the following questions on a Answer the following questions on a PowerPoint slide. Email your slide to PowerPoint slide. Email your slide to Mrs. Bradley at bbradley@irvingisd.net Mrs. Bradley at bbradley@irvingisd.net (Title your slide document: (Title your slide document: lastname5farmer)lastname5farmer)

BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY!!BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY!!

1.1. What does Diamond say is the one main What does Diamond say is the one main determining factor in which countries determining factor in which countries become rich and powerful?become rich and powerful?

2.2. How did the invention of agriculture How did the invention of agriculture lead to the rise of cities and lead to the rise of cities and civilizations?civilizations?

Cities and Cities and CivilizationsCivilizations

AP World AP World History AHistory A

Warm Up:Warm Up: 1.Take 10 minutes to complete SOAPPSTONES and VENN Diagram and turn them into the wire basket! Staple all three together and make sure your name and period number are on all three pages.2. Next, write a definition for “Civilization” in YOUR OWN WORDS! (5 minutes)

Check the write Check the write board for your board for your seating seating assignment. assignment.

Cities and Civilizations Cities and Civilizations SeminarSeminar

We begin at about 8,000 BCwhen village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

NEW STONE AGE

What is the What is the REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION?? A A TOTALLYTOTALLY new way of living: new way of living:

From From

Hunter-Gatherersto Agriculture

Click on words and pictures for web links.

The invention of Agriculture The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived.changed the way people lived.

Agriculture (Farming)Agriculture (Farming)

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Division of Labor Division of Labor (Specialization)(Specialization)

TradeTrade

Writing and MathematicsWriting and Mathematics

GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY influenced the influenced the development of river valley development of river valley

civilizations.civilizations.

Click on the map for an interactive website map of the four earliest river valley civilizations.

CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION Civilization as Advanced CultureCivilization as Advanced Culture

Population dependent on citiesPopulation dependent on cities From Latin From Latin civitascivitas Permanent institutionsPermanent institutions

Politics, Religion; ability to make warPolitics, Religion; ability to make war Social, labor, gender divisions, inequalitySocial, labor, gender divisions, inequality Clearly defined sense of other: barbarian, Clearly defined sense of other: barbarian,

nomadnomad Artisan, intellectual classes favoring Artisan, intellectual classes favoring

technologytechnology Form of record keeping, specifically writingForm of record keeping, specifically writing

Do not confuse with “good” or “superior”Do not confuse with “good” or “superior”Paul Philps, 2007

ANCIENT HUMORANCIENT HUMOR

Paul Philps, 2007

Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations

•Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable•No natural barriers•Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

EnvironmentEnvironment

SumerSumer

EgyptEgypt

Indus Indus ValleyValley

ChinaChina

•Flooding of the Nile predictable•Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages•Deserts were natural barriers

• Indus flooding unpredictable•Monsoon winds•Mountains, deserts were natural barriers

•Huang He flooding unpredictable•Mountains, deserts natural barriers•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentMesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The Sumer – The Earliest of the River Earliest of the River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations

Sumerian Sumerian Civilization grew up Civilization grew up along the Tigris and along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Euphrates Rivers in what is now what is now Kuwait.Kuwait.

Look at the map below.Look at the map below.Define “Define “Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent.”.”Use a complete sentence.Use a complete sentence.

Define Define “Fertile Crescent”“Fertile Crescent” A well-watered and fertile area, A well-watered and fertile area,

the fertile crescentthe fertile crescent arcs across the arcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. It is northern part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the west by the Mediterranean flanked on the west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Euphrates and and on the east by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was the site of sophisticated settlements. was the site of sophisticated settlements.

Greeks called the Greeks called the northern partnorthern part of the of the Fertile Crescent Fertile Crescent

Mesopotamia “Between Two Rivers”Mesopotamia “Between Two Rivers”

(Tigris River and Euphrates River)(Tigris River and Euphrates River)

The The southern partsouthern part of Mesopotamia was of Mesopotamia was called Babylonia, originally Sumer.called Babylonia, originally Sumer.

Which country is Which country is MesopotamiaMesopotamia today? today?

(Iraq)(Iraq)

Sumer: The Ancient Middle Sumer: The Ancient Middle EastEast

Video NotesVideo Notes1.1. Where is Mesopotamia Where is Mesopotamia

located?located?

2.2. Why did the Sumerians Why did the Sumerians settle in Mesopotamia?settle in Mesopotamia?

3.3. What is a city-state?What is a city-state?

4.4. What is a ziggurat?What is a ziggurat?

5.5. Name at least one Name at least one invention of the invention of the Sumerians.Sumerians.

Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait)Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait)ca. 3500 to 3000 BC.ca. 3500 to 3000 BC.

(ca. = circa)(ca. = circa)

Sumer gave us the city-state.Sumer gave us the city-state.

Define: city-state

Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. Each city state has its own government, even when it shares a culture with neighboring city states.

ORIGINS OF URBAN ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFELIFE

Emergence of cities Emergence of cities Tended to emerge in hostile environmentsTended to emerge in hostile environments Harsh environments required stronger Harsh environments required stronger

organizationorganization Cities were larger and more complex Cities were larger and more complex Cities influenced life of large regions Cities influenced life of large regions

Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia Other hearths of urban civilizationOther hearths of urban civilization

Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley Nile River ValleyNile River Valley River Valley of the Huang HeRiver Valley of the Huang He Coastal Jungles of MexicoCoastal Jungles of Mexico

TIGRIS-EUPHRATESTIGRIS-EUPHRATES ““Necessity is the mother of invention”Necessity is the mother of invention” Sumer in Southern Iraq was first civilizationSumer in Southern Iraq was first civilization

Cuneiform, sciences, math aided farming Cuneiform, sciences, math aided farming Polytheistic religionPolytheistic religion

Religion was to appease gods, control natureReligion was to appease gods, control nature Art, architecture dedicated to gods, religionArt, architecture dedicated to gods, religion

Priests, later kings rule city-statesPriests, later kings rule city-states Land owning aristocracy dominateLand owning aristocracy dominate Warlike society with slaveryWarlike society with slavery Trade for needed materialsTrade for needed materials

Paul Philps, 2007

Sumerian Writing: cuneiformSumerian Writing: cuneiform

Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

Click on the picture for more information about cuneiform.

Click here to write like a Babylonian.

SumeriansSumerians invented: invented:

Brick technologyBrick technology WheelWheel Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degreesBase 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in

a minutea minute 12 month lunar calendar12 month lunar calendar archarch rampramp zigguratziggurat

ZigguratZiggurat – Holy Mountain – Holy Mountain

Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.

BabylonBabylonGave us the first know written law code Gave us the first know written law code

and was the first civilization where the and was the first civilization where the citizens live by the citizens live by the “Rule of Law”“Rule of Law”

Define “rule of law”

Government by law. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.

Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi’s Code - - 1792 BC1792 BCHammurabi’s Code was this law code.Hammurabi ruled the Babylonian Empire for 42 years. At the end of his longreign, Hammurabi’s legal decisions were collected and inscribed on a stone tabletin a Babylonian temple. The 282 laws of the Code of Hammurabi represent one of the earliest known legal systems.

For more information about Hammurabi’s Code, click here and on the picture.

““If a man stole the property of church or state, If a man stole the property of church or state, that man shall be put to death;that man shall be put to death;

also the one who received the stolen goods from also the one who received the stolen goods from his hand shall be put tohis hand shall be put to

death.”death.” The laws governed such The laws governed such

things as lying, things as lying, stealing, assault, debt, stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships, business partnerships, marriage, and divorce. marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection In seeking protection for all members of for all members of Babylonian society, Babylonian society, Hammurabi relied on Hammurabi relied on the philosophy of equal the philosophy of equal retaliation, otherwise retaliation, otherwise known as “an eye for an known as “an eye for an eye.”eye.”

EGYPTEGYPT“The Gift of the Nile”“The Gift of the Nile”

(Herodotus)(Herodotus)Warm Up: Look at the map and answer the following question in your notes:What did Herodotus mean when he said that Egypt is the “gift of the Nile?”

Nile River

Sahara Desert

Because of the geography of the area, without the Nile River, there would be no Egypt.

Eastern Desert

Upper Nile

Lower Nile

THE NILE RIVERTHE NILE RIVER Society very different from SumerSociety very different from Sumer

Nile flooded regularly, predictablyNile flooded regularly, predictably Provided rich soil, Easy soil to farmProvided rich soil, Easy soil to farm Civilization regulated flooding, surveyingCivilization regulated flooding, surveying

Location isolatedLocation isolated Pharaoh was considered god-kingPharaoh was considered god-king

Theocracy, almost absoluteTheocracy, almost absolute Built pyramid tombs for deadBuilt pyramid tombs for dead Egypt unified for most of historyEgypt unified for most of history

AchievementsAchievements Mathematics especially geometry; architectureMathematics especially geometry; architecture Sciences, MedicineSciences, Medicine Art was both secular and sacredArt was both secular and sacred Religion was positive, egalitarian in many waysReligion was positive, egalitarian in many ways

Paul Philps, 2007

Egyptians invented:Egyptians invented:

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics PyramidsPyramids GeometryGeometry Advances in medicine and surgeryAdvances in medicine and surgery

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics

Early Egyptian writing found on Early Egyptian writing found on tombs was indecipherable.tombs was indecipherable.

Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics

Sacred Carving

No one could read these sacred carvings until Napoleon invaded Egypt and his archaeologists found the Rosetta Stone.

Click on the picture to see your name in hieroglyphics.Click on the picture to see your name in hieroglyphics.

Video: Write a short summary of Video: Write a short summary of the finding, translation, and the finding, translation, and

importance of the Rosetta Stone.importance of the Rosetta Stone.

For more information on the Rosetta Stone, log on to one of the following web sites.

http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html

OR

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyphics/rosettastone.html

Papyrus is one of the first Papyrus is one of the first examples of paper. It is created examples of paper. It is created from reeds growing along the Nile from reeds growing along the Nile River.River.

PapyrusPapyrus

RELIGIONS OF THE RELIGIONS OF THE NILENILE

PolytheismPolytheism Extremely complex pantheon of godsExtremely complex pantheon of gods Deification of natureDeification of nature Extremely powerful, influential priesthood with great Extremely powerful, influential priesthood with great

wealthwealth Conflict of good, evilConflict of good, evil Humans judged for their actionsHumans judged for their actions

Cult of OsirisCult of Osiris Strong belief in afterlife, accountability for actionsStrong belief in afterlife, accountability for actions

Mummification was but one aspect of thisMummification was but one aspect of this Regenerative cycle of Osiris/Ra-Re/HorusRegenerative cycle of Osiris/Ra-Re/Horus

Ahkenaton and MonotheismAhkenaton and Monotheism Amenhotep believed there was only one GodAmenhotep believed there was only one God Ended polytheism, opposed by priests; was Ended polytheism, opposed by priests; was

assassinatedassassinated Nubian BeliefsNubian Beliefs

Adopted many Egyptian beliefsAdopted many Egyptian beliefs Major focus on the sun and moonMajor focus on the sun and moon Paul Philps, 2007

The Hebrews: Empire The Hebrews: Empire Builders of Another Kind - Builders of Another Kind -

ReligionReligion““I am the Lord I am the Lord

your God, who your God, who brought you out brought you out of the land of of the land of Egypt, out of the Egypt, out of the house of house of bondage. You bondage. You shall have no shall have no other gods other gods before Me.”before Me.”

These words, the first of These words, the first of the Ten Commandments the Ten Commandments – set the Hebrews apart – set the Hebrews apart from all other people of from all other people of the Fertile Crescent. the Fertile Crescent. Instead of worshipping Instead of worshipping many gods many gods (polytheism)(polytheism) they prayed to one God they prayed to one God (monotheism).(monotheism). The basis The basis for their Code of Laws is for their Code of Laws is known as “the Ten known as “the Ten Commandments.” This is Commandments.” This is the root of Judaismthe root of Judaism..Click here to explore an Iron Age

Israelite house. Click on Exhibit.

Contributions of the Hebrews: Contributions of the Hebrews: Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheism

Monotheism – belief in Monotheism – belief in one Godone God

Covenant – belief that Covenant – belief that they had made a binding they had made a binding agreement with Godagreement with God

Ethical Law Code – A Ethical Law Code – A law code sent by God law code sent by God himself based on himself based on personal morality: the personal morality: the Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments

Click here for links to a history of the Hebrews.

Contributions of the Hebrews: Contributions of the Hebrews: Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheism

Video: Answer the Video: Answer the following questions in following questions in your notes. Title these your notes. Title these questions – “Hebrews questions – “Hebrews Video”Video”

1.1. Why did the Hebrews Why did the Hebrews settle in Canaan?settle in Canaan?

2.2. What is the major What is the major contribution the contribution the Hebrews made to Hebrews made to civilization?civilization?

Indus River Valley Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC2500 BC – 1500 BC

Around 2600 B.C. Around 2600 B.C. the various regional the various regional cultures were united cultures were united in what is called the in what is called the Indus Valley Indus Valley Civilization. It is also Civilization. It is also commonly referred commonly referred to as the to as the Harappan Harappan culture after the culture after the town of town of HarappaHarappa (where it was first (where it was first discovered.)discovered.)

Click on the map for more information about ancient Indus River valley Click on the map for more information about ancient Indus River valley civilizationscivilizations

INDUS INDUS VALLEYVALLEY

Arose around 2,500 BCEArose around 2,500 BCE Mohenjo Daro, Harappa main citiesMohenjo Daro, Harappa main cities Independent city-states, strong governmentIndependent city-states, strong government Extremely well-planned, coordinated citiesExtremely well-planned, coordinated cities Elaborate writing system (undeciphered)Elaborate writing system (undeciphered) Religion worshipped mother goddessReligion worshipped mother goddess Little evidence of warfare until endLittle evidence of warfare until end

Devastated by environmental upheavalsDevastated by environmental upheavals Destroyed by Indo-European (Aryan) nomadsDestroyed by Indo-European (Aryan) nomads

Paul Philps, 2007

HARAPPAN SOCIETYHARAPPAN SOCIETY The Indus RiverThe Indus River

Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Himalayas Himalayas

Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E. Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E. Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E. Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.

Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Possibly served as twin capitals Possibly served as twin capitals Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks

Specialized labor and tradeSpecialized labor and trade Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.

Paul Philps, 2007

Excavations at the ancient Excavations at the ancient Harappan and Mohenjo Daro Harappan and Mohenjo Daro mounds revealed well planned mounds revealed well planned cities and towns built on massive cities and towns built on massive mud brickmud brick platforms that protected platforms that protected the inhabitants against seasonal the inhabitants against seasonal floods. floods.

In the larger cities the houses were In the larger cities the houses were built of baked brick while at smaller built of baked brick while at smaller towns most houses were built of towns most houses were built of sun-dried mud brick.sun-dried mud brick.

Each city is laid out in a Each city is laid out in a grid grid patternpattern and shows signs of and shows signs of stunningly stunningly modern plumbing modern plumbing systems.systems.Much writing has been found at these sites, but it has not yet been translated.

HUANG-HE (YELLOW) HUANG-HE (YELLOW) RIVERRIVER

Developed in isolationDeveloped in isolation Compare with ancient EgyptCompare with ancient Egypt

Xia Dynasty (Mythical?)Xia Dynasty (Mythical?) God-like kingsGod-like kings Taught irrigation, sericultureTaught irrigation, sericulture

Shang DynastyShang Dynasty Warlike kings, landed aristocracy; few priestsWarlike kings, landed aristocracy; few priests Most people worked land as peasantsMost people worked land as peasants Elaborate bronze workings; naturalistic artElaborate bronze workings; naturalistic art

Paul Philps, 2007

CHINESE WRITINGCHINESE WRITING IdeographicIdeographic

Writing denotes ideasWriting denotes ideas First used on Oracle Bones First used on Oracle Bones

Priests asked gods questionsPriests asked gods questions Wrote questions on bonesWrote questions on bones Tossed into fire; cracks read by priests (divination)Tossed into fire; cracks read by priests (divination)

Elitist technique = scholar-bureaucratsElitist technique = scholar-bureaucrats Extremely difficult to readExtremely difficult to read Required well-educated class to useRequired well-educated class to use Only elite had time to learnOnly elite had time to learn

Cuneiform, hieroglyphs had similar effectsCuneiform, hieroglyphs had similar effectsPaul Philps, 2007

Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1122 BC1600 BC – 1122 BC

Lack of contact with Lack of contact with foreigners helped give foreigners helped give the Chinese a strong the Chinese a strong sense of identity and sense of identity and superiority. They superiority. They regarded their land as regarded their land as the only civilized land the only civilized land and called it Zhongguo and called it Zhongguo or the Middle Kingdom. or the Middle Kingdom. This Chinese isolation This Chinese isolation contributed to the contributed to the Chinese belief that Chinese belief that China was at the center China was at the center of the earth and the sole of the earth and the sole source of civilization.source of civilization.Turn to the map on page 92. Note

the geographic features which isolated China.

DYNASTIC CYCLEDYNASTIC CYCLE One ruling family One ruling family

replaces anotherreplaces another The Dynasty ChangesThe Dynasty Changes Due to the loss of the Due to the loss of the

Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Stages in CycleStages in Cycle

New dynasty arises, takes New dynasty arises, takes control of Chinacontrol of China

Strengthens rule, Strengthens rule, reestablishes prosperity, reestablishes prosperity, peacepeace

Weakens, becomes lazy, Weakens, becomes lazy, problems ariseproblems arise

Invasions, revolts toss out Invasions, revolts toss out reigning dynastyreigning dynasty

Shang replaces Xia, Shang replaces Xia, Zhou replaces ShangZhou replaces Shang

Paul Philps, 2007

MANDATE OF HEAVENMANDATE OF HEAVEN Chinese political ideaChinese political idea

Rulers exercise power Rulers exercise power given by heavengiven by heaven

Rulers continue to rule if Rulers continue to rule if heaven pleasedheaven pleased

Heaven will take back Heaven will take back mandate to rulemandate to rule

Heaven will replace ruling Heaven will replace ruling dynastydynasty

Indicators of a Lost Indicators of a Lost MandateMandate Wars, invasions, military Wars, invasions, military

disastersdisasters Over-taxation, disgruntled Over-taxation, disgruntled

peasantspeasants Social, moral decline of Social, moral decline of

elite classeselite classes Increased crime, banditryIncreased crime, banditry

The European counterpart of the Chinese Mandate of Heaven was the Divine Right of Kings.

Paul Philps, 2007

HOWHOWTHETHE

CYCLE CYCLE AND AND

MANDATEMANDATEWORKWORK

TOGETHETOGETHERR

Paul Philps, 2007

The first true emperor of The first true emperor of China, was China, was Shi Huangdi.Shi Huangdi.

Shi Huangdi’s most remarkable achievement was the Great WallShi Huangdi’s most remarkable achievement was the Great Wall ..

Click here for a panoramic tour of the Great Wall.

Read the information under the pictures and send your teacher a postcard from one of the panoramic sites to show that you visited! Click on each picture here to see more information on Shi Huangdi and the Great Wall.

The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China

HERITAGESHERITAGES

First heritages passed on First heritages passed on Writing systems inheritedWriting systems inherited Intellectual systems, art copiedIntellectual systems, art copied Religious, philosophical systems copiedReligious, philosophical systems copied Useful inventions rarely forgotten, easily spreadUseful inventions rarely forgotten, easily spread

River valley civilizations decline by 1000BCERiver valley civilizations decline by 1000BCE All subject to nomadic invasionsAll subject to nomadic invasions Indo-Europeans and Semites were strongestIndo-Europeans and Semites were strongest Geographical centers shifted (all except China)Geographical centers shifted (all except China)

Political Structures often not continuedPolitical Structures often not continuedPaul Philps, 2007

CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION SPREADSSPREADS Phoenician Sailors in LebanonPhoenician Sailors in Lebanon

City-states traded across MediterraneanCity-states traded across Mediterranean Invented alphabetInvented alphabet

Lydians, Hittites in Asia MinorLydians, Hittites in Asia Minor Introduced Iron, coinage to areaIntroduced Iron, coinage to area

Hebrews in PalestineHebrews in Palestine Large Semitic migration in areaLarge Semitic migration in area Ethical monotheismEthical monotheism

Conduct determines salvationConduct determines salvation There is only one God speaking through prophets, There is only one God speaking through prophets,

priestspriests God made a covenant with the Jews, his Chosen God made a covenant with the Jews, his Chosen

peoplepeople

Paul Philps, 2007

NOMADS: NOMADS: BARBARIANS?BARBARIANS?

Pastoral herding on fringesPastoral herding on fringes Seen as savagesSeen as savages Interaction vs. conflictInteraction vs. conflict

Nomads traded, coexisted with settled areasNomads traded, coexisted with settled areas Nomads warred on, conquered settled areasNomads warred on, conquered settled areas Often protected merchants, allowed tradeOften protected merchants, allowed trade

Prior to 1500 BCE little major threatPrior to 1500 BCE little major threat Chariot Peoples (Central Asian Indo-Europeans)Chariot Peoples (Central Asian Indo-Europeans)

Domesticated horse, invented chariot, iron weaponsDomesticated horse, invented chariot, iron weapons Pushed into SW Asia, S. Asia, E. Asia, EuropePushed into SW Asia, S. Asia, E. Asia, Europe

Responsible for spread of ideas, tradeResponsible for spread of ideas, tradePaul Philps, 2007