cities at risk: building adaptive capacity for managing climate change in asia’s coastal...
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Cities at RiskCities at Risk::Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal MegacitiesMegacities
David DodmanDavid Dodman and and David SatterthwaiteDavid Satterthwaite
[[email protected] / [email protected]][[email protected] / [email protected]]
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
Governance Challenges Governance Challenges and Opportunitiesand Opportunities
• impacts of climate change and impacts of climate change and distribution of distribution of vulnerabilityvulnerability• the roles and responsibilities of urban the roles and responsibilities of urban authoritiesauthorities• the role of urban authorities in climate the role of urban authorities in climate change change adaptationadaptation• specific governance interventions for specific governance interventions for adaptationadaptation• supporting effective urban governancesupporting effective urban governance• governance for mitigationgovernance for mitigation
Governance Challenges and OpportunitiesGovernance Challenges and Opportunities
OutlineOutline
Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:
Changes in MeansChanges in Means
ChangeChange Urban impactsUrban impacts
TemperatureTemperature Increased energy demand for heating / Increased energy demand for heating / cooling; worsening of air qualitycooling; worsening of air quality
PrecipitationPrecipitation Increased risk of flooding; increased risk of Increased risk of flooding; increased risk of landslides; distress migrationlandslides; distress migration
Sea-level riseSea-level rise Coastal flooding; salinisation of water Coastal flooding; salinisation of water sourcessources
Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:
Changes in ExtremesChanges in ExtremesChange Urban impacts
Extreme rainfall / tropical cyclones
More intense flooding; higher risk of landslides; disruption to livelihoods and city economies
Drought Water shortages; higher food prices; disruption of hydro-electricity
Heat- or cold-waves Short-term changes in energy demand
Abrupt climate change
Rapid and extreme sea-level rise / Rapid and extreme temperature change
Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:
Changes in ExposureChanges in Exposure
Change Urban impacts
Population movements
Movements from stressed rural habitats
Biological changes Extended vector habitats (malaria, dengue, etc)
The Distribution of VulnerabilityThe Distribution of VulnerabilityPeople most at risk People most at risk from climate change from climate change are those who are: are those who are:
• least able to avoid least able to avoid the direct or indirect the direct or indirect impactsimpacts
• likely to be most likely to be most affected affected
• least able to cope least able to cope with the illness, injury, with the illness, injury, premature death or premature death or loss of income, loss of income, livelihood or assets livelihood or assets caused by climate caused by climate change impactschange impacts
Mandaue City, PhilippinesMandaue City, Philippines
Roles and Responsibilities of Local Roles and Responsibilities of Local AuthoritiesAuthorities• FinanceFinance
• Engineering/Public worksEngineering/Public works
• Development planning and development Development planning and development controlcontrol
• Environmental healthEnvironmental health
• Public healthPublic health
• Social/community/safety servicesSocial/community/safety services
• Emergency servicesEmergency services
• AdministrationAdministration
How does the quality of government How does the quality of government influence levels of climate change risk for influence levels of climate change risk for the urban poor? the urban poor? • quality of provision for infrastructure quality of provision for infrastructure
• quality of provision for disaster-quality of provision for disaster-preparedness preparedness
• quality of disaster preparednessquality of disaster preparedness
• quality of disaster responsequality of disaster response
• extent to which poorer groups can buy, extent to which poorer groups can buy, build build or rent ‘safe’ housing in ‘safe’ or rent ‘safe’ housing in ‘safe’ sitessites
• degree to which local government creates degree to which local government creates an an enabling environment for local civil-enabling environment for local civil-society society actionaction
Urban authorities and disaster riskUrban authorities and disaster risk
Built EnvironmentBuilt Environment
Long Long term term protectioprotection n
Pre-Pre-disaster disaster damage damage limitationlimitation
Immediate Immediate post-post-disaster disaster responseresponse
RebuildinRebuildingg
Building codesBuilding codes HighHigh High*High* HighHigh
Land use regulations Land use regulations and property and property registrationregistration
HighHigh SomeSome HighHigh
Public building Public building construction and construction and maintenancemaintenance
HighHigh SomeSome HighHigh
Urban planning Urban planning (including zoning and (including zoning and development controls)development controls)
HighHigh High*High* HighHigh
* It is important that these do not inhibit rapid responses* It is important that these do not inhibit rapid responses
Urban authorities and disaster riskUrban authorities and disaster risk
InfrastructureInfrastructure
Long Long term term protectioprotection n
Pre-Pre-disaster disaster damage damage limitationlimitation
Immediate Immediate post-post-disaster disaster responseresponse
RebuildinRebuildingg
Piped water Piped water (including treatment)(including treatment)
HighHigh Some Some HighHigh HighHigh
SanitationSanitation HighHigh SomeSome HighHigh HighHigh
DrainageDrainage HighHigh High*High* HighHigh HighHigh
Roads, bridges, Roads, bridges, pavementspavements
HighHigh HighHigh HighHigh
Electricity Electricity HighHigh Some?Some? HighHigh HighHigh
Solid waste disposalSolid waste disposal HighHigh Some?Some? HighHigh
Waste water treatmentWaste water treatment HighHigh HighHigh* Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated* Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated
Urban authorities and disaster riskUrban authorities and disaster risk
ServicesServices
Long Long term term protectioprotection n
Pre-Pre-disaster disaster damage damage limitationlimitation
Immediate Immediate post-post-disaster disaster responseresponse
RebuildinRebuildingg
Fire protectionFire protection HighHigh Some Some HighHigh HighHigh
Public order / policingPublic order / policing MediumMedium HighHigh HighHigh HighHigh
Solid waste collectionSolid waste collection HighHigh High*High* HighHigh HighHigh
Schools Schools MediumMedium MediumMedium HighHigh HighHigh
Health care / public Health care / public healthhealth
MediumMedium MediumMedium HighHigh HighHigh
Public transportPublic transport MediumMedium HighHigh HighHigh HighHigh
Social welfareSocial welfare MediumMedium HighHigh HighHigh HighHigh
Disaster responseDisaster response HighHigh HighHigh* Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated* Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated
Key Messages for Urban AuthoritiesKey Messages for Urban AuthoritiesThere are large There are large overlaps between overlaps between most of the most of the measures needed measures needed now for local now for local development and development and those required for those required for adaptation. adaptation.
There are large There are large overlaps between overlaps between climate-change climate-change adaptation and adaptation and building resilience to building resilience to extreme weather extreme weather and disasters. and disasters.
Dhaka, BangladeshDhaka, Bangladesh
Urban Adaptation: Strategic ActionsUrban Adaptation: Strategic Actions• Identify current conditions and Identify current conditions and vulnerabilityvulnerability
• Adjust existing, conventional city Adjust existing, conventional city development plans and strategiesdevelopment plans and strategies
• Adjust the planning and regulatory Adjust the planning and regulatory framework to support adaptation by framework to support adaptation by
households, community households, community organizations, NGOs organizations, NGOs and the and the private sectorprivate sector
• Respond to bottom-up pressures and Respond to bottom-up pressures and support support community capacitiescommunity capacities
Strategic Actions for AdaptationStrategic Actions for Adaptation
Durban, South AfricaDurban, South Africa
• ‘‘Climate Future for Durban’ programme including Climate Future for Durban’ programme including ‘Headline Climate Change Adaptation Strategy’‘Headline Climate Change Adaptation Strategy’
• increasing water-absorbing capacity of urban increasing water-absorbing capacity of urban landscapelandscape
• improving urban drainage and storm-sewer improving urban drainage and storm-sewer designdesign
• increasing height of natural shoreline increasing height of natural shoreline stabilization stabilization measuresmeasures
• utilizing storm-water retention / detention ponds utilizing storm-water retention / detention ponds and and constructed wetlandsconstructed wetlands
• land-use planning and zoning to avoid locating land-use planning and zoning to avoid locating structures in risky areasstructures in risky areas
• working with industry to reduce water demandworking with industry to reduce water demand
Strategic Actions for AdaptationStrategic Actions for Adaptation
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NationalNationalGovernmentsGovernments DonorsDonors
Urban Urban ResidentsResidents
LocalLocalAuthoritiesAuthorities
Physical Pressures Physical Pressures (Climate Change)(Climate Change)
Demographic Demographic Pressures Pressures
(Urbanization)(Urbanization)
Financial andLegal Frameworks
Funding
Citizen Pressureand Accountability
Supporting Effective Urban GovernanceSupporting Effective Urban Governance
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Cities at RiskCities at Risk::Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal MegacitiesMegacities
David DodmanDavid Dodman and and David SatterthwaiteDavid Satterthwaite
[[email protected] / [email protected]][[email protected] / [email protected]]
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
Governance Challenges Governance Challenges and Opportunitiesand Opportunities