city car
DESCRIPTION
MIT driving mobilityTRANSCRIPT
CityCar Mobility-on-DemandSmartCities Group, MIT Media Laboratory
Big Problem: Buildings and Transportation
In the 21st century about 90% of population growth will be in urban areas; these will account for 60% of the population and 80% of the wealth. Hence, the pattern of future energy demand will increasingly be determined by urban networks.
Transportation and building operations typically account for at least 60% of urban energy use.
In congested urban areas, about 40% of total gasoline use is in cars looking for parking.-Imperial College Urban Energy Systems Project
World Population Estimates (UN report 2007)
1. 50% of Global Population – Currently live in dense urban areas (red line)
2. Increased Urban Densification – Urbanization trend will continue for the foreseeable future (rural populations will flatten and decrease)
3. Increased Inefficient Energy Use – leading to climate change
1. Private Automobiles – Major source of pollution and carbon emissions; massive congestion, parking, and noise problems
2. Public Transportation – Does not cover the entire city; inconvenient and inflexible schedules
3. First Mile-Last Mile Problem
Smart Sustainable
Cities
Communication Systems
Energy Systems
Mobility Systems
Rethinking Systems
The typical automobile weighs 20 times as much as its driver, requires more than 100 square feet for parking,travels over 300 miles without refueling, and attains speeds well over 100 miles per hour. Each of thesecharacteristics is considerably more than what is needed in major cities worldwide, where most of the world’speople now live. In fact, while today’s vehicles are designed to meet almost all conceivable needs for transportingpeople and cargo over long distances, these requirements drive considerable cost, energy, mass, and spaceinefficiency into the vehicle.
Energy and Space Efficient
Today's Vehicle Urban Personal Transportation Needs
range (miles) 300 40‐50
weight (lbs) 2500 ‐ 4000 < 1000
speed (mph) 100+ 20‐35
capacity 5 passengers, full luggage 2 passengers & carry‐onsparking area
(sq ft) 175 <50
CityCar core principles:
Substitute & Simplify
Regionalize function
minimize the amount of “stuff”
Wheel Robot
Animation: Michael Chia-Liang Lin
Reinventing the Wheel
Energy and Control BusLi-Ion Batteries
Cabin ShellStructural Protection and glazing
Wheel RobotsIn-Wheel Drive-by-Wire Electric Motor, Suspension, and Steering
Interior ModuleVehicle Control and passenger seating
Exoskeletal Chassis Safety Cage and folding Chassis
Rear ModuleStorage and Supplementary Power
Exploiting the vehicle’s modularity Supply Chain
The vehicle’s platform can be radically simplified and has the potential to reduce its part count an order of magnitude –resulting in lighter, more energy efficient, zero emission greener solutions. In addition, the supply chain can be streamlined by exploiting modularization allowing assembly procedures to be simplified and opened to more flexible processes.
The CityCar enables new functions to enhance the user’s experience through eased negotiation of space and customized user interaction without incurring unacceptable performance, safety, or cost penalties in an urban environment.
Omni-directional Robot Wheelsgive nimble movement from a highly modular unit
Front Door Accessprovides eased exit and entry allowing users to step right out on to the sidewalk
Foldable Frame reduces footprint in half, simplifies egress, and provides impact dampening
Dynamic Front Impact Dampening decelerates passengers in a crash in the micro-sized CityCar to emulate the crumple zone of a larger vehicle
Decoupled rear storage maintains a low center of gravity, reduces energy used to fold, and facilitates effortless trunk access
Lightweight Aluminum Chassisprovides exo-skeletal safety cage and eliminates need for delicate and expensive painted surfacing
Structural glazing allows for more transparent
surface while providing greater cabin protection
Micro Footprint alleviates parking difficulties while occupying half the space of a Smart Car
Full Electric Powertrainoffers a clean zero-emission, highly modular platform
Simple Drive-By-Wire Interfaceoffers eased and customizable control systemwhile allowing or greater interior space
CityCar Features
Exploiting the vehicle’s modularity End-user
Less bounded…
Bixi
Bicing
2007 2010 2011
Automotive industry realizes they need a
Quantum leap to survive
2009
Government Incentives and funding
for automotive manufacturers
2008
Oil barrel hits$150
2012
Emerging smart grids
Lithium-ion battery peaks in capacity
Velib
Growth of shared mobility
Rapid prototype …to rapid manufacturing
Collapse of Car Market
Encouraging Trends in Industry
Cloud Mobility: the future vision that ubiquitous connectivity will eventually provide for seamless navigation, energy balancing, space negotiation, real-time information sharing, and other services applicable to assisting users in more efficient, effective, and enjoyable commuting.
V2V
V2Grid
GPS
Mobile Communications
Smart Grids
Vehicle sensing
I2V
Mesh Networks
V2Green
Image by Michael Lin and Will Lark
Fleet Management
Cloud
Navigation Cloud
Energymanagement
cloud
CityCar Details
Accessibility
Connectivity
Reusable Energy
Electric Compatibility
Digital Control
Dynamic Pricing: Simulation of a Rack using System Dynamics
Demand Rate
40
30
20
10
0
1
1
11
1 11 1
11 1 1 1 1
1
11 1 1
11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Demand Rate : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Users in Queue
20
15
10
5
0
1
1
11 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11 1
1
1
11
1 1 1 11
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Users in Queue : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Actual Service Rate
60
45
30
15
0
1
1
1
11
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Actual Service Rate : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Vehicles in Rack (Inventory)
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
1
11
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
"Vehicles in Rack (Inventory)" : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Inventory Shortfall
0.6
0.3
0
‐0.3
‐0.6
1
1
11
1 1 1 11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Inventory Shortfall : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Price Adjustment Rate
600
300
0
‐300
‐600
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Price Adjustment Rate : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rack Price
40
20
0
‐20
‐40
1
1
11
1 11 1
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Rack Price : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Departure Price
40
20
0
‐20
‐40
1
1
11
1 11 1
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Departure Price : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Utility of Outgoing
4
3
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
1 11 1
1
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (Hour)
Utility of Outgoing : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Loop Number 2 of length 9Demand Rate
Users in QueueDeparture RateVehicles in RackInventory ShortfallPrice Adjustment RateRack PriceDeparture PriceUtility of Outgoing
Demand Rate
Simulation Analysis
Dynamic Pricing: A Trip Market Economy
With large‐scale use, car stacks throw enormous battery capacity into the electrical grid.
Effective utilization of inexpensive, off‐peak power and clean but intermittent power sources – solar, wind, wave, etc.
A smart, distributed power generation system composed of these sources (the entire city as a virtual power plant) minimizes transmission losses.
Load balancing with clean local storage
Simplify on board vehicle by capitalizing on existing city infrastructures keep cars simple, light, and efficient
Diversify energy sources
New energy markets
William J. Mitchell, Professor of Architecture and Media Arts and Sciences
Claire Abrahamse, M.S. CandidateRyan Chin, PhD. CandidateChao-Chih Chuang, MS CandidateCharles Guan, B.S. CandidateItaru Hiromi, B.S. CandidateWilliam Lark, Jr., PhD CandidateMichael Chia-Liang Lin, MS. CandidateArthur T. Mak, M.S. CandidateDimitris Papanikolaou, Research AffiliateArthur Petron, M.S. CandidateRaul-David “Retro” Poblano, PhD CandidateSomnath Ray, SMarchS Candidate
Website: http://cities.media.mit.eduContact: [email protected]
MIT Media Lab | Smart Cities Design Team
SmartCitiesContact: Will Lark [email protected]
Ryan Chin [email protected]