city of dresden• positioning of paintings? building physical questions reprinted with permission...
TRANSCRIPT
Current topics and challenges in German building physics research
Prof. Dr.-Ing. John GrunewaldTechnische Universität DresdenInstitute of Building ClimatologyGermany
City of Dresden
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Dr. Andreas NicolaiHead of the Modeling and Software Development Group
Dr. Rudolf PlaggeHead of the Building Physics and Materials Laboratory
Dr. Andreas SöhnchenHead of the Knowledge Transfer and Engineering Experts Group
Institute of Building Climatology @ TU Dresden
Prof. John GrunewaldChair of Building Physics
Prof. Stefan StüerChair of Building Services
• 20 Scientific Employees (3 permanent)
• 10 PhD Candidates (3 external)
• 20 Student Research Assistants
Professors
Research Groups
Employees
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Research topics
New insulation systemsDurability & damage analysisComfort & indoor air qualityEnergy storage & savings
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Thermal Insulation of Envelope Walls
Historical City of DresdenFlooding and Drying of old Brickwork Masonry
Kumamoto CastleTemperature and Humidity conditions in the exhibition room
Netherlands
Germany
Japan
Museum Application Examples
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
The Rijksmuseum undergoes its most comprehensive renovation in its history
Indoor conditions do not meet museum requirements
Moist walls ~ bricks tested, high moisture contents found up to 20 Vol% (close to capillary saturation)
Moisture buffer capacity of the walls should be improved
Reprinted with permission from
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Museum Application Examples
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Which insulation material, Which thickness?Drying behavior?
Condensation, Risk of mold?
Moisture buffering, Indoor climate?
Frost damages by rain?
• How design details?
• Micro climate near wall surfaces?
• Positioning of paintings?
Building physical questions
Reprinted with permission from
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Museum Application Examples
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
44 mmInsulation
480 mmhistoricalBrick
120 mmClinker
1. Existing construction
2. Foam glass insulation
3. Calcium silicate insulation
Hygrothermal performance of heavy brickwork masonry
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Relative humidityWindRainCloudiness
Temperature Short wave radiationLong wave radiation
• Weather data from Amsterdam (1964/65, from the Arup Company)
• Long wave radiation from nearest location (Bremen)
• Rain fall data from nearest location (Bremen - amount of rain adjusted to monthly mean values of Amsterdam)
Natural climateMuseum conditions
Ambient hygrothermal design conditions – Arup 2002
Summer: 23°C / 54% Winter: 20°C / 50% Tolerance: ±2K / ±5%
Museum Application Examples
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Rijksmuseum: Simulation results
Drying:
Initial state
after 1 month
after 3 months
after 6 months
after 9 months
after 1 year
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ExistingConstruction
Foamglassinsulation
Calcium silicateinsulation
40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 3029 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1918 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1
Water content in Vol%
0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Vorhandene KonstruktionSchaumglas-DämmungCalciumsilikat-Dämmung
Integral Water mass
Wat
er m
ass
in k
g/m
2
Time in years
Museum Application Examples
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
during the 5th year for a 400mm brick wall
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Time in years54.84.64.44.24
Rel
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umid
ity in
%
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60
55
(1) 400mm brick wall without insulation(2) 30mm Cellular glass on 400mm brick wall(3) 30mm Calcium silicate on 400mm brick wall
Relative humidity on inner wall surface
70 % limit
60 % limit
not acceptable(mold growth, danger of condensation)
acceptable(paintings must have spacing)
Museum Application Examples
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Hygrothermal Application Examples
Risks being analyzed by Delphin 5 simulations
Internal wall surface• Dampness• Condensation• Improper microclimate• Salt efflorescence• Mold growth
External wall surface• Surface wetting, Condensation, Algae growth• Deterioration due to temperature and moisture cycles• Crack induction according to magnitude and frequency of gradients• Frost damage by crystallization, freezing-thawing cycles
Wall body• Interstitial condensation• Reduction of thermal insulation• Decay of materials due to moisture accumulation
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Building energy performance
Net energyEnd energyPrimary energy
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Radebeul, Pestalozzistr. 13
B.2 Siedlungswohnbauten 1920er-1950er Jahre
Building Energy Balances
Building model for energy analysis
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Net energy Final energy Primary energy
Gains
Losses
Transmission
Ventilation
Solar
Internal
Windows
Walls
Lighting
Equipment
Inhabitants
Walls
Windows/Doors
Ceilings/Floors
Infiltration
Nat. Ventilation
Mech. Ventilation
Funding?- Low energy- Zero energy- Plus energy
Prim
ary
ener
gy fa
ctor
s
Demand
Generation
minus
Coe
ffici
ents
of P
erfo
rman
ce
Electr.
Gas
Building Energy Balances
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Building model for energy analysis
Building Energy Balances
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gy p
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t Bal
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Net energy gains
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Net energy losses
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Final energy demand
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Final energy demand
Electricity bill
Gasbill
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Federal energy research program
• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95% compared to 1990 (2020: 40%)
• Reduction of primary energy consumption by 50% compared to 2008
• Reduction of power consumption by approximately 25% compared to 2008 (2020: 18%)
• Development of renewable energy sources at a proportion of 60% in gross (2020: 18%) or 80% of gross electricity consumption (2020: at least 35%).
Aims 2050
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Residential Area (+energy*)Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut
Duration: 2010 – 2013
With financial support from
www.eneff-stadt.info (energy efficient cities / networks)
*primary energy supply > demand
• Earth heat exchangers (research focus)• Building energy monitoring & model calibration• Influence of energy metering information on human behavior• Role of residential area in the electricity / gas network (national grids)
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Layout of the residential area
Source: Ludmilla-Wohnbau GmbH www.ludmilla-wohnpark-landshut.de
Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)
• 8 multi-family multi-storey houses
• 14 single-family houses
• 1 energy concept
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)
Energy concept
Renewable energy Energy supply Energy demand
Solar
Geothermal
Biogas
Combined Heat+Power
HeatPump
Photo-voltaik
Gas-fired hot water tank
single-family houses
multi-family multi-storey houses
Source: PhD Volker Stockinger
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Source: Ludmilla-Wohnbau GmbH www.ludmilla-wohnpark-landshut.de
Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)
Whole Residential Area• Biogas demand
• Combined heat-power generated electricity
• Final heating energy
Each Building• Generated PV electricity
• Electricity demand of controlled ventilation
• Temperatures/Humidities/CO2 in air ducts
Each Apartment• Electricity demand
• Heating and DHW energy demand
• Room temperature and relative humidity in 18 apartments
• CO2 concentration in 10 apartments
Monitoring on the Residential / Building / Apartment level
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Source: Bachelor thesis by Huber/Bichler
Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)
Building model to estimate energy demand
created by using DesignBuilder software
Analysis of energy balances and indoor comfort
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
18,000
19,000
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20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 35,00
operativeRaum
tempe
ratur[°C]
Außentemperatur [°C]
stündlicheoperative RaumtemperaturWohnen/ Essen (Normal)
Simulation Variante Fensterlüftung Simulation Basisfall
Hourly operative room temperatures vs. outdoor temperature
Comfort area
Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)
Building model to estimate energy demand
created by using DesignBuilder software
Source: Bachelor thesis by Huber & Bichler
Natural vs. mechanical ventilation (min. fresh air provided)
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)
shallow geothermal energy
Source: PhD Volker Stockinger
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Ground model created by using Delphin 5 software
2018.5
1715.5
1412.5
119.5
86.5
53.5
20.5-1
-2.5-4
-5.5-7
-8.5
Temperature field in °C after 15 [d]
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Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)
Issues to be addressed:• Collector model + Heat pump• 3D Approximation• Ground water flow• Freezing / Thawing processes
* www.bauklimatik-dresden.dehttp://champs.syr.edu/
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
National Funding by German Ministry of Economics and Technology
Research and Development
Demo Buildings AccompanyingResearch
MONITOR
• workshops• symposiums• analysis • simulation• teaching • learning platform
new energy-optimized buildings
energy-optimized retrofitting
low exergy technologies
vacuum insulation
other technology clusters
Optimized building operation
evaluation, case studies, methods
Structure of the EnOB Research Program
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Monitoring results of retrofitted buildings
70% Savings
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Monitoring results of retrofitted buildings
75% Savings
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Monitoring results of retrofitted buildings
67% Savings
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Examples of demonstration projects
German Federal Environmental Agency
Service and Administration Center Barnim
Municipal Library and Museum Nuremberg
More than 50 demonstration projects in total, about 25 still running.
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013John Grunewald, CHAMPS Workshop, Syracuse 2009
Challenges
• low heating energy demand (50 % less than standard)
• preconditioning of air with earth heat exchanger
• ventilation with heat recovery = 73 %
• limitation of electric power usage
• minimization of (solar) cooling requirements by sun protection, optimized window to wall ratio, low internal gains, high thermal mass with adobe walls etc.
glazing of forum and facade
German Federal Environmental Agency
temperature measurements of the earth heat exchanger
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013John Grunewald, CHAMPS Workshop, Syracuse 2009
Examples of demonstration projects
German Federal Environmental Agency
Service and Administration Center Barnim
Municipal Library and Museum Nuremberg
More than 50 demonstration projects in total, about 25 still running.
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Service and Administration Center Barnim
Challenges
• well-insulated wood facade elements with cellulose insulation
• windows with triple glass panes, low emissivity coating
• sophisticated daylight and artificial lighting concept, with a large amount of transparent surface area facing the interior combination zones
• foundation piles equipped with absorber registers for heating and cooling
• ventilation systems with heat recovery efficiency of up to 80%
• vacuum insulation and PCM in selected rooms
daylight simulation
Facade construction with wooden panels
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Monitoring results of new buildings
mean: 89
mean: 136
Primary energy in kWh/m2a
mean: 94Offi
ce b
uild
ings
Educ
atio
nPr
oduc
tion
mean: 89
mean: 136
mean: 94
Energy demand by occupancy and building operation
Energy gain by production
from renewable resources
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Examples of demonstration projects
German Federal Environmental Agency
Service and Administration Center Barnim
Municipal Library Nuremberg
More than 50 demonstration projects in total, about 25 still running.
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Municipal Library Nuremberg
historic Luitpolt-House
built in 1911
destruction in WW II
re-erected in 1950s
used as public library
general reconstruction 2009/2010
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
aerial photograph
Challenges
• building will contain the various library functions at a central location in Nuremberg
• energy consumption 30% below EnEV (German Energy Saving Ordinance)
• optimized glazing area
• massive construction, heat insulation on outside and between areas with different operating temperatures
• ground water cooling
• storage of manuscripts, incunabula, prints and maps from the Middle Ages
• climate stabilization in magazines with historic books and documents
visualization of the new facade
Municipal Library Nuremberg
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Municipal Library Nuremberg
Building model to estimate energy demand
created by using DesignBuilder software
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Municipal Library Nuremberg
Building model to simulate annual energy demand
created by using DesignBuilder software
• Effective energy demand
• Effective energy gains
• Final (end) energy
• Primary energy
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Final energy power = 121 kWh/m²Final energy gas = 82 kWh/m²Primary energy = FE power * 2.7 + FE gas * 1.1 = 365 kWh/m²
Municipal Library Nuremberg
Simulation results:by EnergyPlus
Lighting
Heating
Electricity
DHW Misc.
Effective energy demand break down in kWh/m2a
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Activity mapping in the 1st & 2nd floor
Rooms with special building physical requirements
• Objective: ensure stable room climate conditions, dimensioning of HVAC, low energy demand
• Measurement of sorption isotherm for paper and historic books
Nuremberg City Library
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
TRNSYS + Delphin simulation of climate in magazines
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
17520 18520 19520 20520 21520 22520 23520 24520 25520 Tage
rel.
Feuc
hte
[%]
PHI_ZONE01_2UG_MAG_Ohne Speicher
PHI_ZONE01_2UG_MAG_Mit Buchhspeicher
without moisture storage
with moisture storage of books
required climate corridor45 ..55 % rel. hum.
Rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity in
mag
azin
e fo
r his
toric
boo
ks in
%
Time in h
Nuremberg City Library
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Building performance simulation
Buildings - Energy demandRooms - Thermal comfortConstructions - Moisture, Durability
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
IBK Software Development
1988 2000 2006 20092003
Wal
l Ass
embl
ies
Who
le B
uild
ings
Libs
Roo
m M
odel
s
DIM 1, DIM 2, DIM 3
DELPHIN 4Heat-Air-Moisture analysis
COND 1 + Delphin 5+ Salts
CVODE lib, CC lib
CHAMPS-BES+ Pollutants (VOC adsorption, diffusion)
Sundials, IBK, Airflow, Pollutants, Solver libs
CHAMPS-Multizone …Multi-zone, single-node HAMP model
2012
+ Multi-language and multi-platform support COND 2 + Delphin 6 . . .
HAJAWEE . . .Single-zone, multi-node HAM model, 3D-walls
Single-zone, single-node thermal model, 1D-walls Therakles …
Framework . . .
NANDRAD . . .Multi-zone framework, IDF-Import
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
National Funding by German Ministry of Economics and Technology
Research and Development
Demo Buildings AccompanyingResearch
MONITOR
• workshops• symposiums• analysis • simulation• teaching • learning platform
new energy-optimized buildings
energy-optimized retrofitting
low exergy technologies
vacuum insulation
other technology clusters
Optimized building operation
evaluation, case studies, methods
Structure of the EnOB research program
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
EnTool Research Initiative
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
IBK Software Development
• Temperature• Moisture• Air pressure• VOC concentration
NANDRAD
Zonal single-node network model for calculation of
Compatible to
by support of IDF standard
in each zone.
• Building geometry• Construction data + Materials• Zone activities (user profiles) • Lighting systems• HVAC systems• Climate data
With financial support from
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
IBK Software Development
With financial support from
NANDRAD + HAJAWEE T1
T2
Tn
HAJAWEE Room model
Discretisation of rooms• TTemperature stratification• AAir convection in rooms• EExternal radiation balances• IInternal radiation• CComfort calculation• IInternal heat sources (e.g.
radiators)
• Building geometry• Construction data + Materials• Zone aactivities (user profiles) • Lighting systems• HVAC systems• CClimate data
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
IBK Software Development
NANDRAD + DELPHIN
Discretisation of constructions• DDurability of constructions• MMoisture & thermal buffering• TThermo-active systems• Capillary-active systems• Panel heating systems• EEmissions from materials• Micro climate
DELPHIN Wall Models
e.g. thermo-activeconstructions
e.g. capillary activeinsulation
• Building geometry• Construction data + Materials• Zone aactivities (user profiles) • Lighting systems• HVAC systems• CClimate data
John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013
Thank you for your attention!