CIVIL LAW

GOLDEN NOTES 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW MANILA Academic Year 20112012 CIVIL LAW STUDENT COUNCIL

Lester John A. Lomeda Wilfredo T. Bonilla, Jr. Raissa S. Saipudin Bernadette Faustine C. Balao Marc Mikhaele J. Santos Victor Lorenzo L. Villanuea President VicePresident Secretary Treasurer Auditor Public Relations Officer Diane Camilla R. Borja Carlo Artemus V. Diaz Mary Grace L. Javier Ronn Robby D. Rosales Mark Arthur M. Catabona Angeli P. Albaa Vicente Jan O. Platon III Kimverly A. Ong ChairpersonViceChairpersonSecretaryLogistics Committee HeadAsst. Logistics Committee Head Finance Committee Head Hotel Accommodations HeadAsst. Hotel Accommodations Head TEAM: BAROPS 2011 The UST GOLDEN NOTES is a student-edited work of the University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Civil Law. It is updated annually. Communications regarding the NOTES should be addressed to the Academics Committee of the Team: Bar-Ops. ADDRESS: TEL. NO.: Team Bar-OpsAcademics Committee Faculty of Civil Law University of Santo Tomas Espaa, Manila 1008(02) 731-4027(02) 4061611 loc. 8578 2011 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Lester Jay Alan E. Flores II Karen Joy G. Sabugo John Henry C. Mendoza Jeanelle C. Lee Theena C. Martinez Earl Louie M. Masacayan ChairpersonViceChair for AcademicsViceChair for AcademicsViceChair for Administration and Finance ViceChair for Layout and Design ViceChair for Layout and Design Alfredo B. Dimafelix II Karen Feliz G. Supnad Lamberto L. Santos III Paul Elbert E. Amon Alston Anarna Ozan J. Fulleros Cecilio M. Jimeno, Jr. Ismael Sarangaya, Jr. Loise Rae G. Naval Monica Jucom Civil Law Committee HeadAsst. Civil Law Committee Head Asst. Civil Law Committee Head MemberMemberMemberMemberMemberContributorContributor CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE ADVISERAtty. Elmer T. Rabuya FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS Academic Year 20112012 ACADEMIC OFFICIALS Atty. NILO T. DIVINA Dean Rev. Fr. ISIDRO C. ABAO, O.P. Regent Atty. ARTHUR B. CAPILI Faculty Secretary Atty. ELGIN MICHAEL C. PEREZLegal CounselUST Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion Legal Aid Clinic Judge PHILIP A. AGUINALDO SWDB Coordinator LENY G. GADIANA, RGC Guidance Counselor Our deepest appreciation to our Mentors & Inspiration Justice Oswaldo D. Agcaoili Judge Myra B. Quiambao Atty. Augusto K. Aligada Jr. Atty. Alden Francis C. Gonzales Atty. Carla E. Santamaria Sea Atty. Rene B. Gorospe Atty. Irvin Joseph M. Fabella Atty. Teofilo R. Ragadio Atty. Vincent Z. Bolivar Atty. Alberto A. Palacios Atty. Elmer T. Rabuya For activating our magnets of curiosity, knowledge and wisdom and helping us understand the intricate sphere of Civil Law. Academics Committee 2011 DISCLAIMER The risk of use, nonuse and misuse of this material shall be borne solely by the user. TABLE OF CONTENTS SYLLABUS FOR 2011 BAR EXAMINATIONS CIVIL LAW November 13, 2011 (Second Sunday, Morning) I. Effect and Application of Laws New Civil Code A. When law takes effect................................................................................................................................. 1 B.IgnoranceoftheLaw.................................................................................................................................. 2 C. Retroactivity of Laws................................................................................................................................... 3 D. Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws................................................................................................................. 3 E. Waiver of Rights .......................................................................................................................................... 3 F. Repeal of Laws.............................................................................................................................................. 4 G. Judicial Decisions......................................................................................................................................... 4 H. Duty to Render Judgment...........................................................................................................................5 I. Presumption and Applicability of Custom..................................................................................................5 J. Legal Periods................................................................................................................................................. 5 K. Applicability of Penal Laws ........................................................................................................................ 6 L. Conflict of Laws............................................................................................................................................ 7 II. Human Relations New Civil Code A. NCC Art. 1922, relative to breach of promise to marry........................................................................ 9 B. Independent Civil Actions............................................................................................................................10 C. Prejudicial Questions................................................................................................................................... 10 PERSONS I. Persons and Personality A. Capacity to Act..............................................................................................................................................11 B. Domicile and residence of person, NCC 5051....................................................................................... 14 II. Marriage A. Requisites...................................................................................................................................................... 14 B. Effect of Marriage celebrated abroad and foreign divorce.................................................................... 18 C. Void and Voidable marriages..................................................................................................................... 20 III. Legal Separation A. Grounds, Art. 55, Republic Act. 9262, AntiViolence Against Women and Children......................... 31 B. Defenses........................................................................................................................................................33 C. Coolingoff Period........................................................................................................................................34 D. Reconciliation efforts..................................................................................................................................34 E. Confession of Judgment..............................................................................................................................35 F. Effects of Filing Petition...............................................................................................................................35 G. Effects of pendency.....................................................................................................................................35 H. Effects of legal separation .........................................................................................................................36 I. Reconciliation.................................................................................................................................................37 IV. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife A. Essential Obligations...................................................................................................................................39 B. Family domicile ..........................................................................................................................................39 C. Support..........................................................................................................................................................39 D. Management of household........................................................................................................................40 E. Effect of neglect of duty..............................................................................................................................40 F. Exercise of profession..................................................................................................................................40 V. Property Relations of the Spouses A. Marriage Settlements................................................................................................................................. 40 TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Donations by Reason of Marriage............................................................................................................ 41 C.Voiddonationsbythespouses................................................................................................................. 41 D. Absolute Community of property............................................................................................................. 44 E.ConjugalPartnershipofGains................................................................................................................... 48 F. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage................................................................... 51 G. Regime of Separation of Property............................................................................................................. 51 H. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage ..................................................................................... 52 VI. The Family A. The Family as an Institution....................................................................................................................... 55 B. The Family Home........................................................................................................................................ 56 VII. Paternity and Filiation A. Legitimate Children...................................................................................................................................... 57 B. Proof of Filiation .......................................................................................................................................... 60 C. Illegitimate Children.................................................................................................................................... 62 D.LegitimatedChildren.................................................................................................................................. 62 VIII. Adoption A.DomesticAdoptionLaw (RA8552)...................................................................................................... 64 B. The Law on Inter Country Adoption (RA 8043) ..................................................................................... 67 IX. Support A. What it Comprises........................................................................................................................................ 68 B.WhoareObliged......................................................................................................................................... 69 C. Support during marriage litigation............................................................................................................ 70 D. Amount......................................................................................................................................................... 71 E. When Demandable...................................................................................................................................... 71 F. Options.......................................................................................................................................................... 71 G. Attachment................................................................................................................................................... 71 X. Parental Authority A. General Provisions....................................................................................................................................... 72 B. Substitute and Special Parental Authority.............................................................................................. 75 C. Effect of Parental Authority upon the Persons of the Children........................................................... 75 D. Effects of Parental Authority upon the Property of the Children........................................................ 76 E. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority................................................................................. 77 XI.Emancipation......................................................................................................................................................... 77 XII. Summary Judicial Proceedings in the Family Law............................................................................................. 77 XIII. Final Provisions..................................................................................................................................................... 78 XIV. Funeral................................................................................................................................................................... 78 XV. Use of surnames ................................................................................................................................................... 79 XVI. Absence................................................................................................................................................................. 83 A. Provisional measures in Case of Absence................................................................................................. 83 B. Declaration of Absence............................................................................................................................... 83 C. Administration of the Property of the Absentee.................................................................................... 83 D. Presumption of Death................................................................................................................................. 84 XVII. Civil Registrar A.Arts.407413............................................................................................................................................... 87 B. RA 9048; Clerical errors.............................................................................................................................. 87 C. Rule 108, Rules of Court.............................................................................................................................. 88 TABLE OF CONTENTS PROPERTY I. Characteristics........................................................................................................................................................... 89 II. Classification.............................................................................................................................................................89 A. Hidden Treasure .......................................................................................................................................... 89 B. Right of Accession........................................................................................................................................90 C. By Object...................................................................................................................................................... 101 D. By Owner...................................................................................................................................................... 104 E. By Nature...................................................................................................................................................... 105 III. Ownership A. Right in general .......................................................................................................................................... 106 B. Modes of acquiring ownership.................................................................................................................. 110 C. Limitations.....................................................................................................................................................110 IV. Accession A. Right to hidden treasure............................................................................................................................. 110 B. General Rules................................................................................................................................................ 110 V. Quieting of title to/interest in and removal/prevention of cloud over title to/interest in real property A. Requirement................................................................................................................................................ 115 B.Distinctionbetweenquietingtitleandremoving/preventingacloud................................................ 115 C.Prescription/nonprescriptionofaction.................................................................................................. 115 VI. Coownership A. Characteristics of coownership................................................................................................................ 116 B. Source of coownership............................................................................................................................... 118 C. Rights of coowners......................................................................................................................................120 D. Termination/extinguishment..................................................................................................................... 120 VII. Possession A. Characteristics.............................................................................................................................................. 126 B. Acquisition of Possession............................................................................................................................127 C. Effects of Possession................................................................................................................................... 128 D. Loss or Unlawful Deprivation of a Movable............................................................................................. 130 E. In concept of owner, holder, in ones own name, in name of another............................................... 132 F. Rights of the possessor................................................................................................................................ 132 G. Loss/termination......................................................................................................................................... 134 VIII. Usufruct A. Characteristics.............................................................................................................................................. 134 B. Classification................................................................................................................................................. 135 C. Rights and obligations of Usufructuary.................................................................................................... 136 D. Rights of the owner..................................................................................................................................... 140 E. Extinction/termination.................................................................................................................................141 IX. Easements A.Characteristics............................................................................................................................................. 141 B.Classification................................................................................................................................................ 143 C. Modes of Acquiring Easements................................................................................................................. 150 X. Nuisance.................................................................................................................................................................... 151 XI. Action to Quiet Title................................................................................................................................................153 XII. Modes of Acquiring Ownership A. Occupation ................................................................................................................................................... 154 B. Donation.........................................................................................................................................................155 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESCRIPTION I. Definition A. Acquisitive ................................................................................................................................................... 166 B.Extinctive...................................................................................................................................................... 170 II. No Prescription Applicable A. By Offender.................................................................................................................................................. 171 B. Registered Lands.......................................................................................................................................... 171 C. Art. 1143, NCC............................................................................................................................................... 171 D. Action to quiet title if plaintiff in possession............................................................................................171 E. Void contracts .............................................................................................................................................. 171 F. Action to demand partition......................................................................................................................... 171 G. Property of public dominion.......................................................................................................................171 III. Prescription or Limitation of Actions A. To recover movables................................................................................................................................... 171 B. To recover immovables.............................................................................................................................. 171 C. Other actions................................................................................................................................................ 171 IV. Interruption..............................................................................................................................................................172 V. Nuisance A. Definition...................................................................................................................................................... 172 B.Classification................................................................................................................................................ 172 C.Remedies...................................................................................................................................................... 172 OBLIGATIONS I. Definition................................................................................................................................................................... 173 II. Elements of an Obligation..................................................................................................................................... 173 III. Different Kinds of Prestations............................................................................................................................... 173 IV. Classification of Obligations................................................................................................................................. 174 V. Sources of Obligations............................................................................................................................................ 175 VI. Nature and Effect of obligations A. Obligation to give........................................................................................................................................ 178 B. Obligation to do or not to do..................................................................................................................... 179 C.Breachesofobligations.............................................................................................................................. 180 D. Remedies available to creditor in cases of breach.................................................................................. 186 VII. Kinds of civil obligations A. Pure................................................................................................................................................................ 188 B. Conditional.................................................................................................................................................... 188 C. Obligation with a period or a term........................................................................................................... 192 D. Alternative or Facultative ........................................................................................................................ 193 VIII. Joint and Solidary obligation A. Joint (divisible) obligation ........................................................................................................................ 195 B. Joint Indivisible Obligation ....................................................................................................................... 195 C.Solidaryobligation...................................................................................................................................... 195 D. Divisible and Indivisible.............................................................................................................................. 197 E. Obligations with a Penal Clause............................................................................................................... 197 IX. Extinguishment of Obligations A. Payment........................................................................................................................................................ 198 B. Loss of Determinate Thing Due or Impossibility or difficulty of performance.................................... 205 C. Condonation or Remission of Debt............................................................................................................ 206 TABLE OF CONTENTS D. Confusion...................................................................................................................................................... 207 E. Compensation............................................................................................................................................... 207 F. Novation......................................................................................................................................................... 210 CONTRACTS I. Essential Requisites.................................................................................................................................................. 212 II. Kinds of Contracts A. Consensual.................................................................................................................................................... 216 B. Real............................................................................................................................................................... 216 C. Formal or Solemn..........................................................................................................................................217 III. Formality .................................................................................................................................................................. 217 IV. Defective Contracts A. Rescissible Contracts ...................................................................................................................................218 B. Voidable Contracts....................................................................................................................................... 222 C. Unenforceable Contracts ........................................................................................................................... 225 D. Void Contracts.............................................................................................................................................. 226 V. Effect of Contracts.................................................................................................................................................... 227 SALES I. Introduction A. Definition of Sales.........................................................................................................................................229 B. Essential Requisites of a Contract of Sale................................................................................................ 230 C. Stages of Contract of Sale ......................................................................................................................... 231 D. Obligations Created .................................................................................................................................... 235 E. Characteristics of a Contract of Sale.......................................................................................................... 236 F. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts................................................................................................. 236 G. Contract of Sale/Contract to Sell................................................................................................................237 II. Parties to a Contract of Sale A. Capacity of parties ...................................................................................................................................... 238 B. Absolute incapacity......................................................................................................................................238 C. Relative incapacity: Married Persons ........................................................................................................238 D. Special disqualifications..............................................................................................................................240 III. Subject Matter A. Requisites of a valid subject matter ...................................................................................................... 241 B. Particular kinds............................................................................................................................................ 241 IV. Obligations of the Seller to Transfer Ownership A. Sale by a person not the owner at time of delivery ............................................................................... 242 B. Sale by a person having a voidable title................................................................................................... 243 V. Price VI. Formation of Contract of Sale................................................................................................................................231 A. Meaning of price.......................................................................................................................................... 243 B. Requisites for a valid price ........................................................................................................................ 243 C. How price is determined............................................................................................................................ 243 D. Inadequacy of price..................................................................................................................................... 244 E. When no price agreed..................................................................................................................................244 F. Manner of payment must be agreed upon............................................................................................... 245 G. Earnest money vs. option money.............................................................................................................. 245 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Preparatory .................................................................................................................................................. 231 B. Perfection...................................................................................................................................................... 234 C. Formalities of the Contract ........................................................................................................................ 230 VII. Transfer of Ownership A. Manner of Transfer..................................................................................................................................... 247 B. When delivery does not transfer title..................................................................................................... 248 C. Kinds of delivery .......................................................................................................................................... 249 D. Double Sales.................................................................................................................................................251 E. Property Registration Decree......................................................................................................................251 VIII. Risk of Loss A. General rule ..................................................................................................................................................252 B. When loss occurred before perfection......................................................................................................252 C. When loss occurred at time of perfection ................................................................................................252 D. When loss occurred after perfection but before delivery......................................................................252 E. When ownership is transferred ..................................................................................................................247 IX. Documents of Title A. Definition.......................................................................................................................................................253 B. Purpose of documents of title.....................................................................................................................253 C. Negotiable documents of title.....................................................................................................................253 D. Nonnegotiable documents of title............................................................................................................253 E. Warranties of seller of documents of title.................................................................................................253 F. Rules on levy/garnishment of goods..........................................................................................................253 X. Remedies of an Unpaid Seller A. Definition of unpaid seller...........................................................................................................................254 B. Remedies of unpaid seller............................................................................................................................254 XI. Performance of Contract A. Delivery of thing sold....................................................................................................................................255 B. Payment of price...................................................................................................................................256,257 XII. Warranties A. Express warranties........................................................................................................................................258 B. Implied warranties........................................................................................................................................258 C. Effects of warranties.....................................................................................................................................258 D. Effects of waivers..........................................................................................................................................260 E. Buyers options in case of breach of warranty .........................................................................................262 XIII. Breach of Contract A. Remedies of the Seller ................................................................................................................................258 B. Recto Law: Sale of Movables on Installment............................................................................................258 C. Remedies of the Buyer.................................................................................................................................263 XIV. Extinguishment of the Sale A. Causes ............................................................................................................................................................264 B. Period of redemption ..................................................................................................................................264 C. Exercise of the right to redeem ..................................................................................................................265 D. Conventional redemption............................................................................................................................265 E. Legal redemption..........................................................................................................................................265 F. Equitable mortgage ......................................................................................................................................266 G. Distinguished from option to buy...............................................................................................................267 XV. The Law on Sale of Subdivision and Condominium (PD 957)...........................................................................268 XVI. The Condominium Act (RA 4726)........................................................................................................................272 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUCCESSION I. General Provisions A. Definition/What is transmitted...................................................................................................................280 B. Succession occurs at the moment of death..............................................................................................280 C. Kinds of Successors ......................................................................................................................................282 II. Testamentary Succession A. Wills................................................................................................................................................................284 B. Institution of Heirs .......................................................................................................................................299 C. Substitution of Heirs ....................................................................................................................................302 D. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Testamentary Dispositions with a Term ......................305 E. Legitime .........................................................................................................................................................306 III. Legal or Intestate Succession A. General Provisions .......................................................................................................................................321 B. Order of Intestate Succession ....................................................................................................................324 IV. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession A. Right of Accretion ........................................................................................................................................324 B. Capacity to Succeed by Will or Intestacy ..................................................................................................325 C. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance .....................................................................................328 D. Collation ........................................................................................................................................................329 E. Partition and Distribution of Estate ...........................................................................................................329 PARTNERSHIP I. Contract of partnership A. Definition.......................................................................................................................................................331 B. Elements.........................................................................................................................................................331 C. Rules to determine existence......................................................................................................................333 D. How partnership is formed.........................................................................................................................334 E. Partnership term...........................................................................................................................................335 F. Universal vs. Particular; General vs. Limited.............................................................................................338 G. Partnership by estoppels.............................................................................................................................340 H. Partnership v. Joint Venture.......................................................................................................................340 I. Professional partnership...............................................................................................................................341 J. Management..................................................................................................................................................341 II. Rights and obligations of partnership....................................................................................................................344 III. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves.......................................................................................344 IV. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons........................................................................................347 V. Dissolution.................................................................................................................................................................348 VI. Limited partnership A. Definition.......................................................................................................................................................353 B. How limited partnership is formed/amended..........................................................................................353 C. Rights and obligations of a limited partner...............................................................................................354 AGENCY I. Definition of agency...................................................................................................................................................358 II. Powers .......................................................................................................................................................................360 A. To bind principal ..........................................................................................................................................360 B. Exception .......................................................................................................................................................362 III. Express vs. Implied Agency.....................................................................................................................................363 TABLE OF CONTENTS IV. Agency by Estoppel.................................................................................................................................................363 V. General vs. Special Agency......................................................................................................................................365 VI. Agency couched in general terms..........................................................................................................................365 VII. Agency requiring special power of attorney.......................................................................................................365 VIII. Agency by operation of law.................................................................................................................................366 IX. Rights and Obligations of Principal.......................................................................................................................366 X. Irrevocable agency ...................................................................................................................................................369 XI. Modes of extinguishment.......................................................................................................................................369 COMPROMISE I.Definition.....................................................................................................................................................................373 II. Void Compromise .....................................................................................................................................................373 III. Effect .........................................................................................................................................................................373 CREDIT TRANSACTIONS I. Loan..............................................................................................................................................................................376 A. Commodatum vs. Mutuum.........................................................................................................................377 B. Obligations of Bailor and Bailee..................................................................................................................380 C. Interest and the suspension of Usury Law................................................................................................383 II. Deposit........................................................................................................................................................................386 A. Voluntary deposit..........................................................................................................................................388 B. Necessary deposit.........................................................................................................................................392 C. Judicial deposit..............................................................................................................................................392 III. Guaranty and Suretyship A. Nature and extent of guaranty...................................................................................................................392 B. Effects of guarantyC. Extinguishment of guaranty........................................................................................................................399 D. Legal and judicial bonds...............................................................................................................................399 IV. Pledge A. Definition.......................................................................................................................................................403 B. Kinds................................................................................................................................................................403 C. Essential requirements.................................................................................................................................403 D. Obligation of pledgee...................................................................................................................................404 E. Rights of pledgor...........................................................................................................................................407 F. Perfection ......................................................................................................................................................407 G. Foreclosure ...................................................................................................................................................408 H. Pledge by Operation of Law .......................................................................................................................408 I. Distinguished from Chattel Mortgage ........................................................................................................409 V. Real Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics.....................................................................................................................410 B. Essential requisites.......................................................................................................................................410 C. Foreclosure....................................................................................................................................................412 VI. Antichresis A. Definition and characteristics.....................................................................................................................420 B. Obligations of antichretic creditor.............................................................................................................422 VII. Chattel Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics.....................................................................................................................418 B. Registration....................................................................................................................................................419 TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII. QuasiContracts A. Negotiorum Gestio.......................................................................................................................................422 B. Solutio Indebiti..............................................................................................................................................423 IX. Concurrence and Preference of Credits A. Meaning of concurrence and preference..................................................................................................424 B Classification of credits..................................................................................................................................424 C. Preferred Credits on Specific MovablesD. Preferred Credit on Specific Immovables..................................................................................................424 E. Exempt Property...........................................................................................................................................425 F. Order of preference of credits.....................................................................................................................427 X. Insolvency Law A. Definition of insolvency...............................................................................................................................427 B. Suspension of payments..............................................................................................................................427 C. Voluntary insolvency....................................................................................................................................430 D. Involuntary insolvency.................................................................................................................................431 LEASEI. Lease of things............................................................................................................................................................440 II. Lease of work or services.........................................................................................................................................445 III. Lease of rural and urban lands...............................................................................................................................446 A. Qualified persons..........................................................................................................................................447 B. Registration....................................................................................................................................................447 C. Prohibitions....................................................................................................................................................447 IV. Rights and obligations of lessor and lessee..........................................................................................................448 V. Special rules for lease of rural/urban lands..........................................................................................................449 VI. Household service...................................................................................................................................................451 VII. Contract of labor.....................................................................................................................................................451 A. Obligation in case of death/injury of laborers..........................................................................................452 VIII. Contract for piece of work....................................................................................................................................452 LAND TITLES AND DEEDS I. Torrens System...........................................................................................................................................................454 A. Concept and background.............................................................................................................................454 B. Certificate of Title.........................................................................................................................................454 II. Regalian Doctrine A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................460 B. Effects.............................................................................................................................................................460 C. Concept of native title, time immemorial possession.............................................................................461 III. Citizenship Requirement A. Individuals and corporations.......................................................................................................................461 IV. Original Registration A. Who may apply.............................................................................................................................................463 B. Registration process and requirements.....................................................................................................466 C. Remedies........................................................................................................................................................479 D. Cadastral registration...................................................................................................................................487 TABLE OF CONTENTS V. Subsequent Registration A. Voluntary dealings........................................................................................................................................489 B. Involuntary dealings.....................................................................................................................................489 VI. NonRegistrable Properties....................................................................................................................................492 VII. Dealings with Unregistered Lands........................................................................................................................493 TORTS AND DAMAGES I. Principles A. Abuse of Right; Elements............................................................................................................................500 B. Unjust Enrichment........................................................................................................................................500 C. Liability without Fault...................................................................................................................................500 D. Acts Contrary to Law....................................................................................................................................501 E. Acts Contrary to Morals...............................................................................................................................501 II. Classification of Torts A. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict liability..................................502 B. According to scope: general or specific.....................................................................................................502 III. The Tortfeasor A. The Direct Tortfeasor...................................................................................................................................502 B. Persons Made Responsible for Others.......................................................................................................503 C. Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code)....................................................................................................511 IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities A. Concept of Act...............................................................................................................................................511 V. Proximate Cause A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................511 B. Cause in Fact..................................................................................................................................................512 C. Legal Cause....................................................................................................................................................512 D. Efficient Intervening Cause.........................................................................................................................512 E. Cause vs. Condition.......................................................................................................................................513 F. Last Clear Chance..........................................................................................................................................513 VI. Legal Injury A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................524 B. Elements of Right..........................................................................................................................................524 C. Violation of Right or Legal Injury................................................................................................................514 D. Classes of Injury............................................................................................................................................514 VII. Intentional Torts A. General...........................................................................................................................................................515 B. Interference with rights to persons and property....................................................................................515 C. Interference with relations..........................................................................................................................515 VIII. Negligence A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................529 B. Good Father of a Family or Reasonably Prudent Man.............................................................................530 C. Standard of Care...........................................................................................................................................531 D. Unreasonable risk of Harm..........................................................................................................................532 E. Evidence..........................................................................................................................................................532 F. Presumption of Negligence..........................................................................................................................532 G. Defenses.........................................................................................................................................................533 IX. Special Liability in Particular Activities A. General...........................................................................................................................................................535 TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Products Liability...........................................................................................................................................535 C. Nuisance NCC Arts. 694707.....................................................................................................................536 D. Violation of Constitutional Rights...............................................................................................................537 E. Violation of Rights Committed by Public Officers.....................................................................................537 F. Provinces, Cities and Municipalities...........................................................................................................538 G. Owner of Motor Vehicle..............................................................................................................................538 H. Proprietor of Building or Structure or Thing.............................................................................................538 X. Strict Liability A. Animals...........................................................................................................................................................538 B. NuisanceC. Products Liability BOOK II DAMAGESI. General Considerations A. Classification..................................................................................................................................................539 II. Actual and Compensatory Damages A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................541 B. Requisites.......................................................................................................................................................541 C. Component Elements...................................................................................................................................542 D. Extent or scope of actual damages............................................................................................................543 III. Moral Damages A. Concept .........................................................................................................................................................544 B. When recoverable .......................................................................................................................................544 IV. Nominal Damages A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................546 B. When awarded..............................................................................................................................................546 V. Temperate or Moderate Damages A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................546 VI. Liquidated Damages A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................546 B. Rules governing in case of breach of contract..........................................................................................546 VII. Exemplary or Corrective Damages A. Concept..........................................................................................................................................................546 B. When recovered............................................................................................................................................547 C. Requisites.......................................................................................................................................................547 VIII. Damages in Case of Death A. In crimes and quasidelicts causing death.................................................................................................547 IX. Graduation of Damages A. Duty of Injured Party....................................................................................................................................548 B. Rules................................................................................................................................................................548 X. Miscellaneous Rules A. Damages that cannot coexists...................................................................................................................549 B. Damages that must coexist........................................................................................................................549 C. Damages that must stand alone.................................................................................................................549 INDEX..............................................................................................................................................................................550 BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................................................................553