civil affairs handbook france section 7a

8/4/2019 Civil Affairs Handbook France Section 7A

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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL iliCIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRANCESECTION 7A: AGRICULTURE

UBANDSj ENRA;' \ STAF

Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con-tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restrictedmaterial may be given to any person known to be in the service of the UnitedStates and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatingin Government work, but will not be communicated to the -public or to the pressexcept by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b,AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 26 OCTOBER 1943

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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M352-7ACivil AFFairs

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRANCESECTION 7A: AGRICULTURE

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 26 OCTOBER 1943

. . . Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con-tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restrictedmaterial may be given to any person known to be in the service of the UnitedStates and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatingin Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the pressexcept by authorized military publi, relations agencies. (See also par. I8b,AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)

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NUMBERING SYSTEM OFARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS

The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indicatedby consecutive numbering within the following categories:

Ml M99 Basic and Advanced TrainingM100 - M199 Army Specialized Training Program and Pre--Induction

TrainingM200 -\M299 Personnel and MoraleM300 -M399 Civil AffairsM400 - M499 Supply and TransportationM500 - M599 FiscalM600 - M699 Procurement-and ProductionM700 - M799 AdministrationM800 - M899 MiscellaneousM900 - up Equipment , Materiel, Housing an d Construction

HEADQUARTERS, ARMvfY SERVICE FORCESWashington 25 , D. C. 26 October 1943

Army Service Forces Manual M 352-7A, Civil Affairs Handbook on France:Agriculture, Part I, has been prepared under the supervision of the Provost

Marshall General and is published for the information and guidance of all

concerned.

[SPX 461 (21 Sep 43).]

By command of Lieutenant General SOMERVELL:W. D. St-yer,

Major General , General Staff Corps,Chie f of Staff

OFFICIAL:5. A. ULIC

Major GeneralAdjutant General .

~p6~SPeooa

DISTRIBUTION: 24-52678ABCDli


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C I v L AFFAIRS HANDBOOKCSTO pI C A L C U T L I N E

1. Geographical and Social Background2. Government and Administration3, Leval Affairs4. Government Finance5. 1Money and Banking6. Natural Resources7. Agriculture t8. Industry and Commerce9. Labor

10. Public Works and U tilities11. Transportation Systems12. Communications13. Public Health and Sanitation14. Public Safety.1. Education16. Public .elfare17. Cultural Institutions

*This study on Agriculture in France was prepared forthe Military Governrnt Division of the Office of TheProvost Marshal General by -the Office of ForeignAgricultura. Relations Depaktment of Agriculture.


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AG1RI CUL~TURE - FRAN'CE

TBEOF COMET2S

PageIntrodutction ..................... 1The Oountry.......... ....... 0 2Parm Ho.dings .......... 0.... .... 6Agricul1tural Labor ........................... '7Agricultural Machinery and Ferti l izer ,....... 8Principal Crops ........................ 9Livestock *....................,. ....... 10Food Supplies ................................ 12a. Pre-war Supplies .............................. 12b. Wartime Production and Supplies ............... 1~3

Rationing ... ............................ 16Per Capita Production by Regions............... 19Government Orgatnization of Production

adDistribution ............................. ". 21List of Tables................... .. 25Maps............................................,...38-41

Index. .... ........... ................ 42


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INTEOD70TIOT

Purposes of th e Civi l Affai rs Handbook.The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (1) to assistth e Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly condit ions

which will contribute most effectively to th e conduct of militaryoperat ions, (2) to reduce to a minimum th e human suffering and thematerial damage resulting from a disorder and (3) to create the conditionswhich will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively.

The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort tocarry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as is possible .The Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend uponchanging and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understoodthat they do not imply any given official program of action. They arerather ready referenqe source books containing the basic factual informationneeded fo r planning an d policy making.Revision For Final Publication.

Significant area information is needed (a) for civil affairs officerscharged with policy makin g an d plannin , (b) for th e use of civil affairsofficers-in-training and (c) to make certain that organized data is in hand,whenever events require it.

Arrangements were therefore made with cooperating agencies to providepertinent information in accordance with a prepared outline. This sectionon Agriculture in France should be considered as a preliminary draft. Itwill be revised with special reference to administrative control of naturalresources preparatory to its incorporation in th e "ivil Affai rs Handbookon the whole. Because the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations hascompleted a general survey on Agriculture in France considerably before theremainder of the report will be available, this study has been divided intoSection VII A General Survey and Section VII B on Statistical data onvarious regions in France, which will appear later.

OF"ICERS USING THIS MATERIAL ARE REQUESTED TO M"AR SUCGESTIONS INDI C&TINGTHE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS WHICH MOULD MAXE THIS MATERIAL MORE USEFUL FOR

THEIR PURPO SES. THESE CRITICISMS SHOULD BE SETT TO TAE CHIEF OF THE SUJRVE!AND RESEARCH SECTION, MILITARY GOVER MENT DIVISION, PMGO, 2805 MUNITIONSBUILDINJG, tWASEINCrTN, D. C. (OR PHONE WAR D 'ARTHEFT TTSION 76370).


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FENCH AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLIES

Part I. 'General Survey

introductionPrance, prior to 1938 th e largest country in Europe west of.

Russia, is also among th e most favored by nature fo r agriculturalproduction. That ,its agricultural resources have not been so fullyexploited as in many other Western European countries may be partlyexolained by French trade policy and th e slow growth of populat ion.

Unlike countries to the north, France has long had a trade policywhich promoted self-sufficiency. A similar policy was also adopted

in the late seventies by Germany and Italy, where, however, the num-

ber of consumers increased by 65 and 35 percent respectively between

1871 and 1914, as compared with 15 percent for Prance.Agriculture, though giving way slowly to industry, continued

to hold a prominent position in France's national economy. As late

as 1931, some 35 percent of the gainfully employed were engaged in

agricultural pursuits. French farmers supnlied by far th e largestpart of th e country 's food requirements . an d contributed a smallshare of total exports.

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Imports of agricultural rnoducts considerably exceeded exports,

however . If vegetable oils an d oil seeds be included with food, feed

and tobacoco, this group of products accounted for two-fifths of the

value of all imports in 1933.-37, and raw materials of agricultural ori-

gin, notably cotton and wool, for more than one-tenth. Over half of the

food and feed came from the colonies, whose produce entered the mother

country virtually unrestricted, but France depended mostly on foreign

countries for im',rted raw m aterials .The Country

Topography, climate and soil are highly diversified in France

wh1ose pre-war area of 55 million hectares w as about four-fifths the sizeof Texas . Broadly speaking, the northweste_'n half of the country con-sists of lowlands, interlaced by the Seine, Loire and Garonne river sys-

tems, and the southeastern half of highlands which are divided by theRhone-Saone Valley. In the northwestern half1 temperatures are moder-ated by th e Atlantic Ocean, though th e mild climate featuring Brit tanyand Normandy becomes more continental in character toward th e east an dwarmer toward the south. In the southeastern half, a continental cli-

mate prevails except along the 'Mediterranean coast, which has hot summers

and warm winters in areas sheltered from the mistral, a cold, piercing

wind that sweeps down from the Central Plateau.

Aside from a small region east of Paris, practically all partsof France receive more than 20 inches of rainfall. It ranges from 20

to 30 inches in the Loire valley and northward, around the Garonne,


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and also along most of the Mediterranean coast where, however, thesummers are very dry. Over 40 inches of rain falls in the west ofBrit tany and Normandy, and in sections of the Alps, Jura, Vosges,Central Plateau and Pyrenees.

All French soils are forest soils. In no part of Prance isprecipitation small enough for the development of the best soils ofthe steppe type. The best French soils, i.e. those which are not toosandy too wet or too dry, are found in large stretches to the west,north and northeas t of Paris (Picardy and Artois) . Elsewhere suchsoils occur almost only in narrow strips along th e rivers.

Soils so heavy that they are suitable mainly for grass are es-pecially widespread in Normandy, northern Brittany and Flanders, butthey also border the Central Plateau1 except on the south, and appear

in other parts of the country. The largest uniform stretch of very

light soil is in th e southwest, in Landes and Gironde, this soil be-ing adapted only to coniferous forests. A much larger but less uni-

form stretch of less light soil occupies most of Champagne and ex-tends into Touraine, while Brittany, Auvergne and Limousin also havea considerable amount of light soils.

The southeast corner of th e country is covered with skeleton orskekal(stony) soils, developed from granite or l imestone and moreadapted to tree crops than to use as arable land. Along the Mediter-

ranean coast/and extending into the Ehone valley is found a ratherwide strip of terra rossa (Mediterranean red soil), a heavy to medium


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soil developed from hard limestone and likewise less well adapted to

use as arable land than to tree crops and vineyards. This strip isth e largest uniform area of terra roesa in Europe and probably in thewor ld .

Accord ing to the census of 1929, arable land accounted for 37percent of the total area of France, permanen t pastures for 19 percent,

and vineyards, orchards, and truck gardens for 4 percent. Another 20

percent was covered with woods and forests, while 13 percent was clas-si.fied as unused agricultural land, the remaining 7 percent being devoted

to non-agricultural purooses .

In accordance with natural conditions, northwestern France had

a disproportionately large share of the land used for agriculture. The

region north from the bend in the Loire, with its fertile soils, moder -

ate temperatures and generally adequate rainfall, is the great produc-

tion center for cereals, notably, wheat and oats, and for sugar beet.Here hay and pastures play a m i nor role. To the east, the old provinces

of Lorraine an d Alsace, devote over three-fifths as much land to perma-

nent hay an d pastures as to plowland. A still larg'proportion of th eland used for agriculture is under permanent hay and pasture in Brittany

and Normandy. W heat, the leading cereal in most of France, is given

less area than oats in old Lorraine and some western departments (aver-

ag e 19323-7). Vines become predominant along th e borders o f th e Loire,Upper Seine, Moselle, in parts of Champagne and Alsace. Brittany and

Normandy, where vines do not thrive, are famed fo r cider .


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In the southwestern corner of the country, corn.frequently re-

pl1aces roots and tubers in th e rotation system, and, in the Landes andBasses-.Pyrdndes it is th e iprincipal cereal crop. Cattle are th e chiefkind of l ivestock in th e valleys, while sheep a.nd goats predominate inthe Pyrenees, along the coast and on the limestone plateaus. Vines cov-

er a considerable area, particularly around the Gironde. A striking

feature of this region is th e large area under forests in th e coasta lzone where maritime pines, planted on the sandy wastes, yield a sub-

stantial output of rosin and turpentine.

Over much the greater part of southeastern rrance, raising of

livestock is the lending agricultural occupation. Area. under natural

meadows and pastures usually approaches or exceeds plowland . Bye pre-

vails over wheat in parts of the Central plateau but yields to wheat

in the valleys and in the Alps. Wine is a major product all along theAr ARhone-Saone valley, extending up into the plain of Burgundy.

In th e Mediterranean region, more land is devoted to vines thanis plowed, and the ratio of the area under fruits, vegetables and flow-ers to arable land is also relatively high. Here and in Corsica is

grown most of the small output of olives, almonds, figs and citrus

fruit. More oats than whea t is produced (average 1933-37) in the coun

try wes t of the Rhone, and more rye than oats in the Pyrgn~es Orientales.

Pastures are utilized mainly by sheep and goats which mus t be driven

north fo r th e summer months.


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Fai4nldings

French farms are not particularly small fo.r cont inental Europe.Excluding 5.2 million hectares of forest, heath or rocky land whichwere publicly owqned and which were included in the 51.4 million hec-

tares classified as "agricultural" land, the 1929 census shows that

holdings up to 10 hectares in size accounted for 72.6 percent of the

number of holdings and 22.2 percent of the land in farms; holdings of

from 10-50 hectares accounted for 24.5 percent of the number and 48.6

percent of the land; and holdings of over 50 hectares accounted for2.9 percent of th e number and 29.2 percent of the land.

Out of a total of 3,966,000 holdings, less than 350,000, mostof them under 5 hectares in size, were classified as devoted princi-pally to vine-growing and horticulture, while the number practicing

"monoculture" (livestock, vine-growing, horticulture) was still

smaller. A highly diversified type of farming w as promoted in France,

as in so many other countries, by the desire to make the farm self-

sufficient in food.France also resembles other parts of Europe in that many even

of the smaller farms, consist of a number of parcels scattered in dif-

ferent localities, with all' he attendant disadvantages including

loss of t ime in going from one field to another, loss to the culti-

vated area of land taken up by roads and fences, and the impract~ica.

bility of the use of farm machinery. Efforts have been made to en-

courage consolidation of holdings, but not much progress has been

made.


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Some 60 percent of the land in farms in 1929 was cultivated by2.7 million owners, 30 percent by around 700.000 tenants paying a fixedrent in cash or in kind, and 10 percent by nearly 200,000 tenants pay-ing a certain proportion of the produce (generally half, whence thename m4tayer). Out of a total of over 3.6 million operators, 1 millionheld land under more than one of these three forms of tenure. Theywere counted only once, their classification being determined accordingto that form of tenure under which th e largest par t of th e farm was ex-

ploited. A separate category on collective or cooperative holdings,"which are truly very exdeptional", was not established. Owner-operatorsrange from small holders who supplement their income by working for oth-ers to large landowners who turn over part or all of the direction ofth e estate to managers or agents. Tenants paying a fixed rent, espec-ially prominent in the north and northwest, include not only the farmerclimbing ou t of the category of worker or share-tenant, but also the capi-talistic renters of the Paris region who operate large and well-equippedfarms. Mgtayers, largely concentrated in the center and southwest, mayhave the status of independent operators or they may be reduced to thestatus of share-croppers.Agricultural Labor

The census of 1931 showed 7,637,000 persons engaged in agricul-tural pursuit. Women accounted for 42 percent of the total, not an es-pecially high proportion for countries where, indicative of th e amountof actual farm work they perform, farmers' wives are counted as gain-fully employed.

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- 8-Agricultural wage-earners, perhaps one-tenth of them foreigners,

numbered, something over 2 million on March 8, 1931. Their numbers were

increased in the months of greater farm activity by seasonal workers who

migrated from various parts of France and from foreign countries. Even

before th e first world war th e cereal-beet farms relied on seasonal work-ers from Belgiua and the southern vineyards on seasonal workers from

Spain and Italy. Dhring the twenties, the government promoted immigration,;Polish imigrants becoming especially important, but the depression brought

a reversal of this policy. For some years the workers repatriatedaoutnum-bered those bio ught in. In 1937 and 1938, however, the balance shifted

again.Agricultural Machinery and Fertilizer

According to standards prevailing in northwestern continental EuropesFrance was fairly well su,:lied with harvesting machinery. The mos t recent

figures available show 363,000 binders and 154,500 threshers in 1938. and

1,389,000 mowers in 1929. Tractors and production machines , on the other

hand, were comparatively few in number. In 1938, there were some 339COOagricultural tractors, about half as many as in Germany In 1929. disc

harrows numbered 45 ,500 , mechanica l seeders 322,000, fertilizer distribu -

tors 119,000. and manure spreaders less than 1,000.

Consumption of artificial fertiltzers was also low compared to that

of northwestern European countries. In the 1928/29 season, the quantities

consumed per hectare of arable land amounted to 7.7 kilograms of nitrates,

10.6 kilograms of pure potash (K2 0) and 20.9 kilograms of phosphoric acid

(P 2 0 5). Consumption apparently declined in the first part of the thirties,

but thereafter made a substantial recovery.


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Principal CroosWhea t occupies an unusually prominent position in French agricui-

ture. It is favored. y climate and soil in parts of France, by the im-portance it acquired in the French diet, by the urgent desire of the peas-

ants to.grow as much as possible of the food they consume, and last but

not least, by strong government protection.Dur ing the period 1933-37 whea t covered an average of 5.3 million

hectares, oats 3.3 million hectares and all other cereals 2.1 million

hectares, grains accounting for about half the arable land. Area underall kinds of grain, even wheat, was smaller than in 1903-13 when Alsace-Lorraine did not form part of French territory. Production dropped lessthan acreage, for yields were hiker, reflecting in part improved tech-niques of production and probably some withdrawal from poorer lands.With a reduced consumption, bread grain production in 1933-37 furnisheda greater proportion of total supplies than before the first wor ld war.

The decrease in area, under cereals was partially offset by an in-crease in th e area under roots and tubers and hay, continuing a trendwhich had been evident for some decades. With potatoes occupying anaverage of 1.4 million hectares, sugar beets 0.3 million hectares, and

other roots and tubers, including fodder cabbage, 1.5 million hectares,

these crops together accounted for some 15 percent of the arable area

in 1933-37, while rotation meadows accounted for another 20 percent.

During the same period, area under permanent hay and pastures averaged

11.4 million hectares.

Vineyards in 1933-37 covered an area (1.5 million hectares) some-

what smaller than in 1909-13, but yielded substantially larger quantities

g~mrslk:


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of wine. France continued to be at one and the same time the world'slargest producer and net importer of wine.

Production of fresh fruits and vegetables also made marked gains asdid tobacco. Output of olives and nuts, on the other hand, diminished.Cultivation of flax and hemp showed some recovery after 1932, but area un -der oilseeds continued to decline.Livestock

Cattle numbers were restored to the 1909-13 level by 1929, and con-tinued to show an upward trend. Multiple-purpose cattle of local breeds pre-vail in France, where farms most commonly have at least a couple of head,though usually no more than a dozen. Some oxen, fo r example, are used for workon the northern sugar beet farms and then fattened on beet tops. In manyparts of France, cows furnish draft power as well as milk and meat. Accord-ing to data for 1937, little more than half of the 8 million milk cows werekept solely for milk. Hay and straw and considerable quantities of roots andtubers are the main cattle feeds. Normally, oilcakes are also fed, but inmuch smaller quantities than are customary in most northern European countries.

Processing of milk on the farm had great importance. According toofficial figures of 1937, which do not court output of the small cooperativesas farm-produced dairy products, farm butter accounted fo r over half of th ecommercial butter output, and farm cheese for more than one-fourth of thecommercial cheese output, while fluid milk sold directly by the producer tothe consumer almost equalled in quantity the amount sold indirectly forfluid consumption. On the other hand, dew cattle were slaughtered on th efarm. Output of beef and veal considerably exceeds that of any other kindof meat.

Sheep, whose numbers have long been declining, are kept mainly formeat but also fo r milk and wool. Most of the milk went into cheese (e.g.


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- 11 -Roquefort). Goats, relatively few in number, are valued chiefly fo r theirmilk, production statistics indicating that nearly half of the milk was des-tined for direct human consumption and the remainder fo r cheese. In Corsica,sheep and goats are the main source of milk.

Most farms kept at least a few hogs in order to save feed and kitchenscraps which would otherwise have been wasted. Skimmed milk, buttermilk andwhey in dairy areas, corn in the southwest, potatoes and beet pulp to th enorth, and small grains, including unmarketable wheat, over the greater partof France formed basic elements in the hog ration which rather generally in-cluded some oil cake. According to official data, not quite two-fifths ofestimated pork output in 1933-37 was produced and consumed on farms, but un-official sources give a higher proportion.

Poultry, rabbits and pigeons made a not inconsiderable contribution toFrench meat supplies. Specialized farms as usual were rare. The small flocksof barnyard fowls, characteristic of the countryside, were generally raised with-out much care. A notable exception were those geese and ducks, concentratedmainly in southwestern France, which were destined to produce foie gras.

Horses, principally in northern France, and some asses and mules main-ly in southern France, completed the livestock patrimony. Horse-breeding waslargely centered on the types demanded by the cavalry and racing stables, andon draft animals (Percherons, Bretons, etc.) required by the artillery and forhauling in general. The number of horses, which had been heavily reduced dur-ing the first world war, showed considerable recovery in the twenties but inthe thirties lost much of their gains. A similar bu t more pronounced move-ment occurred in the few mule numbers, while the numbers of asses declinedalmost steadily. All three kinds of animals contributed a very small partof the meat consumed in France.


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S12Food Supplies.

Data regarding French food consumption are surprisingly scarce. In-

vestigations into the production and consunrntion of foodstuffs were made by a

special service for National Nutrition Surveys in the years just prior to the

second wor ld wa r , but the results are not available here. Aside from these

surveys, little has been done in Prance in the way of budget studies or analy-

ses of the utilization of crops. In drawing up a food balance for France,therefore, many imnorta.nt problems, notably th e food, feed and industrial usesof grains and potatoes, have had to be settled rather arbitrarily on the basisof scattered bits of evidence, though for some commodi t ies official statistics

are fairly complete.

A quantitative assessment of the wart ime position presents much greater

difficulties since even production and trade are uncertain factors. W ith il-

legal disposal of food and feed at high levels, it is improbable that th e author-ities themselves have any very accurate notion of the actual level of output.

There is the further problem of determining the utilization of the Quantities

wwwhich escape legal channels of distribution, with high black marke t prices, the

neeis of their livestock and their own consumpt ion requirements all exerting a

strong pull on the farmers. The general picture is clear, however. For conven-

ience, an attempt has been made io express it in f igures (Tables I, II, III, IV,)which should be regarded as a plausible rather than a precise quantitative eval-uation of th e existing situation.

a. Pre-war suppylies.

According to tentative estimates of the Office of Foreign Agricultural

Relations, France produced around 84 percent of th e calorie value of the food

it consumed in th e period 1933-37 (allowance having been made fo r food producedfrom imported feed). The country w as practically self-sufficient in wheat

and potatoes. It imoiorted s sugar supplies and a


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somewhat larger proportion of wine consumption. Most of th e meat and dairyproducts were supplied by th e domestic livestock industry which, however,was partly dependent on imported feeding stuffs, notably oil cakes. Foredible fats and oils, the deficit ran over 40 percent.

Protection for domestic agriculture could not be carried to thesame height as in neighboring countries for colonial interests had to betaken into consideration. Sheltered from foreign competition in th e mothercountry by tightened trade restrictions on foreign goods, the French Empireincreased its share in th e value of French food and feed imports from 45percent in 1932 to 70 percent in 1938. Supplies from such distant posses-sions as French Indo-China, which furnished nearly two-thirds of France'simported feed grains and rice in 1933-37, could easily be cut off in war-time. But nearby French North Africa accounted fo r almost all Frenchimports of wheat, sheep and wine, and had a substantial export surplus offruits and vegetables. French West African peanuts supplied about one-fifthof French edible fat consumption, and nearly one-third of French oil cake re -quirements.

French North Africa also furnished most of the rock phosphate im-ported into France which produced an insignificant part of its requirements.France was also on a deficit basis for nitrogenous fertilizer, but has an ex-port surplus of potash fertilizer.

b. Wartime Production and Supplies.Domestic agriculture was hard hit by mobilization in th e autumn of

1939, the unusually severe winter which followed, th e campaign culminatingin th e defeat of France, and th e consequent disorganization of farming

24- 5 2 6 78ABCD


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activities. In 1940 the all-important wheat crop fell to little more than

three-fifths of the pre-war average. Other grains made ,aar better show-ing, but potatoes and sugar beets a worse one. In the next season, wheatproduction increased, and output of other grains declined,to about four-

thefifths of pre-war level, and no great change appears to have occurred in1942. Sugar beet and potato harvests, though greatly improved , also remained

subnormal.The dro-p in production was the result both of reduced acreage and of

lower yields. Area under cereals , reported at 15 percent below th e pre-waraverage in 1941, is est imated to have increased only slightly in 1942. Anyconsiderable recovery has been hindered by the shortage of means of production,

th e price structure established, marketing difficulties, th e scarcity of con-sumer goods farmers buy, and doubts regarding the future of savings. Some ofthese factors, especially labor shortages, operated to reduce arable area

during th e first world war. In th e seventy-seven departments which were freefrom military operations, area under cereals in 1918 was 74 percent of the

1909-1~3 average, and th e corresponding figures for sugar beets , pota toes and-forage beets were 80, 81 and 84 percent respectively. Part of th e decrease.in aree. under cereals and roots and tubers was reflected in an increase in

area under meadows and pastures, and part in a greater extent of fallow and

unproductive land. Similar shifts in land use appear to have occurred dur-in g th e present war in spite of government efforts to restore arable area.Thus,; it is required that wheat acreages equal the 1937-38 averages, and

legislation designed to promote th e cultivation of abandoned farms and idleland has been enacted. A policy of paying premiums, partly in kind, has ap-parently been more successful in expanding the small area under oilseeds.

24-5267ABCD


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Crop yields have been affected by none too favorable weather conditions

an d byr shortages of fertilizer, labor , binder twine, etc. Supplies of potashfertilizer apparently remained near the pre-war level, but consumrtion of nit-rogenous and, especially after th e invasion of North Africa, phosphatic ferti-lizers was- much reduced. The far more important supplies of organic manurealso diminished in quanti ty with the decline in l ivestock numbers, an d to someextent in qualit, as poorer feeding practices had to be adopted.

Available f igures indicate, as seems reasonable, a reduction in live.stock numbers in 1940, comparatively emall in th e case of cattle, more pro-nounced in the case of sheep, and heavy in the case of horses and hogs. Later ,however, in contrast to developments during th e first world war, cattle num-bers showed recovery. With a considerable increase in calves and young cattle,the cattle popul=.tion is reported not far from the pre-war level. Some recoveryis also reported for horses , but th e dowrnward movement fo r hogs an d sheep ap-pears to have persisted. With th e scarcity of feed grains and oil cakes,lower meat and milk yields were to be epected.

Yet, while total farm output remains wel l below normal, production offood for human consumption has been fairly wel l maintained because grainshave been more economically utilized than before th e war. Possible savingsthrough high flour extraction rates were especially great in Prance where

extraction rates for wheat flour, which forms so large a part of the country'sdiet, were ordinarily lower. than in many European countries and had been furtherreduced during the depression when wheat suplies piled up. Compulsory admix-ture of other products1 especially barley, in bread flour has been another

important economy.


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Even if production fo r human consunt ion had, equalled the pre-Marlevel, however, food supplies would have been smaller . Uitil November 1942rance could still count on French North an d West Africa. to supplement domes-

tic production, but shipments from these areas were on a reduced acge. Atth e same t ime, large quantities of foodstuffs had-to be delivered to Germany.Actual deliveries are said to have fallen shor t of official demands. Neverhhe-less, it seems likely that total German takings of wheat an d meat considerablyexceeded imports . In any case, th e decline in French food suplies was marked.The full effect of th e loss of imports ,from North Africa following th e Alliedlanding there7 is not reflected in the food balance for 1942/43, particularlybecause most of the North African grain available for shipment to France inthat season had already-been sent. A portion of the wheat shipments arrivedearly enough to piece out supplies until th e new French crop was harvested.In 1943 the difficult inter-season period was reportedly rel ieved somewhat bya relaxation of German demands.

Rati oning

Food rationing by coupon began shortly after the ln ason a dl,Alimentary naste, rice, sugar and vegetable oils were the items first of-fected, under a decree published August 2, 1940. In the following month,.the list was extended to include whole milk, bread and flour, meat, cheese,

animal fats an d coffee. Since then, most other foodstuffs have also beenrationed either nationally or locally.

Annual ration requirements in France cannot be taken as an indicationof available food supplies. So sharply were supplies reduced (see Table IV),that a reasonably equitable distribution would have necessitated a substantial

RESTRICTED


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RESTRICTED- 17 -

restriction of consumption on the farm, which few governments, if any, arestrong enough to enforce. Moreover, in France general developments had weak-ened the power of the government. In spite of heavy penalties, diversion offood from official channels of distribution all along the line was stimulatedby high black market prices. Transfer of supplies from surplus to deficit areaswas hindered by the reluctance of local authorities to deplete local stocks aswell as by acute transportation difficulties. The result was that, as in Italy,rations had to be adjusted not to total supplies but to the quantities whichcould be collected and shipped.

By the summer of 1941, bread and meat rations had been so cut thatannual ration requirements were well under available supplies in the 1941/42season. The small fat and cheese rations, increased in the late spring andsummer of 1941 and then lowered to the original level, could also have beenfilled and still have left a substantial proportion of available supplies un-accounted for. Yet even these low rations were not fully available every-where, as was officially made evident when the prefects in th e departmentswhere supplies were insufficient were authorized to reduce the "basic" ra-tions set forth in the rationing orders. Other provisions,.which reducedthe meat coupon ration to 125 grams per week for those benefiting from homeslaughtering, and which authorized an increase in the meat rations to 250

grams per week in urban communes and supplementary allotments of one or morerationed foods in certain consuming centers in case of grave insufficiencyin the supplies of other rationed foods, gave further recognition to grossinequalities in distribution. Such inequalities were obvious in the caseof locally-rationed commodities, such as potatoes, fruits, vegetables, eggs,poultry and fish.

RESTRICTED


24/48

- 18

A deterioration in: the french food situation following the Alliedinvasion of French North Africa an d German occupation of the rest of Prancewas to be expected. The loss of imports virtually eliminated the marginbetween available fat -supplies an d requirements for rations at th e levelthen prevailing. In December 1942, fat rations were lowered from around100 to 72 grams per week, and in January 1943 rural communes were cut tolittle more than 52 grams per week. Imports of most other commodities formed.

only a small part of total supplies, but they were relatively easy to con-

trol and might be diverted to cities and towns where shortages were mostacute, While the distress in these areas could have been alleviated by an

appreciable cfurtailment of illegal consumption, military develonmentsprobably gave added impetus to hoarding and black market operat ions. Cer-tainly Granys new defensive measures nave put a still greater strain onth e already inadequate French transportation facilities. At any rate, basicmeat rations were reduced to 120 grams per week in April 1943. Basic breadrations were maintained, but the increase granted to wheat and rye producersand their families in September 1942 was withdrawn in May 1943,' and basic

rations were lowered at least temporarily in some departments.French rations have become among the lowest in Euirope. At the levels

prevailing in September 1943 '(see Table V), basic rations plus allowancesfor locally rationed foods probably do not provide an average of much morethan 1300 or 1400 calories per day, According to a reported statement ofth e Ministry of Agriculture, from 12 to 15 million persons are dependent"


25/48

- 19 -

solely on food cards. Presumably some of them have access to the communalrestaurants which have been set up in certain centers. But taking the higherfigure of 15 million, this means that, aside from the farm population (andexcluding 2 million persons in Alsace-Lorraine), around 12 million personsare able to supplement their scanty rations through family parcels or someillegal channel.

It should not be inferred, however, that all peasants and all thosewho have connections with peasants or who can afford to pay black marketprices have an adequate diet. The quantity and types of food hoarded andbootlegged vary regionally and locally, depending, among other things, onthe geographical distribution of production, availability of transportation,and the range and quality of policing. Differences between occupied and un-occupied France came to depend on much the same factors, the distinction be-

tween the two zones having lost in significance following the agreement be-tween the occupation authorities and Vichy concerning an exchange of food-stuffs at the beginning of 1941, and having become still more blurred withthe change of government in the spring of 1942 and the occupation of allFrance in November of that year.Per Capita Production by Regions

In the absence of any better indication, some notion of the adequacyof locally-produced supplies in various parts of France may be obtained bycomparing regional production per capita with national production per capita.To this end, 89 departments have been grouped into seven regions, Corsica be-ing treated separately. Delimitation of the regions, which are outlined onthe accompanying chart, was determined largely on the basis of natural fea-tures, though some unfortunate combinations had to be made in order to keepthe regions few in number. Unsatisfactory as the grouping may be in detail,Ee


26/48

- 20 -

it will serve to give a broad picture of the geographical distribution ofproduction in relation to population.

Table VI shows pre-war regional output of grains, roots and tubers,hay, wine, apples and pears fo r cider, and milk, and Table VII pre-war live-stock numbers by regions. In Table VIII, important food crops, milk, andtotal liveweight of meat animals have been put on a per capita basis. Thefigures fo r food crops do not represent per capita quantities produced forfood before the war, since no deductions have been made fo r seed, feed, wasteand industrial uses. It must also be emphasized that th e figures fo r meatanimals do not represent meat production, which is not available by depart-ments. These figures, arrived at by adding together the liveweight of cattle,sheep, goats and pigs, and then dividing through by population, merely indi-cate liveweight per person of meat animals kept in each region.

On a per capita basis, the western regions led in production. WestCentral France, with no town containing over 90,000 inhabitants in 1936, hadmore than its share of bread grain, potatoes, dry legumes, wine, apples andpears for cider, milk and meat animals. Brittany-Normandy was in a similarposition except fo r dry legumes and wine, and against the latter shortagemust be set the unusually large production of apples and pears fo r cider.Southwest France was short on milk and cider. All three regions, and in factall regions except North Central France, had little or no sugar.

Moving farther east, North Central France grew so much bread grainthat, in spite of its great urban population, per capita output slightly ex-ceeded the national average. This region had a huge surplus of sugar-beets,but a deficit in potatoes, milk, meat animals, wine and cider. ile North


27/48

-21 -East France produced more than its share of potatoes and milk, it had less

than its share of the other items under discussion. In East and South Ben-

tral France, per capita production of bread grain was also below the nationalaverage, but th e difference was small, and potatoes, milk and. meat animalswere above average. It was only the Mediterranean region and Corsica which

were seriously deficient in almost everything. In the Mediterranean region,

the contrast between the enormous surplus of wine and the small output of

staple foods is striking.Government Organization of Production and Distribution

State intervention in domestic markets was far from unknown before

the war. Even in France, the depression of the thirties made acceptable a

widening of th e government's sphere of activities. Most outstanding was th edepression legislation for wheat and wine which combined regulation of marketsupplies with a degree of production control, and eventually went far toward

establishing a monopoly for wheat.While some of th e measures presented original features, French depres.

sion legislation an d early wartime regulat ions do not differ in essence fromthose adopted in other democratic countries. After the fall and occupation

of France, however, an attempt was made to regiment agriculture. The law of

December 2, 1940. provided for a corporat ive organization of agriculture

whose object was "to promote an d administer th e comnon interests of peasantfamilies in the moral, social and economic field". In sharp contrast to th eolder, free, voluntary associations ru n along democratic lines, th e State-controlled "Corporation Paysanne" is based on th e leadership principle. TheM inister of Agricult 'ire is also Pres ident of th e National Corporative Agri-cultural Council, which is made up of the leaders (ddlkgu s) of regional


28/48

- 22-

corporative agricultural unions, and which coordinates and controls the

activities of the regional unions. He appoints the regional leaders and

councils, and the regional unions appoint the leaders (syndics) of local

corporative agricultural syndicates, which must belong to regional corpor-

ative unions an d whose activities are controlled by them. Though personsengaged in agriculture-owner-s, operators and laborers - are not legallycompelled to join the locals, they are bound by corporative regulations

^.nd must pay dues. In addition, non-members may not belong to other agri-

cultural associations. All such associations were made part of the "Coroor-

at on Paysanne" , and those pursuing the same sort of activity were required

to form a single occupational organization, two-fifths of whose directors

were to be appointed by the syndicates. Specialized groupos, appointed by

th e "Corporation Paysanne", were also to be established fo r importantproducts or related products, on a national and., if needed, a regional anda local scale. The old Chambers of Agriculture were abolished, and ne w re-

gional ones were created, their activities being confined to promoting the

technical progress of agriculture.

On paper, the "Corporation Paysanne", which took a considerable time

to establish in its entirety, could control all -phases of the agricultural

economy. Landlord-tenant an d emrloyer-worker relations were to be fixed bythe local syndicates, subject to modification by the regional unions, and

strikes and lockouts against the regulations were prohibited. The regional

unions were authorized to settle, subject to the approval of the Nat iona l

Corpo:'ative Council, questions relating to the conditions of peasant life

(labor, insurance, housing, hygiene, etc.), the professional training of

rural youth, and the "general discipline and honor of the profession".

They were also empowered to handle, either directly or through the special-

ized commodity groups, questions relating to production, sales, outlets and


29/48

- 23 -

prices. It was a specifically mentioned function of the specialized com-modity groups to participate in th e establishment and application of inter-occupational regulations designed to ensure stabilization of markets andprices as well a, to balance production and consumption.

General control over supplies and rationing rests with the Ministerof Agriculture and Provisioning. After the defeat of France, the old pre-war and wartime machinery se t up to handle th e collection and distributionof food was modified piecemeal, depriving it of democratic features andeliminating private enterprise. In particular, the National Inter-occupa-tional Wheat Office was reorganized into the National Inter-occupationalOffice of Cereals, while a National Inter-occupational Meat Committee wasplaced in control of meat and livestock and a Central Committee of Inter-occupational Milk Societies (Groupements) in control of milk and milk prod-

ucts. These agencies were exempted from the operation of the law of October23, 1941, which reformed the system of collection and distribution. The thenseparate Secretary of State for Provisioning, assisted by the Superior Coun-cil fo r Provisioning, was to determine the general plan for each commodity,including contributions from surplus regions or departments and allocationsto deficit regions or departments. Preparations fo r and execution of theplans for the various commodities were placed in the handsof Central Committeesfor Provisioning, appointed by the Secretary of State for Provisioning andchecked by controlling commissioners. While the Central Committees couldnot engage in commercial transactions, provision was made for the formation,at the instigation of the Secretary of State for Provisioning, of privateNational Purchasing Societies whose president could be anpointed by, and


30/48

^,- 24- * , ,:

whose entire directorate had to be approved by the Secretary of State forProvisioning, withdrawal of the approval meaning dismissal. A similar set-up was to be established in each region and department. The prefects,subject to higher authorities, played the role of Secretary of State forProvisioning within their own baliwicks, assisted by consultative councils.Regional and departmental representatives of the Central Committees, however,were appointed by the Secretary of State for Provisioning whose authorizationwas also required before regional and departmental Purchasing Societies couldbe instigated.

As has already been made evident, the elaborate machinery for controlof production and distribution does not function with much efficiency. Theattitude of the French toward outside interference in their affairs makesenforcement of regulations difficult under any circumstances. It could onlybecome more difficult in a period of shortages. Producers have offered strongand effective resistance to regulations req:iring them to increase production,restrict their own consumption, and deliver their surpluses at prices farlower than those to be obtained in the black market. Continuation of suchresistance seems likely as long as farm produce cannot be favorably exchangedthrough legal channels against goods or a valued currency.


31/48

TABIJE S

I. Production of Vegetable Products, average 1933-37,and Estimates fo r 1942. 26II. Livestock Numbers at End of Year, average 1933-37,and Estimates for 1942. 2III. Tentative Estimates of Food Balance, pre-war average 29

andi season 1942/43.IV. Estimates of Total and Per Capita Quantities of Food 3Available, ?ire-war average and 1942/43.V. Weekly Average Food. Rations, September 1943. .34VI. Production of Specified Commodities by Region, 35average, 1933-37.VII. Livestock Numbers by Regions, 1933-37. 36VIII. Per Caoita Production_ of Specif'ied Comodities andiveweight per person of Meat Animals, average 37

19.33-37.

MAS

n r


32/48

FRANCE (Inciling Alsace-Lorraine) Production of VegetableProducts, Average 1933-37 and Estimates for 1942

Commodity : Area :

Wheat1933-371942

Bye 1933-371942Barley

1933-371942.Oats

1933-371942Corn1933-371942Metlin, Buckwheat,Millet1933-371942Potatoes

1933-,371942Sug,~ beet1933-371942

Other roots. andtubers e/1933-37

1942Rotation Meadows1933-371942

Permanent Meadowsand pastures-1933-371942Dry Legumes gI1933-37

1942

"1000 ha.:

5, 0634,500

675 :525 :

731:;875 :

: 3,302: 2,900

342 :300 :

379 :300 :3 1,414 :1,500: 317 :265 :

: 1,490 :1.350: 4,263 ::3,950 :a

11,431 :12,000258 :

: 260:

Yield per hia: Production Planting Time: Harvesting TimeCintals :1000 a. tons:

15.4 : 8,155 :a/ ct.-Dec. :a / June-July14.,4 6,60011.6 : 787 :z./ Oct. :a/ July10.3 : 540 :

E a14.3 : 1,045 :b April :/ July-Aug.13.7 : 11,200

14.0 : 4,615 :b/ April :b/ JulyAug.13.8 ~: 4,00015.0 : 513 : April--May : Sept. -Oct.13.7 : 410 :

- * 402 : - : -- s 350

108.8 : 15,385 :j/March-Apri1:c/ July-Auguiet88.0 : 13,200 : / May :V / Sept.-Oct.279.5 : 8,859 : April-May : Oct.-Nov.278.0 : 7,370 a

- . 44, 512- : 42,000

- :1/ 15,265 :- f 12,500

:/29 643- :~/26,500- * 235- 235

(Continued)


33/48

-27-(Continued)

FRANCE - (Including Alsace--Lorraine) Production of VegetableProducts, Average 1933-37 and Estimates for 1942

Commodity : Area :Yield p er ha.: Production sPlant ing.Time: Harvesting Times Y__r_

:lOQQI 13A.: $d a ~s :10 tFresh vegetables W: s s 3

1933-37 s 8 s 1,937194 2 - : - 2,200 : :

Fruit I1933-37 : - : - : 3, 822

1942 : - : -8,20 :frui/ : :Nuts (shelled basis):

1933-37 - : :1942 : - : - : 150

'Wine :1933-37 :/1,534 : 1/ 39.6 :/60,798 : : Sept.-Oct.1942 k/1,450 : 1/ 26.2 :W38,000 :

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Pre-war data computed from official statistics,wartime data estimated.8/ Winter wheat and rye.bJ Spring barley an d oats./ Early varieties.

df Main crop potatoes/ Including forage cabbage, as wel l as Jerusalem artichokes, forage beets, rutabaga an dturnips.In terms o f normal hay.Kidney beans., horse beans, broad beans, peas and lentils.Includes only string beans, green peas, truffles, garlic, artichokes, asparagus,melons, tomatoes, onions, carrots, mushrooms, cabbage for sauerkraut (average 1933,1934,1935, 1937, 1938), cabbage and cauliflower (average 1937 and 1938). end pumpkins,gherkins, cress and shallots (avorage 1933-35).

3/ Includes only apples and pears (for cider and table), plums, prunes, table grapes,peaches, apricots, cherries, black currants, currants, citrus, raspberries, endstrawberries.a] Includes only chestnuts, walnuts and almonds.A/rea under vines in production.

11 Hectoliters.mJ 1,000 bectoliters.

m ,_


34/48

-28-

TABLE IIIENCI (Including .Alsace-.Lorraine). Livestock Numbers at

end of year. average 1933-37 and estimates-for 1942Animal 1933.37 :1942

* EHorses 3 2,808 2,100a YMules *121 E 110s 3Asses :200 : 180Cattle % 15,754 E 15,350* E

Thereof: Cowds % 8,686 E, 7,800: YSheep _ 99732 37,60

Goats :1,395 1 1,250Pigs s 7,012 8 4,900Poultry Y L/k 80,6813Rabbits : 30,888

: YPigeons : ~/ 8,027 EOffice of Porel gn Agricultural Relations. Pre-war data.computed fromofficial statistics, war data estimated.SNovember 1. 1929.bIIncludes chickens, ducks. turkeys, go se and guinea hens.


35/48

-29-TABLE III

France (including Alsace-Lorraine). Tentative Estimates ofFood Balance, pre-war average and season 1942/43

Commodity : Production :Seed & Waste :Net Imports 4:: :or. Ne t Eports-:

Wheat1933/34_1937/381942/43Rye1933/34-1937/381942/ 43Barley1933/34"-1937/381.942/43Oats1933/34-1937/381942/43Corn1933/34-1937/381942/ 43Other cereals1933/34-1937/381942/43Rice, polished1933-3?1942/43 ~Total grainis1933/34-1937/381942/43Sugar, in termsof refined1933-371942/ 43Potatoes1933/34-1937/381942/43Forage roots andcabbage1933/34-1937/381942/43Oilcake

1933-371942/431933/34-1937/38

1942/43Dry Legumes /1933/34-1937/38

1942/43

:1000 im.ons:

8,155 :6,500 :787540 :

1,045 :1.2004,615 :4,000

513410402350

15,51713,000 :

83065015,38513,200:

44,510 :42,000 :12:35

44,908:39.000 :235235

1000 mn. tons : 10(

1.000 :925132 :/100145165595 :5203025 :40:"40 :

1,9421,775 :

4,570:4,400

180200 :

1515 "

00Om. tons :

4 173 :"" 485 :4 1:"

4 185:

4 34:"-800:.4 688 :

4 28 :

4 602 :4 10:"4t 1,711 :-1,275:4 135:

4 65:-250 :

4 603:4 20 :

-400:.4 140:s4 10 :

Deductions for: Available-feed and indmt: for fooduurnoses100 m.ton : 1000 m. tons

228 : 7,100300 : 4,790326 : 33090 : 350

1,035 : 50685 : 35 0

4,029 : 252,630 : 50971 : 200135 : 250200 : 190120 : 190352 250

* 107,141 8,1453,960 : 5,990

* 965190 : 4605,880 : 5.0003,550 : 5,000

44,330 : ""41,500 : 300)615 :55 : "

44,90835,000 ":60 30030 : 200


36/48

-30-I(Continued)

France (including Alsace-Lorraine). Tentative Estimates ofFood Bac, pre-war average and season 1942/43.Commodity

Fresh vegetables1933-371942/43

Fresh fruit193-3/34-1937/381942/43Nuts in terms ofshelled //1933/34-1937/38

1942/43Wine g1933/34-1937/38

Ber1942/431933-371942/43Cider ~1933-371942/43

Alc~ohol (pure) /1933-19371942/43Me at

:.933-37Beef and vealMutton and lambPig meatHorse meatEdible offalsPoultry & rabbitsTotal1942/43TotalSeafish P/1933-371942/43Fats1933/37Butter r/Hogfat & tallowVegetable oilsWhale oil

Total

$/

5!

CommodityNet I~ Deductiori

2

3 Production

* ./1,940i/ 2,200:1k~/ 3,820: 3.250 3

3 150 33 150* 6,080* 3,8001.802 :

* 1.0002.039 :: 1.730 :

3 463:

786713 50444 :60:

300:s1.7653 :1,300 :

* 346200 :

225* 175* 15

415

rports 4 :EZUxprts

4 114

4 3204 50:.

4 4- :

4 1.276- 450

9 :

1 :

4 36

4 174 24 :4 6:"4 3:4 2 :4. .53

- 220 "4 23:"4 10

2 :6:4 5404 3:"4 535

LB for feed : .Lvailable forI. mu'Dosss food

.. 2,054.. 2.2003,155 : 9852,700 : 600

... : 154150490 3 6,866200 : 3.150

3 1,793... 1.000

294 : 1.744200 : 1,530390 : 109

3 803.. : 95*0. : 510: 47

60... s 302

* *. 1,818.. : 1, 080

3. 369... : 210

22316 3 153

21.5 3 340

231 : 719


37/48

-31-~32 III(Continued)

FR~ANCEl (including Alsace-Lorraine). Tentative Estimates ofFood Balance, pre-war average and season 1942/43

Commodity : Production : Net Imports 4 :Deductions for feed:. Available for:or Net .Exports -:and indus. 'vurposes: food* a

Pats :1000 m. tons: 1000 mn. tons : 1000 m. ons : 1000 M. ons19/3Butter : 165 : ... ::165Hogfat and tallow : 90 : :10 : 80Vegetable oils /:40 4 20: 20 :40

Total : 295 : 20 : 30 : 285r/ :1937-38 : 280 : 4 2 : . : 2821942-43 : 165 : - 10 : . : 155for direct :Oonsunmtion ~

1937-38 : 3,630 : -27 :*. 3,6031942/43 : 1,850 :... :... :1,850s1937 : 353 : 4 16:.. : 3691942/43 : 240 : *.. :... 240Coffee, raw *:

1933-3''1*. 4 187 : age e 18751933-37 .o. : 4 43 :.. :43

1933-3? : 4. 2 : ... : 2of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Estimates made in this of'fice. No accounthas been taken of stocks.~/Pre-war data comnuted from official trade statistics. Data for 1942/43 estimated onthe basis of available information regarding demands by Germany andi shipments to Francefrom other E~uropean countries and from. French Africa; reports indicate that German demandsnot always completel;r filled.

~/Including flour in terms of grain,.1 Aoproxcimate ration requirements. France may produce some rice. An output of 700tons was reported in 1929.~/Including th e cake content of imported oil seeds and fruits.e/ In erms of fnormal" hay.1~ Includes only kidney beans, horse beans,. broad beans, dry peas and lentils.g/ No allowance ha s been made for waste in order to offset more or less the incompletedata on production.~]For the kinds included, see footnote hi o Table I.j/Includes dried and pre served.. No allowance has been made for imports since shipments from French North Africa areordinarily very light in August-October.k/'or the kinds included, see footnote i to Table I.i1 Includes dried in terms of fresh.


38/48

-32-TA2L.' 111(Conrtinuedl)

and

Includes only chestnuts, walnuts, almonds and filberts.Million liters.Includes live animals in terms of meat.Excluding shell fishDivided eas follows (in Thouspnd tons): fresh*15, dried-12, anc. preserved+20.Ave rage 1937?-38. Includes an allowance for butter or cheese made from cow'sa milkconsumed on farms.Including oilseeds and fruits in terms of their oil equivalents.Includes cow, sheep and goat milk consumed fresh, as cream, or processed.

JONNIM


39/48

-33 -

Prance (incwluing lsac e . Estimates of Total and Per CapitaQuanti t ies of Food Available, pre-war average an d 1942/432 Tot l Per Oaioita a/Commodity L~v r. 1933-37: 1443:Aver 133-37: 1942/43X000 m : tons:1000 m. tons: kil, ra s ki oezams

Breadstuffs and cerealsincl. 'rice, in terms offlour

Sugar, refinedPotatoesDry legumesFresh vegetablesFresh fruitNutsWineBeerCiderMeatSeafishFats

ButterHog fat an d tallowVegetable oils

Total fatsCheeseMilk for direct consumptionEggs

Total food availableNet Imports ~/Net Exports d/Domestic Food Production

Total food availableexci. wine, beer, ciderlet Imports /Net. Exports /Domestic Food Production

5,970,965

5,000300

2,05498 5154

6,8661,7931,74411818

369

223153340716282

3,603.369

5,300460

5,000200

2,20060015 0

3,1501,0001,5301,080

2101658040

285155

1,850240

billion calories g:50,270 34,900 :8,000 2 :

2,40042.270 2 37,300

" 0

43,775 : 31,400 :7,150 : :

2,100 236.625 :/ 33.500 :

142.523.0

119.37.2

49.023.53.7

163.942.841.643.4

8.85.33.78.1

17.16.7

86.08.8

222

0

.

.

.

.

.

Office of Foreign Agriculturalto revision.

Relations. Estimates made in this Office and subject .J Pre-war population 41.9 million, wartime population 41 million, which seems high,in view of th e number of prisoners an d workers in Germany.

Extraction rates applied for pre-war and war period respectively; wheat 72 and 90;rye 75 and 90; barley 65 and 80; corn 90 and 90; other cereals except rice 75 and 80;polished rice equal to fLour.i he same calorie conversion factors have been applied for th e pre-war and warper iods except in th e case of breadstuffs (100 calories lower for 1942/43) cheese(300 calories lower for 1942/43), and milk (4 0 calories lower for 1942/43).E/ Including feed in terms of food.

N/o allowance has been made for the large amount of sugar allotted for alcohol.Revised as of July 1943.

129.311.2

122.04.953.614.63.6

76.824.437.326.35.14.02.01.07.03.8

45.15.8

calories per day J3,285 :

525

2,7602,860 2

465.

2,395 :

2,330160

2,490

2,100

1402,240

- .I c --


40/48

TABLE VFrance: Weekly Average Pood Rations, September 1943 3:Farmers and :Workers 21-70 : uChildren ~ oung : Old people excl.

: Normal :farm laborers: :Yery:Under: : :people: farmers andFoo :Consme : 21 ad ve

Bread ~Flour 4/ 3/j Alimentary paste j/:Rice l,Suar /Glucose gileat.

.Cheese

PFats 3,/urbandt rural? Chocolate gf /Confectionery 9. 1 :Whole milk IffWine h/k/Coffee mixture gf

1,925

11 612 0507252

1435

2,450

116120507252

35

:Liahl4:Esavv:eavv: 3:36261

:2,"450:2,450:2,450: 700:1,400:1,925: - : - : 58: 58:

: - : - : 58: 58: -: : -: 76: 46: -: 116: 116: 116: 291: 116: 116: -: : - : 58: 116: 116l200:&/225:&/330: 120: 120: 120s 50: 50: 50: 50: SO : 50

s s ,1 : s2 72: 142: 212.: 728 72: 72

52: 122: 192: 52: 52: 52-:f - : - : .r: 29: 29

-: -:-: 29: 29: 29S - - -:5.25: 5.25 /175

:12-1 :farm labor: ::2,450:2 -2

: '17458 :1~20150~*72:*52 :

: 1:

1,4005858

116581205072522929135

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Based partly on unofficial sources.s / Potatoes, fruits, .vegetables, jam, poultry, eggs and fish are locally rationed.b/ Wheat and rye producers, their relatives living on the farm and workers employed there steadily.whose bread ration was temporarily increased to 15 kg. per month from September 1. 1942 to May -1. 43,are reported to have recently received(once more an increased ration.91 Engine drivers 3,500; miners 4.200.A/ All categories can obtain flour in exchange for bread coupons at the rate of 75 grams of flour to 100grams of bread.gI/ Monthly rations divided by 4.3./Probably excluding self-suppliers .whose coupon ration at least during January-November 1942 was con-siderably lower than that of other consumers. Engine drivers 390; mins 525.g/ Monthly. supplements divided by 4.3 plus weekly rations..f Liters. Both milk and wine are reationed under special orders. 1/Pregnant women and nursing mothersget 325 literps of milk. C/ildren 6 - 14.f/ The ration was 4 liters per mcinth except for varipus categories of workers who. receive a supplement. and

wine producers who were permitted to retain a certain portion of their harvest.


41/48

TABLE VIPrance (inc'Iuding Alsace-Lorraine). Production of Specified Commodities, by Regions,Average 1933..37.

Item

WheatRyeBarleyOatsCornDr y Legumes W/Sugar beets-PotatoesOther roots andtubers ARotation MeadowsPermanent b~ayand pastures A/Wine LApples and Pears

for ciderMilk /

:North _:Brittany: West : :East and :Mediter-:: eta~t nn Cnxiohw.:rhea~t South Central': ranea :Corsica!: 000 :1000 :: on: m.tons:

2,760:* 99:_ 282:3 1,915:

3 70:7,578:

32.557::

s 10,276:33,003:

: 3,709:: 112:

3 246:2,274:

1,131:823181:637:6:

509:2,504:

10,178:2,073:6,198:

107:

2.211:2,911:

1000 :

1,754:86:294:869:'13:34:

489:2,208:

14,754:3,881:4,178:

839:590:

1,916:

1000IA

1000. : 1000 :ma on.: mmtn

759: 542 :64: 76:25: 103:201 : 477 :431: 9 :83 : 11 :

- : 114 :1,573 : 1,961 :1,265 : 3,829:1,330 :1,271':2, 21 .: 3,797 s1,187 : 128 :

10 : 30 :452 : 1.428 3

3 1000 :1000 3

1,087 :370131 :42141 :203:

2034,2453,8713,036

.6,356 :

647 :57

2,081 :

3:

2.32:1:1:

21 :

9:36620

42Office of Foreign Agriculturalregions, see attached chart.~/These totals do not alwaysto errors in the source.Jf Less than 500.t/ Kidney beans, peas, lentilsg/Includes fodder, cabbage, asgf In terms of hay.f/Million liters.E cludes milk fed to calves

Relations. Computed from Statistique Agricole Annuelle. For boundaries ofagree with those given in Tables I and Ifl, due rartly to rounding, and partlyB, horse beans, 'broad beans.swell as fodder beets, rutabaga, turnips and Jerusalem artichokes.s, lambs and kids. Data for 1937 only.

Total a/1000me t os~ons: s,8,1557861,0454,615

5112348,95115,385

44.30015,175 A29.544 ~6,080

3,14411,243

Item

119:9:

27:93:15:9:

49:316:127:571:

0

720:3,040:

139:

L/


42/48

TABLE VII

France (including Alsace-Lorraine). Livestock Numbers, by Regions,Average 1933-37

:North :Brittany : est 3:East and :kMediter- ::Suhws3Nas C : an : T a

CoveAll cattleSheepGoats

'0 PigsHorsesMulesAsses

1,124 s1,976, :1,785 3

57741672 :

? :11 2

1,784 33,569 :

520 :33:s

1,154.:625:

18

1,608 :3,277 :1,322:

309 21,238 3

597 :13

49 :

983 :1,826 :1.577 :

51 3975:176 :28 :40 :

821 3t1,313 :

27990 :758 :294

:2:1:

2,134 ! 55?t 17 :8,6563,621 :t 87 : 43 *15,7322,842 : 1,185 3 218 3 99728

613 : 100 : 140 : 1,3931,930 : 169 3 44 : 6,566

33 1 : 127: 5 :2,82740 2 213: 5: 11654 : 14 : 20 1 20?

Office of Joreign Agricultural Relations. Computed from Statistique Agricole Anmuelle. Tor boundaries ofregions,. see .atta.ched eha rt~.SLess than 500.a-f These totals do not agree with those given in Table II, partly due to rounding and partly to errors inthe source.

: : ormandy a


43/48

TABLE VIII

Prance (including Alsace-.Lorraine). Per Capita Production of Specified Commoditiesand Liveweightfof-Meat Animals, 'Average 1933-37. 3per person by regions,North :Brittany: Vest : s East an d :Meditez'-:Item : emta:or : Central: Sotws:Northeast: Sout Central: rnean :Coricat .

Wha, and ByeSugar beetsPotatoesDry LegimesWine Ik!Apples and Peifor Cider

Milk b aMeat Animals

33:

3

mrs :3

3/ :

Office of ToreignStatistique.

218 3577 :

S

5:8:

19 s173 :69:

225_94

465:S

205:

410 :540 :290 5

Agricultural Relatioza/ Population data for 1936.2!Liters3/Less than 0.5 kilogramsiI1937. Excludes milk fed

396: 218 :105: w475: 417 :7 : 22 3

180: 314 tS :

127: 3:4123 120( 3314: 229 :

is. Compiled from

to calves, lambs and kids.

150 :28 :

477 :3 :3131 :

7347 :144 :

Stati~u

201 328 :

586 33 :

89

8 3S

287 3237 3

39 : 10.:15 3 - s96 : 65:3 : 3 :

925 : 62 :

3/42 : 131 :30 : 102:

Agricole Annuelle and Anuuire

3/ A ery rough approximation since the 1929 national average unit weight for each kind of livestock wa sapplied to 1933-437 average numbers of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, without allowing for regional varia-tions in weight or changes in the composition of each livestock group.

2132143676

145

75268173


44/48

BAY OFBISCA

PER CENT OF POPULATIONDEPENDENT ON AGRICULTURE

1930AS PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATIONDeportment of State, Office of the Geographer, September 10, 1943

-7-6-5-4-3-2- I

0+0000000

F977C


45/48

PROVISIONAL EDITION

A NNSAMIENS

c3PARIS::ORLEANS:

G I U M \(GER MANYLXEMBOURG

A T L A N TI C

O C EA N

AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF FRANCE

Woodlands with vineyardsLivestock raising areas

~:~~:::* Areas predominantly~ in field crops

.. Market gardens

MAP NO. 705 JULY 14, 1942DRW INTEGO APY IVIN,05..

G

-Th

7Z19

DRAWN IN TH E GEOGRAPHY DIVISION, 0. S. S.

FREE


46/48

PROVISIONALDITION - RESTRICTED

1w 1E 3 57 9

47 ~SOUTHERN FRANCE 4AGRICULTURAL REGIONS/

...x:..," . LEGENDLmR

VII5SM5O1 GRAZING (Sheep oetttttt.e~os~e..edAND WHEAT.

;; 6, 0 LYO '4l GRAZINGSheep ominant)ANDRYE.. r. t:smhi.j:.... POTATOES,UCKWHEAT.PoorPhase

I' ~ DAIRYINGCheesepecialty)h. : ~ DAIRYINGa(Cheese Specialty)**** z ..< PoorPhase45 uuy "45

BAY 6a r :::> MIXED.::.... :. ''- ii:i:i::; _:::":::..:: FARMINGWheat ndLivestock)SILVICULTURE

BISCA ., ~WINE GRAPESOLVE AND"ALMONDS

o ( " TRUCKROPS.......[.j WHEAT.ASErL S: EP ATTLEND CHICKENS

43 ')'.43S__PA____N_________50 _100 ___50 KILOMETERS_____________ 0______ 15____ILES

",~C .1.. ilyede: RB-

1w 1E 3 5 7MAP NO. 2304 COMPILEDNDDRAWNN THE BRANCH F RESEARCHND ANALYSIS.SSlBAPI514

REPRODUCEDN THE REPRODUCTIONECTION SS


47/48

MANY

A-

I TA LY


48/48

INDEX

Black Market...... .......... 12,17,18,19Census in griculture.,.........".....7"Corporation Paysannie" .. ,.........2, 22

(See also Unions)Corsica.... .............. ,5,11,19, 21.rop... .. .. .... ...............5,9,10Cultivation of the Ln..".."."Dairy Products......0...... ....10,11,20Ecm nld-ain.............. ........ .1

Coopertive...... ................ ..6Fetlz......*.*.0.:....*0* 8, 3,15French North Africa..........13,16,18Fruits and Nuts......... ....... 5,10,20German Demand on Food Supply ..... ... 16Immigrants in Agriculture ............8Imports and Exports. ... .... .,,. .. .2,18Livestock....... ............ ll,13,15,20

Horss........... ..... ".... .... "....11Sheep....."........... ... ..."... .. .10

Labor,.. .".e..... ... .............. 7Meahiery .. ..... .. . ... ."......... .7National Nutrition Surveys........ .. 012Office of Foreign Agricultural

Relation... ... . . . ...... . 0"~.12Peanuts.". ..... "....o........"1Prefects.. ......... .. ........ ... .22, 21.Production

Wartie... ....... ". ..... ........... 13Strikeseand Lirnvt.,,...".........12

Rationin... ....... ". 6,7..8. 2Terra Ross... ............. ....... .Tegrain...... ... .................... 34Sy.d............".. ....... ........... 2Wae-aRnes . ............... .... ..... .8Weraher...... .... .. ...... "...........0.2Trhe andc."..ats............ .1l52

Ws.................-......0t, 5,9,12,20Women and Labor. ........... ........... ?

civil affairs handbook france section 7a

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