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A

PROJECT REPORT

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTISTORY BULIDING

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

DR. SHAILESH CHOUDHARY MAHESH

ASST. PROFESSOR ROLL NO.15BCE70041

ENROLL.NO 12/2!7

B.E FINAL YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

M.B.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE" #ODHPUR

#NVU UNIVERSITY: #ODHPUR $42 001



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS% '()*+,- , 3' *3 , ,( Mr.MUKESHBAWEGA6E*8 &M

GAURAV KAPOOR 6AE*8 AND Mr.K.L.MEENA6SSE8 OF NWR

ODHPURCONST.DEPARTMENT++) * 93+* '-';- *<+3='+* '* -*

'3* <- 3'**.

()*+,-=* **+ 33* + (++93'+* '* )*+,- 3( <3+= '*'* ' '

>3 *3> )'3,'3.T> -9 , ?+* ') '* '*,3 * ;> =

3 9 + ='3)" > ,3 (+*<* , 3 '*,3.

-+ '*) + P3+<+3 T3'** &P-'(=*"M.B.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE" #+93" <+

)* *3'* '*( * +3 E*'+3 + '* +99+3*> + ,+3) ' A>3 *3

'3,'3 .

% '3 '-+ '*)<- + '<< +< <+3 3 -9 '* ''*( 3* +3 3'** 93+.



NTRODUCTION

+ =') ( 3'<<( '> '((;- *3 ;3 '3 (+*3(. S( >9 +< ;3 (+*3( ' 9'+' @( 3+' '

'*+3 3')';' 3'-,'>. F+3 (+*3(+* ,+3) 3> =+3* ='(*3> ,3 . T+ =') ;3 =+*

= ,' ='" <+3 (+*3(+* ,+3) +* ' 3= 9.

+3 " ,+3) ,' 3* '' * 3(+* +< 200 ,+3)3

**3

0 93+3 .

+3 MAHADEV TRANSPORT (+=9'*> ! =93"43'(+3 "4 (''+3 6#CB8"2 +-= (3'* '*

+3='- (3'* ,3 .

-* +< ;3 ' 3 200 = '* ' -< '993+ 100 = '* 9 7 =.

=' (+ <+3 '993+ 12 (3+3 '* =' (+=9-+* = <+3 ,' =+*.

+3 ,+3) + '+ '*> '((* 3 ,3 ' '= +< +(+3 '* '=;-'*( '* <+3 <> 9+* +< , 33 '33'*=* +< =9 -= '* (3> '3.



NTRODUCTION

'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( ;' +< I*'* 3(. R'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( 93+ '* +99+3*>

+3 +< I*'* 3'-,'> ,+3). I* 93* = '3+ (+*3(+* ,+3) '3 +* + 3* ;> -9 +=*3' '* 93' -=.

> +93 3'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( <+3 (+=9-* 3+' *3 ;3 ' 9'+'; 3+'

+--+,* (+=9'*> ,3 3

IRCON I*' 93' -.

R'9 B-3 C+=9'*>

#+93 D-+9=* A+3>

M'' T3'*9+3 C+=9'*>

R'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( +93

,+- ,+3) (+=9- , -9 +< ';+ +. '* 93' (+3.

(+*3(+* ,+3) ,' +* $ )= ','> <3+= ='* 3'-,'> '+* '* ' 500 = '*( <3+= ='* ; '+*.



bstract:

*3 B3 '3 3?3 + ; 93+ *3 '3 =;'*)=* <+3 (3+* +< V(-'3/R+' 3'<<(" 3'-,'

'<<( '(3+ -- (3+* +< R'-,'> -*" (. T *3 B3 '3 '-+ 3?3 * 3;'* '3' ,3 ;

* -+('+* 3 (3+* + R'-,'> -* (. P3* '> I**> +< T3'<<(" ;+ R'- & R+' +

-+9=* +< I*3 '* +3 I*<3'3(3" 3> '> '* + ('**+ ; 3;" <+3 (+*3(+

< *3 ;3 +3 3'*' ( ;> (+**+*'- .. +9* ( >=.

+ + (+*3( *3 ;3 ,+ 3;* * R'-,'> / R+' =;'*)=* , (++ + (+*3(

CC BO CELL BRIDGE ;> B+ P* T(*?" ,3 * R.C.C. B+ * =* '3 (' + '*

3+ '> =;'*)=* +< R'- +3 R+' ;> #'()*. T 3?3 3 *3' 3+ 3

" ' ,-- ' -* & -- +< 93(' ;+ '3 '-+ (+*3+--.

+ 9 B+ *+ =;'*)=* +< 3'-,'> '-+ *+ ' ='+3 93+;-=" 3?3 3 ('* ; *3'

+= 3 ; ;> '()*. A<3 (+=9-+* +< ,+3) T3 B ('* ; ' ' 93+(+* ,+3) * H>3'-

3(3 '* 3 9'=* ,+3) * H,'> 3(3.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

HAPTER TITLE PAGE

O.

COMPANY INTRODUCTION

ROADS 7

PREAMBLE 7

8 TRAFFIC 7

I8 SOIL PARAMETER !

V8 PAVEMENT THICNESS 10

BRIDGES

DEFINITION 10

8COMPONENT 11

I8CLASSIFICATION 12

ROAD UNDER BRIDGE

TRAFFIC SURVEY 25

8 REMOVAL OF TRAC 2

I8 ECAVATION 2

V8 LEVELLING 27

8 SLABS PLACING 2!

I8 HOOS CUTTING 2!

II 8 BOES PLACING 2

III8 FILLING %OR $0

8 PLACING OF TRAC $0

. SAFTEY PRECAUTION $



OMPANY INTRODUCTION

AIL%AY CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT: R'-,'> (+*3(+* 9'3=* (+=9- (+*3(+* ,+3) +

-,'> ' '-- +3 I*'. T (+=9- ( >9 +< ,+3)" 3'-,'> 3*( ;-*" 3'-,'> ;3" '*

*> >9 +< (+*3(+* ,+3).

' *+ 9'*+* * 93' (+3 ,+3) ' ' (+*3(+* ;3'*( +< I*'* 3'-,'>.

RCON INDIA PRIVATE LTD: T ' =+ 39 93' (+3 (+=9'*>. T (+*3; * 93+3 +< +

* 93' (+3 (+*3(+* ,+3) * '3+ ( +< I*'" --' '* +,*.

,+3) +* '3+ (+*3(+* ,+3) ( ' =-+3> ;-*" +3 ;3" *3 ;3 '* '3+ ,+3) '

'*'-. N+, (+* * +* +< =+ 39 (+=9'*.

A#DEEP BUILDERS COMPANY: ='* (+*3(+* (+=9'*> +< G'3' '* M''3'3' 3+*. I 9-'>

'* 3+- * ;-* (+*3(+* '* 3+' ,'> (+*3(+*. I 9+9-'3 <+3 (*+-+> ,+3).

ODHPUR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY: I 93+ +'- '9 * '=*3' (+*3(+* ,+3) + (+=9-

-+9=* ,+3).

'-+ 93+ * +3 (+*3(+* ,+3).

MAHADEV TRANSPORT COMPANY: I ' 93' (+3 3'*9+3 (+=9'*>.

93+ -9 * (+*3(+* ?9=* '* (''+* ,+3).



OADS AND BRIDGES:

OADS

Pr!a"b#!

G+3*=* R+' (+=93 +< N'+*'- H,'> 6NH8" S' H,'>H8" M'+3 D3( R+' 6MDR8" O3 D3( R+' 6ODR8" '* C3+ D3'*'

%+3) -) ;3" C','>" C-3" R+' O3 B3 6ROB8 '* R+' U*3 3 6RUB8.

H: M'* ,'> 3*** 3+ -* '* ;3' +< C+*3>

+**(* ='+3 9+3" S' C'9'-" -'3 *3'- '* +3 (*3.

H: A33'- 3+ +< ' S' -*)* D3( H'?'33 '* =9+3'*

,* S' '* (+**(* = , NH +3 H,'> +<

;+3* S'.

MDR: I=9+3'* 3+' ,* ' 3( 3* '3' +< 93+(+* '* ='3)

* (+**(* + , '( +3 +3 , ='* ,'>

DR : R+' 3* 33'- '3' +< 93+(+* '* 93+* = , +- +

'3) (*3" '-) '?'33" B-+() D-+9=* '?'33 +3 3 ='* 3+'.

3+' '3 ''* 3+9 ' S*- -'* 6$.5 =8"

3=' -'* 65.5 =8"+;- -'* 67= , )3; +3 7.5 = ,+ )3;8

-9- -'* 6'-. $.5 = <+3'( -'*8

+' '3 ;3+'-> (-'< ' R3'- R+' '* U3;'* R+'.

Tra$$%c:

3'<<( * 3= +< (=-' *=;3 +< S'*'3 '- 6!10 8 + ;

'33 ;> 9'=* 3* * -<.

<+--+,* *<+3='+* *:*'- 3'<<( '<3 (+*3(+* * 3= +< *=;3 +< (+==3('-(- 93 '> 6CVPD8

8 T3'<<( 3+, 3' 3* * -< * 93(*'

8 D* -< * *=;3 +< >'38 V(- '=' <'(+3 6VDF8

D3;+* +< C+==3('- 3'<<( +3 ('33','>.

I*'- T3'<<(:

=' +< *'- '-> '3' 3'<<( <-+, <+3 '*> 3+' +-

+3='--> ; ;' +* ' -' 7 '>" 24 +3 (-'< 3'<<( (+*.

(' +<*, 3+'" 3'<<( =' ('* ; =' +* ;' +< 9+*'- -'* '*

'<<( +* * 3+ * '3'.

& T3'<<( 3+, 3':

3'<<( 3+, 3' +- ; =' ;> >.

'?' '' *+ ''-';- '3' '**'- 3+, 3' +< 7 5 ='> ;



<'(+3 3( + <+3 3+' 3 '+9* IRC:SP 202002

D3;+* +< C+==3('- 3'<<( +3 ('33' ,'>:

S*- -'* :* +- ; ;' +* +'- *=;3 +< (+==3('-

(- * ;+ 3(+* =-9- ;> ,+

8 T,+ -'* 6*- C'33','>8:

5 +< +'- *=;3 +< (+==3('- (- *

+ 3(+*.

8 F+3 -'* 6*- C'33' ,'>8 :0 +< +'- *=;3 +< (+==3('- (- *

+ 3(+*.

8D'- C'33','>:

5 +< *=;3 +< (+==3('- (- * '(

3(+*. F+3 '- $ -'* '* '- 4 -'* ('33','>" 3;+* <'(+3 ,-- ; 0 '* 45

9(->.

S(%# Para"!t!r:

* +< ='* 9'3'=3 ** 9'=* ?'-> +< +- * 3+','>.

+3 * 939+" +9 500 == 9+3+* +< 3+','>/=;'*)=* < 3= , <--* ='3'-" =='-> 99+3* 9'=*" 3= ' ; 3'"

(+*3 <+3 * 939+. %3' * 33'- 3+' +9 $0 (= +< (* +3

=;'*)=* ' <+3='+* -- (+*3 ' ; 3'.

; 3':

; 3' *+3='--> <+3= , *'3'- '3

C+=9'( + 7 +< 3> *> IS 2720 6P'3 !8.

M'3'- <+3 ; 3' (+*3(+* +- ' 3> *> +< *+

'* 1 75 =/((



%33 *('3>" +3*'- 3+* '-- ; -- + <'(-'

'(=* +< <3 -'>3 +< =;'*)=*" ('3<" = , ,'3 '* *

+=9'( ;> 3+--* + ' + '( =*== 3> *>. I* (' ,3 <<3*( ;,* ;3' -- '* 3+* -- - '*

5= 60.$ = <+3 R3'- R+'8 ;-+, ;3' -- ,'3 '*

+=9'( * -'>3 + '( *+ - '* 7 3> *>%* +- + *+ <-<-- 3?3=* +< *+3='- ;3' +-" '

';-'+* (*? ('* ; + =+<> '* =93+ '=.';-'+* +< <<3* >9 ." ';-'+* , -=" '*" (=*"

+'- '" +< '3'" 3'-/=++3= '* =('*('- ';-'+* (.

A <'3 ' 9+;- ' *+* 9'* +- +- *+ ; <+3 ; 3'

T ; 3' 3* ' * 3= +< CBR 6C'-<+3*' B'3*

'+8

T * +- ; ;' +* CBR '- +< ,') +- >9

3+9+ + ; <+3 ; 3' (+*3(+* +3 *(+*3 *-> '

; 3' -- +3 ' * (+* +< 3+'.

P'=* ()* +* *, 3+' ='> ; =+< ' *3'- 6'> 1 =8

' +* CBR '-.

%3 '3'+* * CBR J +3 @ 1 '* J +3 @ 2 <+3 +- '=9- '*

BR '- - '* 5 '* 510 39(-> * CBR '- +-

'3' +< <3+= ' -' '=9-.

%3 CBR '- +< ; 3' - '* 2 ' ('99* -'>3 +< 150 ==

()* +< ='3'- , ' =*== CBR +< 10 '-- ; 93+ *

+* + ; ;'. 6*+3='--> '* ,+- ; 8

%3 =;'*)=* ,' <+3=" CBR '- +< ; 3' ' + ; * 9'=* * =+<" < *('3>.

39'3'+* +< ; 3' & ; ;' 6IRC 15 :1!18

S; 3' ; *<+3=-> (+=9'( ,( * ' -' $00 == +* 3 .

S; 3' ; 93+93-> 3'*

S; ;' ='> +< 6'8 3'*-'3 ='3'- 6+* -'>3 <-' ;3() +-*" , '**3 +* -'>3 +< %BM +3 ,+ -'>3 +< %BM" +3 ,-- 3' 3'*-'3 '3'- -) 3'-" ;3() ='-" -'3" (.8

3 6;8 ';- +- 6+- +3 =++3= ';- , -= +3 -= <-> ' +3

=* '* CBR +< 50 '<3 7 '> (3*3 6 (8 S= 3 ='3'- 6-= ;3* (-'> +3 -= <-> ' (+*(3 +3 -'*

=* (+*(3 <-> ' (+*<+3=* + IRC 74 : 17.

T()* +< ; ;' +- ; 15 (= ,* ='3'- 6'8 & 6;8 . T'>" +,3 3( + 10 (= <+3 = 3 ='3'-.

%3 ; 3' (+* +< '> (-'> ( ' ;-'() (++* +-" ; ;'+- ; -' +3 15 (= () ;-'*) (+3 (+** +< *+* 9-'(

'*-'3 ='3'- -) -+('- '* 3'- ( +3 -+('- +- ';- , -=



T ; ;' +3 ;-'*) (+3 ='> ; -' +3 93+93-> (+=9'( ;

' + *<+3= 99+3

Pa*!"!+t t,%c-+!ss c("/(s%t%(+ (t,!r t,a+ r0ra# r(a1s:

T P'=* (+*3(+* +< ,+ >9 F-;- 9'=* '* 3

'=* T P'=* ()* ('3 * * IRC $7:2001 <+3 3'<<( * 3'*< 1 + 150 =' '* <+3 CBR '- +< ; 3' 3'** <3+= 2 + 10.

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* -< '+9* IRC !1:17 @

+* 9'=*" IRC 9(<('+* '3 + ; <+--+, '* <+3 (+*3(+* '*'3* -*" 9(<('+* 9-' * MORTH 9(<('+* ' + ; <+--+,.

+3 * +< 9'=* + ('33> 3'<<( * 3'* +< 1 + 10='.

* (3 3-' 9'=* ()*+ (=-' *=;3 +< '*'3 '- + ; ('33 +3

<+3 CBR'- +< ;3' 3'** <3+= 2 93(* + 10 93(*.

* 3'<<( +'- 9'=* ()*+ ; 93+ '* (+* +< 3'*-'3 ; ;'" 3'*-'3 ;' '*

=*+ 3<'(*.

RIDGES :

D!$%+%t%(+:

A ;3 ' 3(3 93+* 9'' +3 '* +;'(-,+(-+*,'>

;*'. T 3?3 9'' ='> ; <+3 '3+'" '3'-,'>

93'*"'('*'-+3'99-*.T+;'(-+;(3+='>;'33" ' 3+'" 3'-,'>+3''-->.

I*+3,+3";3'3(3<+3('33>*3+'3'<<( +3 +3 =+* -+'+3

93+* +3 +;3(+* ( '('**-"3+' +3 3'-,'>.

A;3'*'33'*=*='+(3+'*+;'(-*<+3=+<'-+,3+*+3'3'=+3'3

3,+(-+*,'> ;*'.



C("/(+!+ts ($ br%12!:

T ;3 3(3 (+=93 +< <+--+,* 9'3.

1.S933(3 +3 D()*

T*(--';" 33" 3" (. T ;'3 -+'9'*+3'*3'*= <+3((';> '= + ;3(3.

2.B'3*

T;'3*3'*=-+'3(<3+=()*+*+

;3(3'*'393+<+33;+*+<-+'*->+3

;3(3='3'-,(='>*+'<<(*;'3*3*+;'3 933(3

-+' 3(->.

$.S;3(3

T(+=9393'*';=*" ,*,'-- +3 33* '*3 <+*'+*.

I8P3'*A;=*

T '33('- 3(3 99+3* ()/;'3* 93+ <+

3'*=*-+'+,*+ ;/'33+<+*'+*.

8%*,'--'*R3*

T'393+'*+*+<';=*+3'*'3+<'993+'(;'*),(+3

,' '*'3'-'*- +< 39+.

8F+*'+*

T93++3'*=-+'<3+=93+3';=*'* ,* +3 33*

'**-> 3; -+'+*+ 3''.

T+;93+<<(*->9+'*+ '<<(;> (+

(';><-+,*33'*+*+ *3=*.

%-';+=*+*'33(3'-->+93'+*'-9'3"<+3'<>'*3'-+39'3'9"

'33'-+3(3;'393++3()**+33+93* (- +3 3 <3+= <'--*

*+ 3'= +3 <+3 9'3'+*+<3'<<( 3'=.



LASSIFICATION:

B3 ='> ; (-'<*='*>,'>" ' ;-+,.

Acc(r1%+2 t(t,! $#!3%b%#%t4 ($ s0/!rstr0ct0r! :

< 9'* ;3 +3 =+';- ;3.

F9'*;3:

I*('+<<9'*933(3"933(33='**' < 9++*'*=++<

;3 '3 +< ('+3>.

8M+';- 9'* ;3:

I*('+<=+';-9'*933(3"933(3-<+3=+,-9+< +=

';- '33'*=*

Acc(r1%+2t(t,!/(s%t%(+($br%12!$#((rr!#at%*!t(t,!$(r"at%(+#!*!#a+1t,! ,%2,!st

#((1 1%sc,ar2!:

();3"3+;3+3= 3+ ;3.

I8 D();3

:

D()>9;33<3++*,(3+'()('33 +*

+9<-'*+3+*+9+<99+3*33. T ()-';+3 -93 ='>

('* - 3 + ++=* ;>+* 3=-+**'-33.

ORMATION LEVEL

HFL



T3+ ;3:

I*3+>9;3"()*99+3;>;++= <-'* +<

='*99+3* 33 93++*3 .

FLFORM

ATIO

N

LEVE

L

T3+ B3



S= 3+ ;3:

T=3+ ;3 '

()=,'>'*()-+'3'*=+333+,;+<33.I*'-

+" ='* 33 '3 +*3 +< ().

FORM

ATIO

NLEV

EL

HFL

S=3+B3

5Acc(r1%+2t(t,!%+t!r5s/a+r!#at%(+s:

=9-"(+**++3('*-3;3.

I8 =9->99+3:

G*3'-->,+<;3*+*=;3+<*'-9'*. F+

'(9'*"-+'('33>*==;3=9->99+3';+ *

T9-'33'*333'3 ' >9 +< ;3. T>

'3';-'9-'(,3**-=*+<<+*'+*'3-)-> + ') 9-'(.



II8C+**+:

I*(+**+;39'*'3(+**++3,++3=+3 99+3.

T> '3'('-->*3=*' 3(3.

T> '3<-,***-=*+< 99+3 + *+ ') 9-'(.

I*(+**+;3;**=+=*'*>,3*9'*(+*3';->-'*'*(

'+<=9->99+39'*.

S(3(+*+<;**=+=*-='->3-* (+*+=( (+*<+3 ;3

I*(+**+;33'33(+*'=+=*-+9 ' 93 +

99+3.

T (+**+9'*;3'(+*3';-'*(+=9'3+=9->99+3 ;3

(+*3(+*.

F+--+,* '3''*' +< RCC(+**+33;3+3=9->99+3

33 ;3.:

+ A;'3*'39-'(+*(*3-*+<93"3'(+*'93 '3

3'*=(*3'-->.

+ I<+*' (+**+ 33 ;3 <<3 - ;3'+* '* <-(+*.

+ T (+**+ 33 ;3 3?3 +*->+*;'3*''(93'''* ,

;'3*<+3=9->99+3 33 ;3.



T9+<()*'=9'*3('*='>93++;<-<+3 +

3,3'3++= +< 93= (+*3'+*

+T9'*+*+*3?3,--;-.

+ T33(+**(+'-?'*>+<(+*(3'*-'3 3?3.

F+--+,*'3''*'+<RCC (+**+ 33;3+3=9->99+3

33 ;3.:

+ T*=+3(+=9-(''''('-->*3=*' 3(3.

+ T'-*'*9-'(*+<3*<+3(=*'3+;('33+, 3= ('3.

+ T9-'(*+<(+*(3'*3=+'-+<<+3=,+3)'3+;(('3<-->* 93+9

?*(.

I8C'*-3:

A('*-3;3<+3=+<('*-393+(*<3+= 99+3* 93.

T*+<'('*-3;33'' <.

A ('*-3 ;3(+=;*''*' +

'=9->99+39'*'*'(+**+9'*.

F+3-+*9'*'*9'-->'*'9-'(,3 ,--*+; 93'((';- +

(*3*"('*-3;3'3=+3 ';-.

T>'3';-*('+<**-=*+< <+*'+*.

T (+*3(+*+<'('*-3;3 ='>3; +< =9- >9 +3 +< ;'-'*(>9.



C'*-3S9'*C'*-3S9'*

C'*-3B3,=9-(+*3(+*

I*('+<('*-3;3,;'-'*(>9+<(+*3(+*"*'393+'9+*+<

(+*3'<-3+<'(+**+ 9'* '* '* *3=' =9->99+39'*

9*;,*,+*.



'*-3 S9'*S=9->S499+31&.

C'*-3 S9'*

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T3 : $0+$75==9->99+3'*9+550=,

C'*-3(+=;*'+*.

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C';-

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'((+3*+''-';->+<='3'-'*)---';+3.T>'3='*->+<'3(

>9+<;3.

T*<+3=+<(+*3(+*,'T=;3B3 *

,(=;3,'<+39'***'9'*'-+<+399+3* ;'=.

T=;3;3'3<+3+39'*"--+''*<+3 '=9+3'3>'**=9+3'* ;3.

%**+*

'*-+9=*+<(+*(3";3'3;*;-*3->,(+*(3"

33*<+3(+3933+3'(+=;*'+*+<;+<+3 933(3.

M'*>(+=;*'+*+<';+>9'3'-+9+;-.

T (+==+*'=9- +< (+=9+ (+*3(+* '3:

+C+*(3;'=3*<+3(,-;'3.

+ P3('933(+*(333 ,('*

RCC-';

. + R+--- + +99;>'('* RCC-';.

22



F+--+,* '3 ''*' +< (+=9+ ;3.:

• I -' + 3(+**

<-(+*'*;3'+*.

• I -' + 9*(+*3(+*.

• I93++ ; (+*+=('-.

•I3-*;3?'->(+*3+-

• T (++<<+3=,+3) 3(

• T (++< <+*'+* <+3 ';=*

3?3

• T (++<3'*9+3'+*=*=

• T

+3'--9+<;'=<+3'(+=9+

(+*3(+*3('* -' +

'* *-* +< '993+'(

5Acc(r1%+2 t( t,! 1!2r!! ($ r!10+1a+c4:

A 3=*' +3 * 3=*' ;3.

8D3=*'

8I*3=*'

5Acc(r1%+2t(t,!#!*!#($cr(ss%+2($,%2,6a4sa+1ra%#6a4s:

'+3;3 +3 *3 ;3.

2$



I& O*!r br%12!:

%* ,'> ;3 ('33 +3 +3 *3 ,'> ;>

='* +< ;3" ;3 )*+,* ' +3 ;3.

II& U+1!r br%12!:

%* ,'> ('33 *3 3'-,'> 3'() ;> ='* +<

;3 )*+,* ' *3 ;3.

24



ROAD UNDER BRIDGE:

Tra$$%c s0r*!4 :

D'' +* 3'<<( (-'<('+* '* +-=" <3?*(> '* 3'+* +< (-+3 +< -- (3+*

'" *=;3 +< (- '* -'> (' ;> (-+3 +< ' <+3 '-- >9 +< (-"

93'* (+* '* 9+ 9 3> ,' (+--( *3 >.

R!"(*a# ($ ra%#6a4 trac-:

F3 +< '-- , 3=+ 3'-,'> 3'() -* <+3 (+*3(+* +< RUB ;> 3* 3'-,'> 3'<<(

+3 ;> +99* 3'-,'> 3'<<(.

T 3'-,'> 3'() 1! =3 -+*. I* 3> 3'-,'> 3'() +* 2 < -+* < 9-' "

,( (+**( ,+ -*

T (-+ ;> (3, '* ;+-" '* ;-+, 3 '3 (=* ;-+() ,( ;'-'*( ;> ;'3' '* (3 +*.

F+3 3=+'- 3'-,'> 3'() 3 ,' ' (3'* +< H'(C+=9'*> ;> -9 +< (3'* '* ,*>

,+3)3 -* ,' 3=+ , (=* ;-+() ,* 15 =* ;> 3=+* < 9-'

'* 9-'( <3+= +* 9-'( + '*+3 9-'(.

F+3 '3+ ?9=* ,3 ( ' -+* 9-'" '==3 '* + *-+() -+()" -

3+ ,3 . % ?9=* () 3+9 '* '> (3'* , 20 -';+3 ,3

,* 93+* +< **3 '* '=*3' +<<(3.

25



2



E3ca*at%(+:

A<33=+* 3'-,'> 3'() ;> -9 +< '3 (''+3 6#CB8" ,+3) +< '3 ,+3)

3=+'- '3 '* ,+3) ,' +* ;> -9 +< =93 ;> =9* *+ =93.

S+- ,' 9'3'--> '3' ;> =* *' +< '3' + ' '3 ='> *+ (+--'9.

A<3 3=+* 3'- -* (''+* ,+3) +* ;> (''* +- * 7 = 9 '* 1! = ,.

F+3 (''+* ,+3) 4 =93 ,3 ,+3)*. I* 3> =93 7 ;() +< #CB ,' 9+3.

T (''+* ,+3) ,' (+=9- * 1.45 =* '* <+3 2 #CB .

27



L!*!#%+2:

L-* +< ' 9-'( +* ;> ,+3)3 * 93+* +< **3 '<3 (''+* +< '

9-'(.

F+3 --* 939+ ' ;'=;++ () '* 3+9 . F+3 -< '* 3 +< (''+* ;> ;'-'*(* * ;,* 3'- -* -- ' ;> ;'=;++ ().

D3> '* <+3 ,+3). F+3 ,+3) 3 '=93 3> '* '<3 ' '* 93'

, -9 +< ,+3)3 + ;'-'*( .

2!



S#ab /#ac%+2:

B<+3 -'; 9-'(* ' 9-'( -- '* =' <-'.

A<3 " ;-+, -'; '* 93' '* '<3 ;> ('9'(> (3'*" ;> * 3+* 3+9 * ++)

+< -'; '* -'; '3 9-'( ' ';- 9-'(.

T= ')* * '-- ,+3) <+3 9-'(* +< -'; =*== 5 + 10 =* 3?3. % ;>

,+3)3 - * 9++* , -9 +< () 3+9.

C=* @-3'') (=* 5 3'

C-* (';- 0000 )

H((- c0tt%+2:

A<3 9-'(* -'; , -9 +< ,+3)3 '* * 93+* +< **3 ++) '3 ( ;>

' (3.

2



B(3 /#ac%+2:

A<3 9-'(* -'; '> (3'* '3 +,'3 ;+ ,'> '* ;+ '3 9-'( +3 -';.

C+*3 , +< (3'* 0 +* )9 +,'3 3 '* !0 +* )9 +,'3 -< .

A<3 ' , -9 +< ;+ (3'* ;+ ,3 9-'(.

O* ;+ , K45 +*

U* , K25 )N/=$

S-+9 K1:20

T+'- ;+K1!

C*3'- -* ='3)*K27=

$0



F%##%+2 6(r-s:

A<3 <** +< ;+ 9-'(* ,+3) ;' <-- +< '3' '* +- '3 9-'( ;+ +<

;+ '* ''* +- <--* ,+3) +* ;> =93 '* #CB.

P#ac%+2 ($ trac-:

%* *'-- ;+ + 3 '* -< +< 3'- '* +- ;> '* (=* <--*

-'* <-- ,' <--.

A<3 3'-,'> 3'() 9-'(* ,+3) '3 ''* <+3 ,+3) '* 93' +3 ;+ '* +3

-'>3 +< '* (3 +* '* ;'--' 93' + 9-'* 3<'( '* -993 '3 9-'( +3 .

T -993 3'*<3 -+' +< 3'* <3+= 3'- + ;'--'.

S-93 '3 ='*> >9 9** 9+* -+' '* *3+*=* <'(+3.

$1



T -993 '3 ' ;-+, 3'-.

T '3 * '* =* (3* 3* +< 525 )/?.(= * 2! '>.

I* 3'-,'> 3'() 3'- '3 * <+3 ;'3 15+* 3('- -+' ' 3'- .

A<3 9-'(* 3'() 3'-,'> -* (+**> '3 )9 ;> * < 9-'.

F%s, /#at!s:

F 9-' '3 * 3'- +* + ='*'* (+**> +< 3'- '* + '--+, <+3 9'*+*

+3 (+*3'(+* +< 3'- (' ;> =93'3 '3'+*.

T> ='*'* (+33( '-*=* +< -* ;+ +3+*'- & 3('-->.

F 9-'

$2



T < 9-' '3 (+**( ;> < ;+-.

T '3 =' +< == +3 ('3;+* - ' + *3 + '3 + '> 3'*3

3.

F ;+-

$$



R'-,'> 3'() ''* 9-'( , -9 +< (3'* '* ,+3)3 '* '<3 ' 3'-,'> 3'<<(

(-'3 ''*.

Act%(+s t( b! ta-!+ b!$(r! tra%+ "(*!"!+ts 0+1!r t,! br%12! :

D;3 <3+= 9'3'9 +3 (- *+- + ; 3=+ <3+= 3'()" '* '()

(3-> (-'3 +< 3'*.

L++ ='+*3> '* (+9* +* ' = <'-- +* + 3'() +- ; 3=+ <3+=

'=' 9'3'9" '* 9-'( ,3 ;3 ,-- *+ ; ' 3) +< <'--* +* + 3'() ;-+,.

%*3 39+3 ' 9'3 +< ' 9'3'9 ' ;* =+- +3 '='" N,+3) R'-O93'+* C+*3+- +- +*-> 93= 3'* =+=* + 3(+==*( * <+--+,*

(3(='*(:

A BSN '+3 3'* =+=*

A BSE +3 N,+3) R'- +*('-- E**3 (+*<3= ' (+*+* +< 9'3'9 + *+

(+=93+= *3> +< 9'3'9 <<(*-> + *'*3 '< =+=* +< 3'* +3 3+' (-

S'< 3+' 3'<<( ='*'=* ' ;* =9-=*" '* 3 *+ 3) +< 9'3'9 ;3" 3+'

(- +3 93'* <'--* +*+ 3'()

'* '((9';- =9+3'3> '<> ;'333 '* <*(* ' ;* 9 * 9-'( + 93* 3+'

(- '* 93'* <'--* +3 +< ;3" '* 3 *+ 3) +< 9'3'9 ;3

<'--* +*+ 3'()

T 9'3'9 3(+*3( +3 39'3.

SAFTE7 PRECAUTION:

R+* (-+() ,'( ='* 9+ + *3 '<> +< 3'*.

O* P%'> '* +< 20 ==;3 , 93*( 93+3 '+* +* 3'() + '* '*>

3'() 3;'*( 3* 9*.

12000 N+. +< <-- ;'--'" '* '* =++3= ;' )9 ' .100 (3;" 40 N+. +< ,++* -93 '* $0 N+. +< C-.III 3'- )9 ' <+3 *3+*

*3 3'().T3'() 9'3'=3 '3 3(+3 93+3 + ;+ 9* '* ,-- ; (() '<3 3>

9*/;<+3 9'* 3'*.

E*3* (* '-,'> ;3 * '3.C*3 -* +< ;+ & -- '3 ='3) ' <3+*/3'3 * +< ;+.

A-*=* '* -- +< ;+ ='3 '->. A*> (+33(+* 3?3 =='-> ('33 *

* 9" ';-> '* 933 * '() '* 93+93 3+* --.

$4



CONCLUSION

D3* +3 40 '> 3'** "* +3 +<<( " , -'3* '3+ *" -) "

> +< '3((3'- 3',*6.. 9-'*" -'+* '* '3+ (+* 8 &

3(3'- 3',* .% ,3 ?+* +* <<3* +9( 3-' + (+*3(+*

'* ,'3 , ' +* 3+ '* +3 ?3 3-' + 3',* ,3

3+- ' '= =.

% '-+ 3',*" ';+ '3+ >9 +< ++3 '* ,*+, '*

3 <* ' ,-- ; * ;-*. % ,3 '-+ * (*('-

-3'36 *3 39+3 "+- *'+* 39+3 '* BO8 <+3 >.

B3+(3 +< <<3* >9 +< <*" '3,'3 '* ='3'- *

(+*3(+* 6,'-- 9>" (=* (.8 ,3 '-+ 93+.

D3* +3 , ,3 93+ , -= <+3 '<> 939+ '* ,

,3 '-+ '((+=9'* ;> 93 + '* '-- +3 ?3 ,3 +-

*'*->. %+ 93=+* , ,3 *+ '--+, + + <+3 . % (+

3-' 3',* ' '* ,'3 , ' " , *

3(3 .

S+== *+ 9+;- + ( '= 93+( ' 93 * 3',*

+3 ''" + (3'* ('* '3 =' ' + )9 ' ;'-'*( ;,*

3(+==* (+*3(+* '* '+* + (+*3(+* '((+3* +

(+*+*.

$5

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