civil cover page
TRANSCRIPT
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A
PROJECT REPORT
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTISTORY BULIDING
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
DR. SHAILESH CHOUDHARY MAHESH
ASST. PROFESSOR ROLL NO.15BCE70041
ENROLL.NO 12/2!7
B.E FINAL YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
M.B.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE" #ODHPUR
#NVU UNIVERSITY: #ODHPUR $42 001
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS% '()*+,- , 3' *3 , ,( Mr.MUKESHBAWEGA6E*8 &M
GAURAV KAPOOR 6AE*8 AND Mr.K.L.MEENA6SSE8 OF NWR
ODHPURCONST.DEPARTMENT++) * 93+* '-';- *<+3='+* '* -*
'3* <- 3'**.
()*+,-=* **+ 33* + (++93'+* '* )*+,- 3( <3+= '*'* ' '
>3 *3> )'3,'3.T> -9 , ?+* ') '* '*,3 * ;> =
3 9 + ='3)" > ,3 (+*<* , 3 '*,3.
-+ '*) + P3+<+3 T3'** &P-'(=*"M.B.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE" #+93" <+
)* *3'* '*( * +3 E*'+3 + '* +99+3*> + ,+3) ' A>3 *3
'3,'3 .
% '3 '-+ '*)<- + '<< +< <+3 3 -9 '* ''*( 3* +3 3'** 93+.
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NTRODUCTION
+ =') ( 3'<<( '> '((;- *3 ;3 '3 (+*3(. S( >9 +< ;3 (+*3( ' 9'+' @( 3+' '
'*+3 3')';' 3'-,'>. F+3 (+*3(+* ,+3) 3> =+3* ='(*3> ,3 . T+ =') ;3 =+*
= ,' ='" <+3 (+*3(+* ,+3) +* ' 3= 9.
+3 " ,+3) ,' 3* '' * 3(+* +< 200 ,+3)3
**3
0 93+3 .
+3 MAHADEV TRANSPORT (+=9'*> ! =93"43'(+3 "4 (''+3 6#CB8"2 +-= (3'* '*
+3='- (3'* ,3 .
-* +< ;3 ' 3 200 = '* ' -< '993+ 100 = '* 9 7 =.
=' (+ <+3 '993+ 12 (3+3 '* =' (+=9-+* = <+3 ,' =+*.
+3 ,+3) + '+ '*> '((* 3 ,3 ' '= +< +(+3 '* '=;-'*( '* <+3 <> 9+* +< , 33 '33'*=* +< =9 -= '* (3> '3.
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NTRODUCTION
'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( ;' +< I*'* 3(. R'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( 93+ '* +99+3*>
+3 +< I*'* 3'-,'> ,+3). I* 93* = '3+ (+*3(+* ,+3) '3 +* + 3* ;> -9 +=*3' '* 93' -=.
> +93 3'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( <+3 (+=9-* 3+' *3 ;3 ' 9'+'; 3+'
+--+,* (+=9'*> ,3 3
IRCON I*' 93' -.
R'9 B-3 C+=9'*>
#+93 D-+9=* A+3>
M'' T3'*9+3 C+=9'*>
R'-,'> (+*3(+* ;3'*( +93
,+- ,+3) (+=9- , -9 +< ';+ +. '* 93' (+3.
(+*3(+* ,+3) ,' +* $ )= ','> <3+= ='* 3'-,'> '+* '* ' 500 = '*( <3+= ='* ; '+*.
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bstract:
*3 B3 '3 3?3 + ; 93+ *3 '3 =;'*)=* <+3 (3+* +< V(-'3/R+' 3'<<(" 3'-,'
'<<( '(3+ -- (3+* +< R'-,'> -*" (. T *3 B3 '3 '-+ 3?3 * 3;'* '3' ,3 ;
* -+('+* 3 (3+* + R'-,'> -* (. P3* '> I**> +< T3'<<(" ;+ R'- & R+' +
-+9=* +< I*3 '* +3 I*<3'3(3" 3> '> '* + ('**+ ; 3;" <+3 (+*3(+
< *3 ;3 +3 3'*' ( ;> (+**+*'- .. +9* ( >=.
+ + (+*3( *3 ;3 ,+ 3;* * R'-,'> / R+' =;'*)=* , (++ + (+*3(
CC BO CELL BRIDGE ;> B+ P* T(*?" ,3 * R.C.C. B+ * =* '3 (' + '*
3+ '> =;'*)=* +< R'- +3 R+' ;> #'()*. T 3?3 3 *3' 3+ 3
" ' ,-- ' -* & -- +< 93(' ;+ '3 '-+ (+*3+--.
+ 9 B+ *+ =;'*)=* +< 3'-,'> '-+ *+ ' ='+3 93+;-=" 3?3 3 ('* ; *3'
+= 3 ; ;> '()*. A<3 (+=9-+* +< ,+3) T3 B ('* ; ' ' 93+(+* ,+3) * H>3'-
3(3 '* 3 9'=* ,+3) * H,'> 3(3.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
HAPTER TITLE PAGE
O.
COMPANY INTRODUCTION
ROADS 7
PREAMBLE 7
8 TRAFFIC 7
I8 SOIL PARAMETER !
V8 PAVEMENT THICNESS 10
BRIDGES
DEFINITION 10
8COMPONENT 11
I8CLASSIFICATION 12
ROAD UNDER BRIDGE
TRAFFIC SURVEY 25
8 REMOVAL OF TRAC 2
I8 ECAVATION 2
V8 LEVELLING 27
8 SLABS PLACING 2!
I8 HOOS CUTTING 2!
II 8 BOES PLACING 2
III8 FILLING %OR $0
8 PLACING OF TRAC $0
. SAFTEY PRECAUTION $
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OMPANY INTRODUCTION
AIL%AY CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT: R'-,'> (+*3(+* 9'3=* (+=9- (+*3(+* ,+3) +
-,'> ' '-- +3 I*'. T (+=9- ( >9 +< ,+3)" 3'-,'> 3*( ;-*" 3'-,'> ;3" '*
*> >9 +< (+*3(+* ,+3).
' *+ 9'*+* * 93' (+3 ,+3) ' ' (+*3(+* ;3'*( +< I*'* 3'-,'>.
RCON INDIA PRIVATE LTD: T ' =+ 39 93' (+3 (+=9'*>. T (+*3; * 93+3 +< +
* 93' (+3 (+*3(+* ,+3) * '3+ ( +< I*'" --' '* +,*.
,+3) +* '3+ (+*3(+* ,+3) ( ' =-+3> ;-*" +3 ;3" *3 ;3 '* '3+ ,+3) '
'*'-. N+, (+* * +* +< =+ 39 (+=9'*.
A#DEEP BUILDERS COMPANY: ='* (+*3(+* (+=9'*> +< G'3' '* M''3'3' 3+*. I 9-'>
'* 3+- * ;-* (+*3(+* '* 3+' ,'> (+*3(+*. I 9+9-'3 <+3 (*+-+> ,+3).
ODHPUR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY: I 93+ +'- '9 * '=*3' (+*3(+* ,+3) + (+=9-
-+9=* ,+3).
'-+ 93+ * +3 (+*3(+* ,+3).
MAHADEV TRANSPORT COMPANY: I ' 93' (+3 3'*9+3 (+=9'*>.
93+ -9 * (+*3(+* ?9=* '* (''+* ,+3).
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OADS AND BRIDGES:
OADS
Pr!a"b#!
G+3*=* R+' (+=93 +< N'+*'- H,'> 6NH8" S' H,'>H8" M'+3 D3( R+' 6MDR8" O3 D3( R+' 6ODR8" '* C3+ D3'*'
%+3) -) ;3" C','>" C-3" R+' O3 B3 6ROB8 '* R+' U*3 3 6RUB8.
H: M'* ,'> 3*** 3+ -* '* ;3' +< C+*3>
+**(* ='+3 9+3" S' C'9'-" -'3 *3'- '* +3 (*3.
H: A33'- 3+ +< ' S' -*)* D3( H'?'33 '* =9+3'*
,* S' '* (+**(* = , NH +3 H,'> +<
;+3* S'.
MDR: I=9+3'* 3+' ,* ' 3( 3* '3' +< 93+(+* '* ='3)
* (+**(* + , '( +3 +3 , ='* ,'>
DR : R+' 3* 33'- '3' +< 93+(+* '* 93+* = , +- +
'3) (*3" '-) '?'33" B-+() D-+9=* '?'33 +3 3 ='* 3+'.
3+' '3 ''* 3+9 ' S*- -'* 6$.5 =8"
3=' -'* 65.5 =8"+;- -'* 67= , )3; +3 7.5 = ,+ )3;8
-9- -'* 6'-. $.5 = <+3'( -'*8
+' '3 ;3+'-> (-'< ' R3'- R+' '* U3;'* R+'.
Tra$$%c:
3'<<( * 3= +< (=-' *=;3 +< S'*'3 '- 6!10 8 + ;
'33 ;> 9'=* 3* * -<.
<+--+,* *<+3='+* *:*'- 3'<<( '<3 (+*3(+* * 3= +< *=;3 +< (+==3('-(- 93 '> 6CVPD8
8 T3'<<( 3+, 3' 3* * -< * 93(*'
8 D* -< * *=;3 +< >'38 V(- '=' <'(+3 6VDF8
D3;+* +< C+==3('- 3'<<( +3 ('33','>.
I*'- T3'<<(:
=' +< *'- '-> '3' 3'<<( <-+, <+3 '*> 3+' +-
+3='--> ; ;' +* ' -' 7 '>" 24 +3 (-'< 3'<<( (+*.
(' +<*, 3+'" 3'<<( =' ('* ; =' +* ;' +< 9+*'- -'* '*
'<<( +* * 3+ * '3'.
& T3'<<( 3+, 3':
3'<<( 3+, 3' +- ; =' ;> >.
'?' '' *+ ''-';- '3' '**'- 3+, 3' +< 7 5 ='> ;
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<'(+3 3( + <+3 3+' 3 '+9* IRC:SP 202002
D3;+* +< C+==3('- 3'<<( +3 ('33' ,'>:
S*- -'* :* +- ; ;' +* +'- *=;3 +< (+==3('-
(- * ;+ 3(+* =-9- ;> ,+
8 T,+ -'* 6*- C'33','>8:
5 +< +'- *=;3 +< (+==3('- (- *
+ 3(+*.
8 F+3 -'* 6*- C'33' ,'>8 :0 +< +'- *=;3 +< (+==3('- (- *
+ 3(+*.
8D'- C'33','>:
5 +< *=;3 +< (+==3('- (- * '(
3(+*. F+3 '- $ -'* '* '- 4 -'* ('33','>" 3;+* <'(+3 ,-- ; 0 '* 45
9(->.
S(%# Para"!t!r:
* +< ='* 9'3'=3 ** 9'=* ?'-> +< +- * 3+','>.
+3 * 939+" +9 500 == 9+3+* +< 3+','>/=;'*)=* < 3= , <--* ='3'-" =='-> 99+3* 9'=*" 3= ' ; 3'"
(+*3 <+3 * 939+. %3' * 33'- 3+' +9 $0 (= +< (* +3
=;'*)=* ' <+3='+* -- (+*3 ' ; 3'.
; 3':
; 3' *+3='--> <+3= , *'3'- '3
C+=9'( + 7 +< 3> *> IS 2720 6P'3 !8.
M'3'- <+3 ; 3' (+*3(+* +- ' 3> *> +< *+
'* 1 75 =/((
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%33 *('3>" +3*'- 3+* '-- ; -- + <'(-'
'(=* +< <3 -'>3 +< =;'*)=*" ('3<" = , ,'3 '* *
+=9'( ;> 3+--* + ' + '( =*== 3> *>. I* (' ,3 <<3*( ;,* ;3' -- '* 3+* -- - '*
5= 60.$ = <+3 R3'- R+'8 ;-+, ;3' -- ,'3 '*
+=9'( * -'>3 + '( *+ - '* 7 3> *>%* +- + *+ <-<-- 3?3=* +< *+3='- ;3' +-" '
';-'+* (*? ('* ; + =+<> '* =93+ '=.';-'+* +< <<3* >9 ." ';-'+* , -=" '*" (=*"
+'- '" +< '3'" 3'-/=++3= '* =('*('- ';-'+* (.
A <'3 ' 9+;- ' *+* 9'* +- +- *+ ; <+3 ; 3'
T ; 3' 3* ' * 3= +< CBR 6C'-<+3*' B'3*
'+8
T * +- ; ;' +* CBR '- +< ,') +- >9
3+9+ + ; <+3 ; 3' (+*3(+* +3 *(+*3 *-> '
; 3' -- +3 ' * (+* +< 3+'.
P'=* ()* +* *, 3+' ='> ; =+< ' *3'- 6'> 1 =8
' +* CBR '-.
%3 '3'+* * CBR J +3 @ 1 '* J +3 @ 2 <+3 +- '=9- '*
BR '- - '* 5 '* 510 39(-> * CBR '- +-
'3' +< <3+= ' -' '=9-.
%3 CBR '- +< ; 3' - '* 2 ' ('99* -'>3 +< 150 ==
()* +< ='3'- , ' =*== CBR +< 10 '-- ; 93+ *
+* + ; ;'. 6*+3='--> '* ,+- ; 8
%3 =;'*)=* ,' <+3=" CBR '- +< ; 3' ' + ; * 9'=* * =+<" < *('3>.
39'3'+* +< ; 3' & ; ;' 6IRC 15 :1!18
S; 3' ; *<+3=-> (+=9'( ,( * ' -' $00 == +* 3 .
S; 3' ; 93+93-> 3'*
S; ;' ='> +< 6'8 3'*-'3 ='3'- 6+* -'>3 <-' ;3() +-*" , '**3 +* -'>3 +< %BM +3 ,+ -'>3 +< %BM" +3 ,-- 3' 3'*-'3 '3'- -) 3'-" ;3() ='-" -'3" (.8
3 6;8 ';- +- 6+- +3 =++3= ';- , -= +3 -= <-> ' +3
=* '* CBR +< 50 '<3 7 '> (3*3 6 (8 S= 3 ='3'- 6-= ;3* (-'> +3 -= <-> ' (+*(3 +3 -'*
=* (+*(3 <-> ' (+*<+3=* + IRC 74 : 17.
T()* +< ; ;' +- ; 15 (= ,* ='3'- 6'8 & 6;8 . T'>" +,3 3( + 10 (= <+3 = 3 ='3'-.
%3 ; 3' (+* +< '> (-'> ( ' ;-'() (++* +-" ; ;'+- ; -' +3 15 (= () ;-'*) (+3 (+** +< *+* 9-'(
'*-'3 ='3'- -) -+('- '* 3'- ( +3 -+('- +- ';- , -=
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T ; ;' +3 ;-'*) (+3 ='> ; -' +3 93+93-> (+=9'( ;
' + *<+3= 99+3
Pa*!"!+t t,%c-+!ss c("/(s%t%(+ (t,!r t,a+ r0ra# r(a1s:
T P'=* (+*3(+* +< ,+ >9 F-;- 9'=* '* 3
'=* T P'=* ()* ('3 * * IRC $7:2001 <+3 3'<<( * 3'*< 1 + 150 =' '* <+3 CBR '- +< ; 3' 3'** <3+= 2 + 10.
9'=*()* + ; 93+ (+* +< 3'*-'3 ; ;'" 3'*-'3 ;' '* ;=*+3<'(*. F+'<<( (* 150 ='" 9'=* * <+3 150 =' ='> ; '+9'* <33 3*** ('33 -'3 <+
* -< '+9* IRC !1:17 @
+* 9'=*" IRC 9(<('+* '3 + ; <+--+, '* <+3 (+*3(+* '*'3* -*" 9(<('+* 9-' * MORTH 9(<('+* ' + ; <+--+,.
+3 * +< 9'=* + ('33> 3'<<( * 3'* +< 1 + 10='.
* (3 3-' 9'=* ()*+ (=-' *=;3 +< '*'3 '- + ; ('33 +3
<+3 CBR'- +< ;3' 3'** <3+= 2 93(* + 10 93(*.
* 3'<<( +'- 9'=* ()*+ ; 93+ '* (+* +< 3'*-'3 ; ;'" 3'*-'3 ;' '*
=*+ 3<'(*.
RIDGES :
D!$%+%t%(+:
A ;3 ' 3(3 93+* 9'' +3 '* +;'(-,+(-+*,'>
;*'. T 3?3 9'' ='> ; <+3 '3+'" '3'-,'>
93'*"'('*'-+3'99-*.T+;'(-+;(3+='>;'33" ' 3+'" 3'-,'>+3''-->.
I*+3,+3";3'3(3<+3('33>*3+'3'<<( +3 +3 =+* -+'+3
93+* +3 +;3(+* ( '('**-"3+' +3 3'-,'>.
A;3'*'33'*=*='+(3+'*+;'(-*<+3=+<'-+,3+*+3'3'=+3'3
3,+(-+*,'> ;*'.
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C("/(+!+ts ($ br%12!:
T ;3 3(3 (+=93 +< <+--+,* 9'3.
1.S933(3 +3 D()*
T*(--';" 33" 3" (. T ;'3 -+'9'*+3'*3'*= <+3((';> '= + ;3(3.
2.B'3*
T;'3*3'*=-+'3(<3+=()*+*+
;3(3'*'393+<+33;+*+<-+'*->+3
;3(3='3'-,(='>*+'<<(*;'3*3*+;'3 933(3
-+' 3(->.
$.S;3(3
T(+=9393'*';=*" ,*,'-- +3 33* '*3 <+*'+*.
I8P3'*A;=*
T '33('- 3(3 99+3* ()/;'3* 93+ <+
3'*=*-+'+,*+ ;/'33+<+*'+*.
8%*,'--'*R3*
T'393+'*+*+<';=*+3'*'3+<'993+'(;'*),(+3
,' '*'3'-'*- +< 39+.
8F+*'+*
T93++3'*=-+'<3+=93+3';=*'* ,* +3 33*
'**-> 3; -+'+*+ 3''.
T+;93+<<(*->9+'*+ '<<(;> (+
(';><-+,*33'*+*+ *3=*.
%-';+=*+*'33(3'-->+93'+*'-9'3"<+3'<>'*3'-+39'3'9"
'33'-+3(3;'393++3()**+33+93* (- +3 3 <3+= <'--*
*+ 3'= +3 <+3 9'3'+*+<3'<<( 3'=.
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LASSIFICATION:
B3 ='> ; (-'<*='*>,'>" ' ;-+,.
Acc(r1%+2 t(t,! $#!3%b%#%t4 ($ s0/!rstr0ct0r! :
< 9'* ;3 +3 =+';- ;3.
F9'*;3:
I*('+<<9'*933(3"933(33='**' < 9++*'*=++<
;3 '3 +< ('+3>.
8M+';- 9'* ;3:
I*('+<=+';-9'*933(3"933(3-<+3=+,-9+< +=
';- '33'*=*
Acc(r1%+2t(t,!/(s%t%(+($br%12!$#((rr!#at%*!t(t,!$(r"at%(+#!*!#a+1t,! ,%2,!st
#((1 1%sc,ar2!:
();3"3+;3+3= 3+ ;3.
I8 D();3
:
D()>9;33<3++*,(3+'()('33 +*
+9<-'*+3+*+9+<99+3*33. T ()-';+3 -93 ='>
('* - 3 + ++=* ;>+* 3=-+**'-33.
ORMATION LEVEL
HFL
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T3+ ;3:
I*3+>9;3"()*99+3;>;++= <-'* +<
='*99+3* 33 93++*3 .
FLFORM
ATIO
N
LEVE
L
T3+ B3
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S= 3+ ;3:
T=3+ ;3 '
()=,'>'*()-+'3'*=+333+,;+<33.I*'-
+" ='* 33 '3 +*3 +< ().
FORM
ATIO
NLEV
EL
HFL
S=3+B3
5Acc(r1%+2t(t,!%+t!r5s/a+r!#at%(+s:
=9-"(+**++3('*-3;3.
I8 =9->99+3:
G*3'-->,+<;3*+*=;3+<*'-9'*. F+
'(9'*"-+'('33>*==;3=9->99+3';+ *
T9-'33'*333'3 ' >9 +< ;3. T>
'3';-'9-'(,3**-=*+<<+*'+*'3-)-> + ') 9-'(.
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II8C+**+:
I*(+**+;39'*'3(+**++3,++3=+3 99+3.
T> '3'('-->*3=*' 3(3.
T> '3<-,***-=*+< 99+3 + *+ ') 9-'(.
I*(+**+;3;**=+=*'*>,3*9'*(+*3';->-'*'*(
'+<=9->99+39'*.
S(3(+*+<;**=+=*-='->3-* (+*+=( (+*<+3 ;3
I*(+**+;33'33(+*'=+=*-+9 ' 93 +
99+3.
T (+**+9'*;3'(+*3';-'*(+=9'3+=9->99+3 ;3
(+*3(+*.
F+--+,* '3''*' +< RCC(+**+33;3+3=9->99+3
33 ;3.:
+ A;'3*'39-'(+*(*3-*+<93"3'(+*'93 '3
3'*=(*3'-->.
+ I<+*' (+**+ 33 ;3 <<3 - ;3'+* '* <-(+*.
+ T (+**+ 33 ;3 3?3 +*->+*;'3*''(93'''* ,
;'3*<+3=9->99+3 33 ;3.
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T9+<()*'=9'*3('*='>93++;<-<+3 +
3,3'3++= +< 93= (+*3'+*
+T9'*+*+*3?3,--;-.
+ T33(+**(+'-?'*>+<(+*(3'*-'3 3?3.
F+--+,*'3''*'+<RCC (+**+ 33;3+3=9->99+3
33 ;3.:
+ T*=+3(+=9-(''''('-->*3=*' 3(3.
+ T'-*'*9-'(*+<3*<+3(=*'3+;('33+, 3= ('3.
+ T9-'(*+<(+*(3'*3=+'-+<<+3=,+3)'3+;(('3<-->* 93+9
?*(.
I8C'*-3:
A('*-3;3<+3=+<('*-393+(*<3+= 99+3* 93.
T*+<'('*-3;33'' <.
A ('*-3 ;3(+=;*''*' +
'=9->99+39'*'*'(+**+9'*.
F+3-+*9'*'*9'-->'*'9-'(,3 ,--*+; 93'((';- +
(*3*"('*-3;3'3=+3 ';-.
T>'3';-*('+<**-=*+< <+*'+*.
T (+*3(+*+<'('*-3;3 ='>3; +< =9- >9 +3 +< ;'-'*(>9.
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C'*-3S9'*C'*-3S9'*
C'*-3B3,=9-(+*3(+*
I*('+<('*-3;3,;'-'*(>9+<(+*3(+*"*'393+'9+*+<
(+*3'<-3+<'(+**+ 9'* '* '* *3=' =9->99+39'*
9*;,*,+*.
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'*-3 S9'*S=9->S499+31&.
C'*-3 S9'*
C'*-3B3,=9-(+*3(+*
5Acc(r1%+2t(t,!$(r"(rt4/!($s0/!rstr0ct0r!:
''3(";'="3"-';" 3<3'= +3 9*+* ;3.
S-';
B'=
B'=B3
G33
T3
T33/;'=',--'3 ('* ; =' 9+<=;3" - +3 (+*(3" +3 ('*
; =' 9 +< (+=;*'+* +< - '* (+*(3.
T3G33 B3 ./&
GirderBridge
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A3(
B'33-T>9&
A3(B3 ./&
S9*+*
S9*+*B3 ./&
S9*+*;3'3='9+<*--(';- 3*
*<+3=+<('*'3+,(()''(;>- 9*3
,('3='*->='9+<- 3+/==;3/(';-. T ()*
('*;+<=;3"(+*(3+3-9'***'(3+<<**333'*=*-+'+
9*3.
C';- '>:
C';-'>;3'3 =-'3 + 9*+* ;3
(9*'3,--;*+9*3*(';-'>;3'*' *=;3 +< ('*
; +< ='+*3>" (+*(3 +3 -.
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'3+(+*+=('-9'*3'*<+3>9*3'-->'+9 '3:
A3( : F+3='--9'*+<$+15=*='+*3>"
-'3(9+51= '*
(+*(3'3(9+$05= 9'*.
S-'; : U9+=.
G33
'* ;'=: 10 + 0= 6(9+* 9 + 250= * (+**+ (+*3(+*8.
T3 : $0+$75==9->99+3'*9+550=,
C'*-3(+=;*'+*.
S9*+*
B3 : O3 500=9+ 1400=.
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C';-
S'> : $00+ 00=.
5Acc(r1%+2 t(t,!"at!r%a#s ($ c(+str0ct%(+ 0s!1 $(r s0/!rstr0ct0r!:
'(=*(+*(3"933(+*(3" -" ='+*3>" 3+*"
=;3 +3 (+=9+ ;3.
T'3-<+3=+<='3'-<+3(+*3(+*+<;3,'<3+*'*
-'3;3().
T='+*3>;3'3<+3+3 9'* '*
'((+3*+''-';->+<='3'-'*)---';+3.T>'3='*->+<'3(
>9+<;3.
T*<+3=+<(+*3(+*,'T=;3B3 *
,(=;3,'<+39'***'9'*'-+<+399+3* ;'=.
T=;3;3'3<+3+39'*"--+''*<+3 '=9+3'3>'**=9+3'* ;3.
%**+*
'*-+9=*+<(+*(3";3'3;*;-*3->,(+*(3"
33*<+3(+3933+3'(+=;*'+*+<;+<+3 933(3.
M'*>(+=;*'+*+<';+>9'3'-+9+;-.
T (+==+*'=9- +< (+=9+ (+*3(+* '3:
+C+*(3;'=3*<+3(,-;'3.
+ P3('933(+*(333 ,('*
RCC-';
. + R+--- + +99;>'('* RCC-';.
22
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F+--+,* '3 ''*' +< (+=9+ ;3.:
• I -' + 3(+**
<-(+*'*;3'+*.
• I -' + 9*(+*3(+*.
• I93++ ; (+*+=('-.
•I3-*;3?'->(+*3+-
• T (++<<+3=,+3) 3(
• T (++< <+*'+* <+3 ';=*
3?3
• T (++<3'*9+3'+*=*=
• T
+3'--9+<;'=<+3'(+=9+
(+*3(+*3('* -' +
'* *-* +< '993+'(
5Acc(r1%+2 t( t,! 1!2r!! ($ r!10+1a+c4:
A 3=*' +3 * 3=*' ;3.
8D3=*'
8I*3=*'
5Acc(r1%+2t(t,!#!*!#($cr(ss%+2($,%2,6a4sa+1ra%#6a4s:
'+3;3 +3 *3 ;3.
2$
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I& O*!r br%12!:
%* ,'> ;3 ('33 +3 +3 *3 ,'> ;>
='* +< ;3" ;3 )*+,* ' +3 ;3.
II& U+1!r br%12!:
%* ,'> ('33 *3 3'-,'> 3'() ;> ='* +<
;3 )*+,* ' *3 ;3.
24
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ROAD UNDER BRIDGE:
Tra$$%c s0r*!4 :
D'' +* 3'<<( (-'<('+* '* +-=" <3?*(> '* 3'+* +< (-+3 +< -- (3+*
'" *=;3 +< (- '* -'> (' ;> (-+3 +< ' <+3 '-- >9 +< (-"
93'* (+* '* 9+ 9 3> ,' (+--( *3 >.
R!"(*a# ($ ra%#6a4 trac-:
F3 +< '-- , 3=+ 3'-,'> 3'() -* <+3 (+*3(+* +< RUB ;> 3* 3'-,'> 3'<<(
+3 ;> +99* 3'-,'> 3'<<(.
T 3'-,'> 3'() 1! =3 -+*. I* 3> 3'-,'> 3'() +* 2 < -+* < 9-' "
,( (+**( ,+ -*
T (-+ ;> (3, '* ;+-" '* ;-+, 3 '3 (=* ;-+() ,( ;'-'*( ;> ;'3' '* (3 +*.
F+3 3=+'- 3'-,'> 3'() 3 ,' ' (3'* +< H'(C+=9'*> ;> -9 +< (3'* '* ,*>
,+3)3 -* ,' 3=+ , (=* ;-+() ,* 15 =* ;> 3=+* < 9-'
'* 9-'( <3+= +* 9-'( + '*+3 9-'(.
F+3 '3+ ?9=* ,3 ( ' -+* 9-'" '==3 '* + *-+() -+()" -
3+ ,3 . % ?9=* () 3+9 '* '> (3'* , 20 -';+3 ,3
,* 93+* +< **3 '* '=*3' +<<(3.
25
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2
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E3ca*at%(+:
A<33=+* 3'-,'> 3'() ;> -9 +< '3 (''+3 6#CB8" ,+3) +< '3 ,+3)
3=+'- '3 '* ,+3) ,' +* ;> -9 +< =93 ;> =9* *+ =93.
S+- ,' 9'3'--> '3' ;> =* *' +< '3' + ' '3 ='> *+ (+--'9.
A<3 3=+* 3'- -* (''+* ,+3) +* ;> (''* +- * 7 = 9 '* 1! = ,.
F+3 (''+* ,+3) 4 =93 ,3 ,+3)*. I* 3> =93 7 ;() +< #CB ,' 9+3.
T (''+* ,+3) ,' (+=9- * 1.45 =* '* <+3 2 #CB .
27
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L!*!#%+2:
L-* +< ' 9-'( +* ;> ,+3)3 * 93+* +< **3 '<3 (''+* +< '
9-'(.
F+3 --* 939+ ' ;'=;++ () '* 3+9 . F+3 -< '* 3 +< (''+* ;> ;'-'*(* * ;,* 3'- -* -- ' ;> ;'=;++ ().
D3> '* <+3 ,+3). F+3 ,+3) 3 '=93 3> '* '<3 ' '* 93'
, -9 +< ,+3)3 + ;'-'*( .
2!
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S#ab /#ac%+2:
B<+3 -'; 9-'(* ' 9-'( -- '* =' <-'.
A<3 " ;-+, -'; '* 93' '* '<3 ;> ('9'(> (3'*" ;> * 3+* 3+9 * ++)
+< -'; '* -'; '3 9-'( ' ';- 9-'(.
T= ')* * '-- ,+3) <+3 9-'(* +< -'; =*== 5 + 10 =* 3?3. % ;>
,+3)3 - * 9++* , -9 +< () 3+9.
C=* @-3'') (=* 5 3'
C-* (';- 0000 )
H((- c0tt%+2:
A<3 9-'(* -'; , -9 +< ,+3)3 '* * 93+* +< **3 ++) '3 ( ;>
' (3.
2
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B(3 /#ac%+2:
A<3 9-'(* -'; '> (3'* '3 +,'3 ;+ ,'> '* ;+ '3 9-'( +3 -';.
C+*3 , +< (3'* 0 +* )9 +,'3 3 '* !0 +* )9 +,'3 -< .
A<3 ' , -9 +< ;+ (3'* ;+ ,3 9-'(.
O* ;+ , K45 +*
U* , K25 )N/=$
S-+9 K1:20
T+'- ;+K1!
C*3'- -* ='3)*K27=
$0
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F%##%+2 6(r-s:
A<3 <** +< ;+ 9-'(* ,+3) ;' <-- +< '3' '* +- '3 9-'( ;+ +<
;+ '* ''* +- <--* ,+3) +* ;> =93 '* #CB.
P#ac%+2 ($ trac-:
%* *'-- ;+ + 3 '* -< +< 3'- '* +- ;> '* (=* <--*
-'* <-- ,' <--.
A<3 3'-,'> 3'() 9-'(* ,+3) '3 ''* <+3 ,+3) '* 93' +3 ;+ '* +3
-'>3 +< '* (3 +* '* ;'--' 93' + 9-'* 3<'( '* -993 '3 9-'( +3 .
T -993 3'*<3 -+' +< 3'* <3+= 3'- + ;'--'.
S-93 '3 ='*> >9 9** 9+* -+' '* *3+*=* <'(+3.
$1
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T -993 '3 ' ;-+, 3'-.
T '3 * '* =* (3* 3* +< 525 )/?.(= * 2! '>.
I* 3'-,'> 3'() 3'- '3 * <+3 ;'3 15+* 3('- -+' ' 3'- .
A<3 9-'(* 3'() 3'-,'> -* (+**> '3 )9 ;> * < 9-'.
F%s, /#at!s:
F 9-' '3 * 3'- +* + ='*'* (+**> +< 3'- '* + '--+, <+3 9'*+*
+3 (+*3'(+* +< 3'- (' ;> =93'3 '3'+*.
T> ='*'* (+33( '-*=* +< -* ;+ +3+*'- & 3('-->.
F 9-'
$2
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T < 9-' '3 (+**( ;> < ;+-.
T '3 =' +< == +3 ('3;+* - ' + *3 + '3 + '> 3'*3
3.
F ;+-
$$
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R'-,'> 3'() ''* 9-'( , -9 +< (3'* '* ,+3)3 '* '<3 ' 3'-,'> 3'<<(
(-'3 ''*.
Act%(+s t( b! ta-!+ b!$(r! tra%+ "(*!"!+ts 0+1!r t,! br%12! :
D;3 <3+= 9'3'9 +3 (- *+- + ; 3=+ <3+= 3'()" '* '()
(3-> (-'3 +< 3'*.
L++ ='+*3> '* (+9* +* ' = <'-- +* + 3'() +- ; 3=+ <3+=
'=' 9'3'9" '* 9-'( ,3 ;3 ,-- *+ ; ' 3) +< <'--* +* + 3'() ;-+,.
%*3 39+3 ' 9'3 +< ' 9'3'9 ' ;* =+- +3 '='" N,+3) R'-O93'+* C+*3+- +- +*-> 93= 3'* =+=* + 3(+==*( * <+--+,*
(3(='*(:
A BSN '+3 3'* =+=*
A BSE +3 N,+3) R'- +*('-- E**3 (+*<3= ' (+*+* +< 9'3'9 + *+
(+=93+= *3> +< 9'3'9 <<(*-> + *'*3 '< =+=* +< 3'* +3 3+' (-
S'< 3+' 3'<<( ='*'=* ' ;* =9-=*" '* 3 *+ 3) +< 9'3'9 ;3" 3+'
(- +3 93'* <'--* +*+ 3'()
'* '((9';- =9+3'3> '<> ;'333 '* <*(* ' ;* 9 * 9-'( + 93* 3+'
(- '* 93'* <'--* +3 +< ;3" '* 3 *+ 3) +< 9'3'9 ;3
<'--* +*+ 3'()
T 9'3'9 3(+*3( +3 39'3.
SAFTE7 PRECAUTION:
R+* (-+() ,'( ='* 9+ + *3 '<> +< 3'*.
O* P%'> '* +< 20 ==;3 , 93*( 93+3 '+* +* 3'() + '* '*>
3'() 3;'*( 3* 9*.
12000 N+. +< <-- ;'--'" '* '* =++3= ;' )9 ' .100 (3;" 40 N+. +< ,++* -93 '* $0 N+. +< C-.III 3'- )9 ' <+3 *3+*
*3 3'().T3'() 9'3'=3 '3 3(+3 93+3 + ;+ 9* '* ,-- ; (() '<3 3>
9*/;<+3 9'* 3'*.
E*3* (* '-,'> ;3 * '3.C*3 -* +< ;+ & -- '3 ='3) ' <3+*/3'3 * +< ;+.
A-*=* '* -- +< ;+ ='3 '->. A*> (+33(+* 3?3 =='-> ('33 *
* 9" ';-> '* 933 * '() '* 93+93 3+* --.
$4
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CONCLUSION
D3* +3 40 '> 3'** "* +3 +<<( " , -'3* '3+ *" -) "
> +< '3((3'- 3',*6.. 9-'*" -'+* '* '3+ (+* 8 &
3(3'- 3',* .% ,3 ?+* +* <<3* +9( 3-' + (+*3(+*
'* ,'3 , ' +* 3+ '* +3 ?3 3-' + 3',* ,3
3+- ' '= =.
% '-+ 3',*" ';+ '3+ >9 +< ++3 '* ,*+, '*
3 <* ' ,-- ; * ;-*. % ,3 '-+ * (*('-
-3'36 *3 39+3 "+- *'+* 39+3 '* BO8 <+3 >.
B3+(3 +< <<3* >9 +< <*" '3,'3 '* ='3'- *
(+*3(+* 6,'-- 9>" (=* (.8 ,3 '-+ 93+.
D3* +3 , ,3 93+ , -= <+3 '<> 939+ '* ,
,3 '-+ '((+=9'* ;> 93 + '* '-- +3 ?3 ,3 +-
*'*->. %+ 93=+* , ,3 *+ '--+, + + <+3 . % (+
3-' 3',* ' '* ,'3 , ' " , *
3(3 .
S+== *+ 9+;- + ( '= 93+( ' 93 * 3',*
+3 ''" + (3'* ('* '3 =' ' + )9 ' ;'-'*( ;,*
3(+==* (+*3(+* '* '+* + (+*3(+* '((+3* +
(+*+*.
$5
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