civil liberties wilson 5a. key questions who governsto what ends why do the courts play so large a...
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Civil LibertiesWilson 5A
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Key QuestionsWho Governs To What Ends
• Why do the courts play so large a role in deciding what our civil liberties should be?
• How do the institutions created under the Patriot Act reduce American civil liberties?
• Why not display religious symbols on government property?
• If a person confesses committing a crime, why is that confession sometimes not used in court?
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Creating a Limited GovernmentFramers Ratifying Conventions
• Whatever was not specifically allowed was assumed to be not allowed
• System built in checks and balances of federal powers
• Bill of Rights to place specific restrictions on federal government action
• Bill of Rights did not originally apply to state government actions
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Balancing FreedomsCivil Liberties Civil Rights
• Protections the Constitution provides against the abuse of government power
• Set of principles• Freedom for all• Competing rights and
duties• War
• Protecting certain groups against discrimination
• Due process• Equal protection of the
laws• Selective incorporation• Interest groups• Courts
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Restricted Civil Liberties in War•Sedition Act of 1798•Espionage and Sedition Act (WWI)•Smith Act (1940)•Internal Security Act of 1950•Communist Control Act of 1954•Patriot Act
▫Courts have upheld during war▫Courts have relaxed for political speech
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Cultural Conflicts•Americanism
▫Equated with European Protestant values•Immigration
▫Conflicts over protected freedoms▫New ethnic, cultural, religious groups
•Differences within groups Religious displays Bilingual education Gay rights
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Extending the Bill of Rights•14th Amendment
▫“no state shall deprive/deny…” Due process clause Equal protection of the law
•Supreme Court•Incorporation
▫Selectively to most of Bill of Rights•New rights – privacy, marriage, etc.
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Not Incorporated•2 – right to bear arms•3 – quartering of troops•5 – right to be indicted by a grand jury•7 – right to a jury trial in civil cases•8 – ban on excessive bail and fine
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Speech and Security
•Blackstone (English Jurist)▫Free press necessary to a free society▫No prior restraint – censorship▫Accept consequences of print
•Sedition Act (US, 1798)▫Decision of juries not judges▫Acquitted if proved true reporting▫Jefferson pardoned federal prosecutions
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Restriction of Speech•Preferred position – expression is highest
right•Prior restraint – government censorship•Clear and present danger – only treason,
insurrection, or forcible resistance; safety, war
•Imminent danger – only restricts if it calls for illegal action or listeners take direct action
•Neutrality – may not favor one group•Clarity – laws and standards of a permit•Least-restrictive means - alternatives
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Speech and Liberty•Not fully protected
▫Libel/slander – falsely injures another person Must prove malice
▫Obscenity – no redeeming social value No comprehensive definition Balance freedom v. decency Local, regulatory (zoning ordinances) Internet unregulated
▫Symbolic speech – illegal acts for political message Statutes cannot make actions illegal
▫False advertising – truth, regulatory
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Who is a Person?•Corporations and interest groups have
First Amendment Rights▫Restriction can be placed on commercial
advertising Narrowly tailored Must serve a public interest
▫McCain-Feingold changed campaign financing Limited electioneering and referring to
candidates•Students have limited First Amendment
Rights▫Control activities fro pedagogical reasons