FM 41-10

Chapter 10

Civil-Military Operations

U.S. law, including the laws of a state, territory, possession, or otherpolitical subdivision of the United States, governs the legal aspects ofCMO. Provisions of a foreign state’s law may impact on CMO. In somecases, a bilateral or multilateral agreement, including an agreementconcluded without the formalities required of treaties, governs CMO. Arule or law established by custom or by a rule of international law mayalso govern CMO.

CMO OBJECTIVESCA personnel and units support CMO during theplanning and conduct of operations. CMO normallysupport military forces but may be directed by theDOD because of emergency situations or uniquecapabilities of the military. In all situations, a positive,progressive CMO plan is the best action to achievemilitary objectives. CMO are conducted to-

Enhance military effectiveness.Support national objectives.Reduce the negative aspects of militaryoperations on civilians.

During military operations, the commander mustobserve all international obligations IAW U.S. policyand the law of war (see FM 27-10). CMO help thecommander fulfill his responsibilities to the civilgovernment and economy of the area. CMO alsohelp the commander’s military operations throughsupport or control of local agencies in implementingmeasures to—

Create, restore, and maintain public order.

Safeguard, mobilize, and use local resources(such as labor, supplies, and facilities) for tacticalor logistical purposes.

Control diseases that might endanger the militaryforce.

Minimize civilian interference with militaryoperations.

Ensure the equitable distribution of humanitariansupplies and services.

CMO play a key role in achieving national objectivesthrough military operations. The growing worldpopulation, coupled with arise in urbanization, hasincreased contact between U.S. forces and localcivilians (Figure 10-1). All military forces have thecapability and potential to conduct CMO in support ofthe mission. There are five types of mission activitiesthat make up CMO FNS, PRC, HA, MCA, and civil

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defense (Figure 10-2). Each operation has a specific support the commander’s mission accomplishment.purpose in support of the military mission or national The degree of military and civilian control is relativeobjectives. Some CMO may appear similar but have to the importance of the military objectives orlimitations that make them unique. These activities security needs.

FOREIGN NATION SUPPORTThe preferred means for closing the gap in CSSrequirements is to get appropriate goods and serviceslocally. This acquisition is accomplished through FNS.FNS refers to the identification, coordination, andacquisition of FN resources such as supplies, material,and labor to support U.S. forces and operations. Insome theaters, specific terms describe categories ofFNS. HNS refers to support provided by a friendlycountry for U.S. military operations conducted withinits borders based on mutually concluded agreements.HNS includes the planning, negotiations for, andacquisition of such support. In the Pacific theater, thissupport is known as FANS. In NATO, this support isknown as CIMIC. FNS may also include support fromcountries that have no mutual agreements.

CA Role in FNS AcquisitionIn sustained warfare, CSS capabilities seldom meetsupply and service requirements. Through itsintermediary role, CA personnel identify and helpacquire foreign nation goods and services to support U.S.forces and operations OCONUS. FNS helps thecommander fulfill his wartime mission. It also adds to thelocal populace’s trade and employment opportunities.Some FNS methods may not be universally applicable.FNS will also differ based on the politico-militarysituation. Factors that influence this situationinclude the—

Type and intensity of conflict.Existence of agreements to provide support.

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FN’s capability and willingness to providesupport and its degree of control over thecivilian populace.

When CA personnel and CSS elements deploy early,support procured from foreign nations will shorten thelogistics tail. Acquisition of FNS requires—

Logistics planners to identify projected shortfalls.CA planners to determine available goods andservices within the theater.Negotiations for such support.

Depending on the level of support available, CAresponsibilities include identifying resources, assistingother staff agencies (for example, S4, property bookofficer) with their ad hoc requests, and activatingpreplanned requests for WHNS.In many countries, CA elements contact businesses andgovernment agencies directly to establish workingrelationships for obtaining support. In countries withterritorial forces structured to support allied troops ontheir sovereign territory, CA elements will workthrough the territorial forces. Goods and services areprocured through—

Civilian or military channels in a country thatrequests U.S. troops (a HN).Civilian sources in an occupied area (with propercompensation).Capture of enemy government-owned material.A third country that can provide such supportmore readily than through LOC back to CONUS.

FNS ConceptsIn the execution of FNS procurement arrangements, adistinction is made between support procured bypredeployment agreements and support obtained on anad hoc arrangement. Most FNS is obtained byagreement, but HNS is usually obtained before forcesarrive in theater.

Host Nation SupportA HN is a nation in which representatives ororganizations of another state are present because ofgovernment invitation or international agreement. Theterm particularly refers to a nation receiving assistancerelevant to its national security. The United States

views a HN as a friendly nation that has invited U.S.forces to its territory. HNS includes all civil andmilitary support a nation provides to allied forceslocated on its sovereign territory, whether during peaceor war. HNS is based on agreements that commit theHN to provide specific support according to prescribedconditions. HNS maybe provided at various levels,including from nation to nation, between componentcommanders, and between major commands, as well asat lower command levels.Support arrangements during peace are viable sourcesof HNS when authorized by formal agreement.Although preferred, a formal agreement is notnecessary for obtaining HNS. The United Statesnegotiates bilateral agreements with HNs to procurethese services to support stationing and combinedexercises during peace and to prepare for CSS in timeof conflict. The HN provides the types and volume ofsupport IAW these bilateral agreements and the laws ofthe HN, based on its capability to provide such support.The United States and HN agree on reimbursement forsupport during the negotiation process.Civil-Military CooperationCIMIC includes all actions and measures takenbetween NATO and national commands and/orheadquarters and HN civil authorities during peace,conflict, or war. It also includes the relationshipbetween allied forces and the government authorities ofthe respective nations on whose territory armed forcesare stationed and will be employed.CIMIC stems from the need to uphold and respect thesovereignty of the NATO nations and from constraintsin the forward basing of U.S. and other sending stateunits. CIMIC missions vary according to the locationof forces in the COMMZ, RCZ, and FCZ.In NATO, logistics remain a national responsibility.During war, the acquisition of HNS under CIMICconsists of two types of support-preplanned and adhoc. Preplanned HNS is negotiated during peace andculminates in a formal, signed document. It outlines thesupport agreed to by the HN as “reasonably assured”during war. Ad hoc requests are anything outside thesigned agreement. Normally these requests arepresented to the HN during war, but the support cannotbe “reasonably assured.”

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Friendly and Allied Nation SupportPACOM CA assets developed a data base system forFANS. The system assesses all types of supportpotentially available for acquisition by U.S. forcesdeployed anywhere in PACOM. The system istransportable and user-friendly. FANS can meet jointservice requirements as easily as U.S. Armyrequirements, The successful FANS program integratesall supply and materiel codes used within the supplysystem. If the user has a valid supply number, he canaccess the information requested. FANS requiresongoing resource surveys for each country withinPACOM. Because infrastructure assessments are partof CA area studies, CA elements can providethis service.

Central Command FNSCENTCOM stores HNS resources data, similar toPACOM’s FANS, in a central commercial data basesystem. To match needs with available resources, thesystem assesses all types of CENTCOM resourcespotentially available and the TA’s critical requirements.It includes every aspect of CSS including foreignpersonnel, housing, food, water, transportation, andport facilities.

Southern Command FNSCA teams support SOUTHCOM by reinforcing thejoint U.S. SAOs in Latin America, These CA teamshelp further U.S. objectives that are consistent withbilateral agreements with each individual HN.Their FNS role is to—

Secure air, water, and land transit authorizationfor U.S. and other forces.

Secure supplies to support U.S. and other forces.

Secure temporary basing authorization for U.S.and other forces.

Planning RequirementsThe warfighting commander’s priority is combatforces. Sustaining combat operations on foreign soilmost likely will require additional resources. To reducethe tail of the logistics system and to better meet the

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need for U.S. personnel and materiel, senior Armycommanders must—

Determine specific CS, CSS, and rear operationsneeds that can be met through the use of foreignresources.Assess and identify available assets for useduring operations.Integrate this support into the overall C2

systems.Designate POCs at each required command levelto coordinate the acquisition of resources duringpeace, during mobilization stages (transition towar), and during war.

For all levels of conflict, the commander’s logisticsstaff determines whether there is a shortfall in CSScapabilities. The CA staff analyzes the localenvironment and recommends suitable FNS functionsand tasks for local sources. In a developed theater, CAelements may follow regional guidance and establishedHNS agreements to devise a set of preplanned HNSrequests. In such high-troop density environments, CAoperators routinely coordinate with proper HNagencies for the acquisition and delivery of HNS. HNSarrangements may range from an absence of anyagreement to preplanned requests for specific servicesand supply quantities. The less developed theagreement, the more the CA element must assess andidentify the resources.

For contingency operations, the commander has limitedprior information to determine suitable and desirableFNS. Since there is rarely a total lack of usable localresources, imaginative use of available FNS assetsincreases the commander’s logistical support withoutunduly depriving the local populace. Airlift constraintsand the local infrastructure influence the degree ofreliance that can be placed on local support. Similarly,if the projection of U.S. force proceeds in stages suchas “base case,“ "deterrence case,” and initialemployment for warfighting, the demands on CAacquisition of FNS will also differ. The role of the G5,S5, or civil-military officer is to identify andcoordinate acquisition of support from foreignresources. CA personnel in a friendly country aid theFNS process by providing liaison with local authorities

or military forces. In a developed theater, CA elementsprovide the single point of contact between U.S. forcesand the foreign source of gods and services or agovernment representative responsible for suchsupport. In less developed theaters, CA elementsidentify FN resources. They act as an intermediary tointroduce logistics personnel to providers of goods andservices. For areas in which there is no CA presence,CA area studies include an assessment of theavailability of personnel and resources to support U.S.operations. Without a bilateral agreement by which aFN provides support to U.S. forces, the area assessmentbecomes the primary source of information onavailable foreign support.The CA staff must analyze the overall situation todetermine what FNS is appropriate. Before using FNSresources for specific missions, CA staff must evaluateor consider the following factors:

Capability, dependability, and willingness ofthe nation to provide and sustain identifiedresource needs.Shortfalls in U.S. force structure as well asareas where the need for CSS units can bereduced by using FNS.Effect of FNS on the morale of U.S. soldiersand on the psychological condition of thelocal populace.OPSEC and reliability.Capability of U.S. forces to accept and manageFNS resources.Inherent risk that during war FNS may not beavailable in the type and quantity needed.

The use of FNS in contingencies require broadplanning. Various situations may arise and severalcountries may become involved either as coalitionpartners or as sources of support. Some nations willconsider support agreements not in their best interestsor will be incapable of administering them. In suchinstances, peacetime planning for local resources maystill be required to accomplish missions assigned toU.S. forces. The risk that FNS will not be available is abig factor in planning for such support.Contingency planners will identify those areas in whichconflicts are likely to occur, When the planners have

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identified those areas and nations, they request CA areastudies. DOS, DOD, USAID, and other agencies canprovide studies to analyze a country’s capability toprovide FNS.Contingency plans for countries that have neither FNSplans nor agreements should provide for CA personnelto be among the first to arrive. They must rapidlyidentify locally available support and then helpcoordinate and integrate FNS into the logistics plan.Once FNS agreements have been concluded, CApersonnel continue to serve as the link between thelocal activity and the supported units.

Sources of FNSOnce resource shortfalls and requirements have beenidentified, CMO staff officers then search out sourcesto fill those requirements. HN sources includegovernment agencies and private citizens in thetheater of operations. These sources include thosediscussed below.

Government Agency SupportLocal government agencies build, operate, andmaintain facilities and systems that can support U.S.requirements. Examples of such systems includeutilities and telephone networks. Police, firecompanies, and border patrols may also be available tosupport U.S. forces.

Civilian ContractorsLocal national, third country, or U.S. contractorsemploying indigenous or third country personnel mayprovide supplies and services such as laundry, bath,transportation, labor, and construction.

Local CiviliansU.S. manpower needs range from laborers, stevedores,truck drivers, and supply handlers to more highlyskilled equipment operators, mechanics, computeroperators, and managers. The foreign national laborpool may provide personnel with those skills.

Type B U.S. UnitsThese units may be assigned to help perform FNS-typefunctions. They are configured to conserve U.S.manpower by substituting non-U.S. personnel inspecified positions of selected units. The KATUSA

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program is part of an FNS agreement in Korea and anexample of a type B U.S. unit.

Indigenous Military UnitsLocal military or paramilitary units can support U.S.needs in war in functions such as traffic control,convoy escort, installation security, or cargo and trooptransport and logistics area operations.

Local FacilitiesU.S. forces may use local buildings or facilities forsuch things as hospitals, headquarters, billets,maintenance shops, or supply, These facilities maybenationalized, come under local government control, orbe provided by contractual agreement.

Area SupportA nation performs particular functions in a designatedarea or for a particular organization within itsboundaries. Some examples are rail operations; convoyscheduling; air traffic control; smoke, decontamination,and NBC reconnaissance; and harbor pilot services.These services normally operate under governmentcontrol by authority of national power acts.

Employment and Supervision of FNSThe senior U.S. Army headquarters normallysupervises the employment of FNS through itssubordinate C2 headquarter. The degree of C2 U.S.forces exercise over FNS depends on the type of FNS,the location, the tactical situation, the politicalenvironment, and the provisions of technicalagreements. Some local military personnel rather thancivilians may perform FNS functions because of theproximity of combat operations.

Functions Not Appropriate for FNSSome activities cannot be accomplished through FNS.For security reasons and the need for U.S. nationalcontrol, only U.S. assets will perform the followingservices and functions:

C2 of medical supply, service, maintenance,replacements, and communications.Triage of casualties for evacuation.Veterinary subsistence inspection.Law and order operations (U.S. forces).Control and maintenance of U.S. nuclear andchemical ammunition.U.S. military prisoner confinement operations.Accountability for and security of EPWs retainedin U.S. custody.Medical supply accountability.Identification and burial of U.S. dead.Repair of U.S. nuclear weapons delivery sites.Patient administration.

TrainingU.S. personnel, in particular CA personnel, must betrained in FNS procedures. Foreign language expertisefor personnel performing FNS maybe require* if not,it is definitely encouraged. U.S. personnel must also befamiliar with SOFAS and other agreements as well ascommand directives regarding behavior andrelationships in the HN. They must be aware that theiractions can enhance and promote FNS. They must alsobe cautioned against those actions that detract from apositive relationship.

POPULACE AND RESOURCES CONTROL

Civilian and military authorities exercise PRC. PRCoperations provide security for the populace, denypersonnel and material to the enemy, mobilize thepopulation and material resources, and detect and reducethe effectiveness of enemy agents. Populace controlsinclude curfews, movement restrictions, travel permits,registration cards, and resettlement of villagers.Resources control measures include licensing,

regulations or guidelines, checkpoints (for example,road blocks), ration controls, amnesty programs, andinspection of facilities. Most military operations willemploy some type of PRC measures. Although PRCmeasures may be employed by the services and othergovernment agencies, CA personnel are also trained tosupport these agencies in PRC. Two subdivisions ofPRC operations are DC operations and NEO.

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Relieve, as far as is practicable, human suffering.

Centralize the masses of DCs.Although the G5 or S5 is the primary planner of DCoperations, all military planners must consider DCoperations in their planning. The following areprinciples of DC operations:

The G5 or S5 must assess the needs of the DCs toensure they receive adequate and proper help. Hemust also consider their cultural background andthat of the country in which they are located.

All commands and national and internationalagencies involved in DC operations must haveclearly defined responsibilities within a singleoverall program.

The planning and actual task accomplishment forDCs differ with each level of command.

Coordination should be made with DOS, theUNHCR, and HN civil and military authorities todetermine the appropriate levels and types of aidrequired and available.

Outside contributions to meet basic needs arereduced as the DCs become more self-sufficient.DCs must be encouraged to speed this process.

The G5 or S5 must constantly review theeffectiveness of the humanitarian response andadjust relief activities as necessary, CA personnelmust make maximum use of the many U. S., HN,third nation, and international assistanceorganizations (IRC, UNICEF, CARE, and otherorganizations). Their use not only capitalizes ontheir experience, it also reduces requirementsplaced on U.S. military forces in meeting thecommander’s legal obligations.

Under international law, DCs have the right tofreedom of movement, but in the case of massinflux, security considerations and the rights ofthe local population may require restrictions.

DC Operations PlanningDepending on the command level, the scope of planningand actual task implementation will differ, Except asspecifically noted, planning considerations discussed inthis chapter are applicable to any tactical scenario,

including logistic operations for units located in theCOMMZ.The theater commander provides directives coveringpolicies and procedures for the care, control, anddisposition of DCs. This guidance will be based onnational policy directives and other political efforts.At the corps level, the commander integrates thetheater commander’s guidance with the corps’ groundtactical plan. The driving force for DC planning mustbe generated at corps level. At division, COSCOM, andother subordinate command levels, the DC plan must—

Allow for accomplishing the tasks assigned bythe higher command echelon.Be within the restrictions imposed by the higherheadquarters.Guide the subordinate commands in the handlingand routing of DCs.Ensure that all concerned parties, including thefire support coordination center and S3 and G3air, receive information on DC plans, routes, andareas of concentration.

DC plans support the OPLAN. As a minimum, DCplans must address—

Authorized extent of migration and evacuation.Minimum standards of care.Status and disposition of all DCs.Designation of routes and control measures formovement control.Cultural and dietary considerations.Designation and delegation of responsibilities.

Handling ConsiderationsCare and control of DCs fulfill a double purpose. Carefor humanitarian concerns is important to ensure theDCs receive at least the minimum essentials to subsist(for example, food, water, clothing, emergency medicalaid). Movement control enables maximum mobility oftactical forces and minimizes civilian interference withmilitary operations. CA personnel must establishmovement control early, CA and other military unitscan use the techniques described below.Standfast or Stayput PolicyCivilians must remain in the vicinity of their homes,and their movement is controlled. This policy assumes

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a capability for enforcement, informationdissemination, and emergency services. The standfastor stayput policy is not within the authoritativecapability of U.S. forces. A HN may have one that wewould support, but we do not have the authority or theright to enforce it.

Civilian Collection PointThe purpose of the CCP is to establish control anddirection over the movement of the civilian populace. Itis the primary control measure used to gain initialcontrol over DCs. A CCP is temporary for smallnumbers of DCs until they can return to their homes or,if the tactical situation requires, move to a safer area.

The CCP is established as far forward as possibleduring the flow of battle. Since it is temporary,screening will be quick. It may include screening forintelligence information and emergency assistance.Screening to segregate EPWs or allied soldiers fromDCs must take place. Local civilians or civilianagencies (police, firemen) under the supervision oftactical or support troops or CA personnel couldoperate the CCP. MP become involved in DCoperations when maneuver force mobility is threatenedby refugee congestion along MSRs. They will be thefirst U.S. elements to address DC problems and willinitiate actions aimed at restoring force mobility(Figure 10-3).

Assembly AreasAn assembly area is a temporary holding area forcivilians prior to their return to their homes ormovement to a more secure area. Assembly areas areusually located in a secure, stable environment andmay include buildings such as schools, churches,hotels, and warehouses. A consideration in selecting aspecific area should include the ability to provideovernight accommodations for several days. Here,more detailed screening or segregation of the different

categories of DCs takes place. Local civilians mayoperate an assembly area under the supervision oftactical or support troops or CA personnel.

DC MovementIn handling masses of DCs, directing and controllingtheir movement are vital. The G5 and/or HNauthorities are responsible for mass DC operations. TheMP may help direct DCs to alternate routes. If possible,HN assets should be incorporated in the planning and

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used in implementation. At least five considerationswith respect to movement are discussed below.

Selection of routes. All DC movements take place ondesignated routes that are kept free of civiliancongestion. When selecting routes for civilianmovement, CA personnel must consider the types oftransportation common to the area. They coordinatethese routes with the traffic circulation plan proposedby the transportation officer and military police.Identification of routes. After designating themovement routes, CA personnel mark them inlanguages and symbols the civilians, U.S. forces, andallied forces can understand. U.S. PSYOP units, localagencies to include HN military, and other alliedmilitary units can help in marking the routes.Control and assembly points. After selecting andmarking the movement routes, CA and HN authoritiesestablish control and assembly points at selected keyintersections. The G5 or S5 coordinates with theprovost marshal, MCC, and G4 for the locations ofthese points for inclusion in the traffic circulation plan(see Figure 10-3, page 10-9).Emergency rest areas. CA personnel setupemergency rest areas at congested points to provide forthe immediate needs of the DCs. These needs includewater, food, fuel, maintenance, and medical services.Local and national agencies. Use of local andnational agencies is essential for three reasons. First, itconserves military resources. Second, civilianauthorities normally have legal status and are bestequipped to handle their own people. Third, the useof local personnel reduces the need for interpretersand/or translators.

Evacuation PlanningEvacuation creates serious problems and should onlybe considered as a last resort. U.S. doctrine states thatonly a division or higher commander can order anevacuation. When the decision is made to evacuate acommunity, CA planners must make detailed plans toprevent uncontrolled groups from disrupting themovement of military units and supplies. Massevacuation planning includes-

Transportation. CA planners plan for themaximum use of civilian transportation.

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Security. CA personnel help the G2 in securityscreening and documentation of evacuees. Sincethe civilians are being removed from the areawhere they can best take care of themselves, themilitary provides security for them afterevacuation. The military also provides for thesecurity of all civilian property left behind,including farm animals, pets, and otherpossessions.Documentation. In some circumstances, evacueesmay need identification documents showing, as aminimum, name and locality from which theywere evacuated. CA personnel manifest evacueesfor movement as a control technique.Briefing. Before movement, the movementcontrol officer briefs evacuees. The briefer usesleaflets, loudspeakers, posters, or other meansavailable. This briefing explains the details of themove, such as restrictions on personalbelongings, organization for movement, andmovement schedules.Rations. For a movement lasting no more thantwo days, supply personnel issue rations to eachevacuee at the time of departure or at designatedpoints en route.Health care. The public health team makesmaximum use of civilian medical personnel,equipment, and supplies to care for the health andphysical well-being of the evacuees. Militarymedical personnel, equipment, and supplies canbe used as supplements, if necessary. The publichealth team or surgeon’s staff takes proper stepsbefore the movement to prevent the spread ofinfectious diseases.Return. Evacuation plans also provide for theevacuees’ eventual return and criteria fordetermining the duration of their absence.

FacilitiesWhen large groups of civilians must be quartered for atemporary period (less than 6 months) or on asemipermanent basis (more than 6 months) CA unitsestablish camps. HN personnel usually direct theadministration and operation of a camp. CA unitsprovide technical advice, support, and assistance

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depending on the requirements. They may also furnishadditional detachments and functional teams orspecialists to resolve public health, public welfare, orpublic safety problems at any particular camp.Minimum considerations include—

Camp control, construction, administration,screening, medical care, and sanitation.security,supply.Transportation.Information dissemination.Liaison with other agencies.

Camp ControlControl of the people is the key to successful campoperations. To meet U.S. obligations underinternational law, CA personnel ensure the efficient andeffective administration of camps. Camp control alsoincludes efforts to reduce waste and avoid duplicationof effort. CA personnel must quickly and fairlyestablish and maintain discipline when administeringDC camps. They must publish and enforce rules ofconduct for the camp as necessary, Campadministrators will serve as the single POC and/orcoordinate all camp matters within the camp and withoutside organizations or agencies. Camp rules shouldbe brief and kept to a minimum (Figure 10-4).

DC Camp Location and ConstructionThe most manageable number of persons in a camp is5,000. This number of people helps to enforce controlmeasures. It also lets CA personnel efficientlyadminister the camp and its population. The location ofthe camp is extremely important. Engineer support andmilitary construction materials are required when campsare located in areas where local facilities such as hotels,

schools, halls, theaters, vacant warehouses, unusedfactories, or workers’ camps are not available. CApersonnel must avoid those sites in the vicinity of vitalcommunication centers, large military installations, orother potential military targets. The location of the campalso depends on the availability of food, water, power,and waste disposal. Additional considerations includethe susceptibility of the area to natural or man-made

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disasters (for example, flooding, pollution, fire), and theuse of camp personnel as a source of local labor support.The camp’s physical layout is important. The mainprinciple is to subdivide it into sections or separatecompounds to ease both administration and camptension. Each section can be used as an administrativesubunit through which camp business will be transacted.The major sections normally include camp headquarters,hospital, mess, and sleeping ares. The sleeping areasmust be further subdivided into separate areas forunaccompanied children, unattached females, families,and unattached males. CA personnel must also considercultural and religious practices and make every effort tokeep families together. Figure 10-5, page 10-13 shows asample generic camp schematic.CA personnel must also consider the type ofconstruction. The specific type of construction neededto satisfy the needs of the particular DC operationvaries according to the—

Local climate.Anticipated permanency of the camp.Number of camps to be constructed.Availability of local materials.Extent of available military resources andassistance.

Whenever possible, DCs themselves or local agenciesor government employees should construct the camp.Local sources will provide materials whenever possibleIAW legal limitations. The supporting command’slogistic and transportation assets will be used toacquire and transport required resources to build ormodify existing facilities for DC operations. Thesupporting command will also furnish medical, dining,and other supporting assets to establish DC camps.

Administration of DC CampsBecause of the large numbers of DCs for whom controland care must be provided, using HN civilians as cadre forthe camp administration is preferred. DCs should bcinvolved in the administration of the camp. Past militaryexperience in DC operations shows that about six percentof the total number of DCs should reemployed on afull-time basis. If possible, CA personnel organize andtrain the cadre before the camp opens. Whenever

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possible, civilians should be obtained from public andprivate welfare organizations and employed undermilitary supervision. Another point of emphasis concernsthe problems that might stem from the state of mind of theDCs. The difficulties they have experienced may affecttheir acceptance of authority. They may have littleinitiative or be uncooperative because of an uncertainfuture. They may be angered because of their losses orresort to looting and general lawlessness because of theirdestitution. The camp administrator can minimizedifficulties through careful administration and by—

Maintaining different national and culturalgroups in separate camps or sections of a camp.Keeping families together while separatingunaccompanied males, females, and childrenunder the age of 18 (or abiding by the laws of theHN as to when a child becomes an adult).Furnishing necessary information regarding thestatus and future of DCs.Making it possible for DCs to speak freely tocamp officials.Involving the DCs in camp administration, work,and recreation.Quickly establishing contact with agencies suchas UNHCR and the IRC for aid and familyreunification.

ScreeningScreening is necessary to prevent infiltration of campsby insurgents, enemy agents, or escaping members ofthe hostile armed forces. Although intelligence or othertype units may screen DCs at first, friendly and reliablelocal civilians under the supervision of CA personnelcan perform this function. They must carefully applyadministrative controls to prevent infiltration andpreclude alienation of people who are sympathetic toU.S. objectives. The insertion or the development ofreliable informants is important in all but the mosttemporary camps. Intelligence collection by CApersonnel would be under the staff supervision of theG2. The screening process also identifies skilledtechnicians and professional specialists to help in campadministration. Doctors, dentists, nurses, lawyers,schoolteachers, policemen, mechanics, carpenters, andcooks are but a few of the essential people needed.

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Medical Care and SanitationThe need for medical care and sanitation intensifies incamp environments because of the temporary natureof the facilities and the lack of sanitation by thepeople. Enforcement and education measures mustensure the camp population complies with basicsanitation measures.

SupplyThe camp supply officer or CA civilian supplyspecialist must coordinate in advance for food, water,clothing, fuel, portable shelter, and medical supplies.CA supply personnel must ensure that all food andwater is inspected by U.S. medical personnel. Theprinciple is to make maximum use of civilian andcaptured stocks. Where the United States is providingaid to the country, USAID, SAOs, or missions can behelpful. International organizations such as UNHCRand voluntary relief groups may also be useful. Supportfrom U.S. military stocks should only be considered asa last resort and should not be relied upon.

SecurityThe camp security officer, supervised by the publicsafety team, provides camp security and enforces law,order, and discipline. Sources for security officersinclude local police forces, HN paramilitary or militaryforces, or U.S. military forces. Another potential sourcemay be from the camp population itself. Policepersonnel within the population could be used tosupplement any of the preceding groups or to constitutea special camp police force if necessary. It is necessaryto maintain both internal and external patrols; however,security for a DC facility should not give theimpression that it is a prison.

TransportationThe efficient administration of a DC camp requiresadequate transportation assets. The camp movementofficer or CA transportation specialist determines thetype and number of vehicles required and makesprovisions to have them on hand. He uses civilian orcaptured enemy vehicles whenever possible.

Information DisseminationIn the administration of any type of camp, disseminationof instructions and information to the camp populationis vital. Communications can be in the form of notices

on bulletin boards, posters, public address systems,loudspeakers, camp meetings and assemblies, or a campradio station. CA civil information teams and areaPSYOP units maybe able to help.LiaisonLiaison involves coordination with all interestedagencies. USG and military authorities, allied liaisonofficers, and representatives of local governments andinternational agencies such as the UN and IRC will beinvolved in relief and assistance operations.DispositionThe final step in DC operations is the ultimatedisposition of the DCs, although it must be consideredearly in the planning phase. The most desireddisposition is to return them to their homes.Allowing DCs to return to their homes as quickly as

tactical considerations permit lessens the burden on themilitary and the civilian economy for their support. Italso lessens the danger of diseases common amongpeople in confined areas. When DCs return to theirhomes, they can help restore their towns and bettercontribute to their own support.If DCs cannot return to their homes, they mayberesettled in their country or in a country that will acceptthem. Guidance concerning the disposition of DCsmust come from higher authority and be coordinatedwith U.S. forces, national authorities, and internationalagencies (for example INS).

Noncombatant Evacuation OperationsThe USG’s policy is to protect U.S. citizens from therisk of death, injury, or capture when the hostgovernment is no longer able to provide adequateprotection. In addition, the United States will attemptto provide protection and evacuation to certaindesignated aliens. The United States will employmilitary assets in an evacuation only when civilianresources are inadequate. NEO remove threatenedcivilians from locations in a FN and/or HN to safeareas or to the United States. Such operations areconducted under the direction of the DOS. DOS mayrequest help in conducting evacuations to—

Protect U.S. citizens abroad.Reduce to a minimum the number of U.S.citizens at risk.

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Reduce to a minimum the number of U.S.citizens in combat areas so as not to impair thecombat effectiveness of military forces.

Evacuation, as referred to above, is the ordered orauthorized departure of noncombatants from a specificarea by the DOS, DOD, or the appropriate U.S.military commander. Although normally considered inconnection with combat, evacuation may also beconducted in anticipation of, or in response to, anynatural or man-made disaster.CA forces are well suited for planning and conductingNEO by the nature of their mission. Military support ofNEO involves contact with civilians, domestic andforeign—the key to most CA activities. CA activitiesin support of NEO include but are not limited to—

Advising the commander of the CA aspects andimplications of current and proposed NEO plans.Included are the writing of a CA annex to theU.S. Embassy NEO plan and respective theaterplans.

Supporting operation of evacuation sites, holdingareas for non-U.S. nationals denied evacuation,and reception and/or processing stations,Assisting in the identification of U.S. citizensand others to be evacuated.Screening and briefing evacuees.Performing liaison with the embassy, to includeacting as a communications link with U.S. forcesin the operational area.Recommending actions to the commander tominimize population interference with currentand proposed military operations.

Agency RolesSupport of NEO involves coordination withgovernment agencies. The roles of these agencies aresignificant to the overall evacuation effort. The roles ofseveral of these agencies are discussed below.

Department of StateDOS is the lead agency for planning and conductingNEO. The COM or other principal DOSofficer-in-charge will have the primary responsibilityfor conducting evacuation operations. Every U.S.

embassy is required to maintain a NEO plan. A copy ofthese plans is maintained by DOS in Washington, DC.The Washington Liaison Group will coordinateevacuation planning between DOS, DOD, and otheraffected agencies.Department of DefenseA request to commit U.S. forces to conduct NEOwould go from the ambassador or COM to thePresident. The senior DOS official in country wouldremain in charge of the evacuation.

Department of Health and Human ServicesUnder emergency conditions, DHHS is the lead federalagency for the reception and onward movement of allevacuees m the United States. Under less thanemergency conditions and if requested by DOS, DHHSwill provide support for non-DOD evacuees.

Noncombatant StatusDOD defines noncombatants as U.S. citizens who maybe ordered by competent authority to evacuate.Noncombatants include—

Military personnel of the U.S. Armed Forcesspecifically designated for evacuation asnoncombatants.Dependents of members of the U.S. ArmedForces.Civilian employees of all agencies of the USGand their dependents, except as noted in thesecond bullet of the next paragraph.

Also classified as noncombatants are U.S. (andnon-U. S.) citizens who may be authorized or assisted inevacuation (but not necessarily ordered to evacuate) bycompetent authority. This classification ofnoncombatant includes—

Private U.S. citizens and their dependents.Civilian employees of USG agencies and theirdependents who are residents in the countryconcerned on their own volition but express thewillingness to be evacuated.

Other classifications of noncombatants include militarypersonnel and dependents of members of the U.S.Armed Forces outlined above, short of an orderedevacuation and designated aliens, including dependentsof persons listed above, as prescribed by the DOS.

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EnvironmentsNEO may be ordered for implementation in any one ofthree environments. The categories of theseenvironments are described below.

PermissiveIn a permissive environment, NEO are with the fullhelp and cooperation of the affected nation. Evacuationof noncombatants is mutually beneficial to friends andallies. The political stability of nations grantingauthority to evacuate noncombatants is secure. Anexample of a permissive NEO was the evacuation ofSubic Bay and Clark Air Base in the Philippines afterthe eruption of Pinatubo volcano.

SemipermissiveIn a semipermissive environment, NEO are conductedwhere there is some overt or covert opposition to theevacuation. This opposition may come from the “host”

government, from opposition forces, outside forces, orfrom all three. Usually, show of force (military) will besufficient to maintain control of the situation.

NonpermissiveAn environment in which operations to prevent ordestroy the NEO are occuring or can be expected tooccur is nonpermissive. Forced entry by military forcesinto the AO maybe required, and as a minimum,combat operations to secure some evacuees can beanticipated. A good example of nonpermissiveevacuation happened at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon,RVN, in 1975.

Embassy Evacuation PlanThere are usually five distinct phases involved with aU.S. embassy evacuation plan. They are shown inFigure 10-6.

Priorities of EvacutionPersonnel who require immediate medical attentionalways have the first priority, Priorities by groups andwithin groups are shown in Figure 10-7, page 10-17.The cardinal rule of an evacuation operation is not tobreak up the family unit if at all possible. Exceptionsmay have to be granted to maintain family integrity.For example, if a pregnant woman (Category B) insistson remaining with her husband (Category E), it isadvisable to place the husband in the higher category.

Planning ConsiderationsNEO should be considered as a political last stepbecause they send a signal to the world that the UnitedStates has lost faith in the ability of the HN governmentto protect U.S. personnel. The U.S. military only plays asupporting role in the implementation of NEO, Militarycommanders have primary reponsibility for themilitary involvement of the operation. This involvementcould include support during all phases of NEO.Therefore, military planners must include elements of

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intelligence as to terrain, weather, hydrography, implementation if necessary. CA operations candesignation and number of evacuees, and other enhance the military efforts in support of NEO. NEOinformation on the infrastructure of the area, to include resembles DC operations, and the same planningdissidents. CA planners should play a major role in the principles apply. The major difference is that in NEO theplanning process, stating with the preparation or review DCs are U.S. citizens to be accounted for, protected, andof existing evacuation plans and continuing through to evacuated to CONUS or other designated safe areas.

HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCEHA encompasses short-range programs aimed at must complement without duplicating other forms ofending or alleviating present suffering. HA is usually assistance provided by the USG.conducted in response to natural or man-madedisasters, including combat. See Chapter 8 for CA The Office of the Secretary of Defense, Office ofplanning and preparation for disaster relief. HA is Humanitarian Assistance, executes a number ofdesigned to supplement or complement the efforts of humanitarian and relief programs. Some forms of HAthe HN civil authorities or agencies that have primary may not extend to individuals or groups engaged inresponsibility for providing HA. This type of assistance military or paramilitary activities. HA is directed from

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the strategic level, coordinated and managed at theoperational level, and conducted at a tactical level. HAprograms may be in support of MCA projects. HA iscarried out through several programs such as disasterrelief, NEO, H/CA, nation assistance, and DCoperations. The CA community, having multiplemasters, can assume the lead in initiating andcoordinating these programs or assuming the role offacilitator. The U.S. military and the CA communitycan play an important role toward enhancing U.S.national security while improving internationalrelations through DOD programs such as thosedescribed in the following paragraphs.

Title 10 Humanitarian andCivic AssistanceTitle 10, USC, is the permanent authority for H/CA. Inthe past, the GAO reported to Congress that someH/CA conducted by the military was outside theauthority of the law. As a result, the StevensAmendment was enacted in 1985 and clarified conductof H/CA as incidental to JCS-directed militaryexercises. Congress lifted some of the restrictionsimposed by the Stevens Amendment in 1986. Title 10now authorizes H/CA in conjunction with U.S. militaryoperations whereas the Stevens Amendment is stillrestricted to JCS-directed exercises. The guidance andrestrictions for H/CA as they exist at this printing arefound in Chapter 20, Title 10, shown in Figure 10-8,page 10-19.The objectives of H/CA programs are to serve the basiceconomic and social needs of the people of the HN andat the same time promote the support of the HNcivilian leadership. To help achieve these objectives,CA planners must ensure that programs nominatedhave a benefit for a wide spectrum of the country inwhich the activity occurs and are self-sustaining orsupportable by HN civilian or military. H/CA projectscan help eliminate some of the causes of civilian unrestby providing needed health care; constructing orrepairing schools, clinics, or community buildings; orby building roads that permit farmers to get theirproducts to market.The Title 10 H/CA program is administered by theregional commanders directly, with coordination andapproval authority vested in the Office of Humanitarian

Assistance. H/CA project nominations can originate inseveral ways. They can be nominated by U.S. militaryengineers or medical and CA personnel or be locallygenerated by the HN via the country team.Nominations are forwarded to the theater Title 10H/CA representative for review and managementcontrol. Project nominations are consolidated at thetheater level and forwarded to the SECDEF forapproval. Stevens Amendment and Title 10 H/CA bothrequire formal nomination and approval prior toimplementation. (For sample H/CA projectnominations, see Figure 10-8, page 10-19.)The project nominated must be reviewed by the HNand USAID. Both must certify that the projectcomplements and does not duplicate other forms ofsocial or economic assistance.

Stevens AmendmentThe Stevens Amendment provides specific authority touse O&M funds to conduct H/CA only duringJCS-directed or coordinated exercises overseas.Fuerzas Unidas Panama 90 was a prime example of anapproved JCS exercise that received funding throughenactment of the Stevens Amendment.

De Minimus ActivitiesDe minimus or the “lowest level” funding providesauthority to use unit operational monies to supportlocal civic need when operating in the field. There is nospecific dollar ceiling on the definition of De minimus.For example, a unit doctor could examine villagers fora few hours or administer several shots and somemedicines; however, operations would not includedispatch of a medical team for mass inoculations.

Denton AmendmentThe Denton Amendment is the only legal means forU.S. military aircraft to transport private cargo at nocost. This program is under Title 10, USC, Section 402(Figure 10-8). It authorizes DOD to providetransportation throughout the world, as space isavailable, of goods and supplies donated by anongovernment source intended for HA. Specificallyexcluded are supplies furnished to any group,individual, or organization engaged in military orparamilitary activities. The law has been interpreted toapply only to U.S. donors. Most requests for this type

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of assistance come during times of crisis and during theChristmas holiday season. This amendment isadministered by the USAID Office of PrivateVoluntary Cooperation.

Excess Property ProgramCongress gave the SECDEF authority to donatenonlethal DOD excess property to foreign governmentsfor humanitarian purposes. This program is basicallysupply driven what comes into the supply system limitswhat is donated. All property is initially consigned to theDOS on arrival. Items such as clothing, tents, medicalequipment and supplies, heavy equipment, trucks, andfood are available through this program.

The McCollum AmendmentThe McCollum Amendment authorizes thetransportation and distribution of humanitarian relieffor displaced persons or refugees. Section 2547 ofTitle 10, USC, and the DOD Appropriation Act giveDOD the authority and funding to donate and transporthumanitarian relief supplies on a worldwide basis. TheOffice of Humanitarian Assistance, while oftenformulating its own programs, responds to, and mustcoordinate with, the DOS to gain its formal tasking forall shipments. Initial inquiries concerning theapplicability of transportation funds should be made to

the Office of Humanitarian Assistance. These inquiriesinclude information concerning the-

Requirements identified by the COM.

Damage and disruption suffered by the economyand institutions of the area.General welfare of the people.

CA assets available.The level of support rendered is tailored to meet theneeds of the existing situation. In no case will itexceed—

The foreign nation’s request for help.Applicable international treaties and agreements.Limitations imposed by the law of land warfare.

Commander’s Legal ObligationsRegardless of the circumstances under which U.S.forces are employed, international law obligates thecommander concerning civilians, governments, andeconomics. Requirements are usually specified inagreements or the law of land warfare. Treatyobligations are set forth in the Hague Conventions of1907, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, and otherdocuments. FM 27-10, DA Pam 27-1, and other servicepublications explain the commander’s legal obligations.

MILITARY CIVIC ACTION

MCA projects are designed and intended to winsupport of the local population for governmentobjectives and for the military. Properly planned andexecuted MCA projects result in popular supportMCA employs predominately indigenous militaryforces as labor and is planned as short-term projects.MCAs are essentially U.S. military-to-HN-militaryprojects where U.S. personnel are limited to a trainingand advisory role. The projects should be useful to thelocal populace at all levels in fields such as education,training, public works, health, and others contributingto economic and social development. Improving thestanding of the military with the civilian populace is apositive by-product of MCA. MCA providescommanders greater flexibility than Title 10 H/CA.

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The scope of MCA projects can be expanded toinclude military and paramilitary forces as benefactorsof U.S. support in foreign countries. U.S. forces maysupport MCA projects in either of two generalcategories-mitigating or developmental.

Mitigating MCA ProjectsMitigating MCA projects emphasize the short-termbenefits to the populace. This type of MCA isassociated with emergency aid or assistance followingnatural disaster or combat. These projects usuallyinvolve medical care, food distribution, and basicconstruction. A single unit can support these projectswith its own organic resources.

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Developmental MCA ProjectsDevelopmental MCA projects require continuoussupport from government sources to be effective.Because of their long-term nature, developmentalMCA projects involve interagency cooperation andusually exceed the organic capabilities of a single unit,A tactical unit will conduct tasks or unit missionsunder a general HA program. Developmental MCAprojects result from a request for assistance from aforeign country. This type MCA focuses on theinfrastructure of a developing nation and is long-term.

Developmental MCA projects maybe supported byTitle 10 H/CA funds if the intent of Chapter 20, USC,is not violated. Operational and tactical commandershave the flexibility to use military resources providedto support their mission and training when the MCAproject has a direct effect on the military mission.MCA must address the need of the local people whilegaining their support. The criteria and courses of actionmust be evaluated for each project. Figure 10-9,pages 10-22 and 10-23, provides a matrix for analysisof COAs based on the selected criteria.

CIVIL DEFENSECivil defense is primarily the responsibility ofgovernment agencies. Civil-military problems arereduced when the government can control and care forits people. The effectiveness of civil defense plans andorganization has a direct impact on other CMO.Support of civil defense maybe conducted as MCA,HA in civil defense planning aids military supportduring disaster relief.

Civil Defense in the United StatesIn the United States, civil defense is a governmentresponsibility at all levels. The federal governmentprovides planning advice and coordinates research,equipment, and financial aid. State and localgovernments determine the allocation of theseresources, In the event of an emergency, U.S. forcesmust be prepared to help civil authorities repairessential facilities and, if necessary, to take suchactions as directed to ensure national survival.Conditions for the employment of AC and RC militaryforces are governed by federal statutes and military

regulations. See FM 20-10 for a detailed discussion.DOD components develop appropriate contingencyplans for major disaster assistance operations andensure they are coordinated with appropriate federal,state, and local civil authorities and other DODcomponents. When a disaster is so serious that waitingfor instructions from higher authority causesunwarranted delays, a military commander takes actionas maybe required and justified to save human life,prevent human suffering, or mitigate major propertydamage or destruction. The commander must promptlyreport the action taken to higher authority. He mustalso request appropriate guidance if continued supportis necessary or beyond his capability to sustain.Federal forces used in disaster relief will be undercommand of, and directly responsible to, their militarysuperiors. Use of military resources and other militaryparticipation in disaster relief operations will be on aminimum essential basis and end at the earliestpracticable time,

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Commanders ensure that personnel participating in U.S. authorized by the Constitution or by an act of Congress.domestic assistance programs are not in violation of the The act does NOT apply to state NG troops unless theyprovisions of the Posse Comitatus Act. This act have been federalized.prohibits the use of federal military personnel in Measures to ensure continuity of operations, troopenforcing federal, state, or local laws unless expressly survival, and the rehabilitation of essential military

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bases will take precedence over military support ofcivil defense. Requests for support placed upon themilitary will normally be accepted only on a “missiontype” basis. The decision rests with the militarycommander as to the necessity, amount, duration, andmethod of employment of support rendered. USARunits or individual reservists may perform disasterrelief operations under any of the following conditions:

When ordered to active duty as a result of apresidential declaration of national emergencyIAW Title 10, USC, Sections 672 and 673.

When ordered to active duty by the DA onrecommendation of the CONUS Armycommander and CGFORSCOM as annualtraining.

When approved by CINCFORSCOM andordered to active duty in a voluntary ADT status.

However, the following considerations will apply

Commitment of USAR volunteers must beconsistent with Army policy for militaryassistance.

Civil authorities have made a firm commitmentto repay all ADT costs.

State and local assets, including the NG, havebeen committed, or the assistance requested isclearly beyond state and local capabilities.

Authority to commit USAR volunteers may bedelegated no lower than CONUS Army.

Commitment of volunteers must be coordinatedwith the proper CE district or division to avoidduplication of effort.

USAR commanders may approve voluntary USARparticipation during imminently serious conditions in anondrill, nonpay status. USAR members taking part insuch support are performing official duty. However,unit commanders—

May not order members of the USAR toparticipate.

May approve voluntary USAR participation onlywhen time or conditions do not permit seekingguidance from higher headquarters.

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Should ensure that reasonably available state andlocal assets are fully committed or the helprequested is clearly beyond the ability of the stateand local assets.

Will provide support on a minimum essentialbasis. Support will end when adequate state andlocal assets become available.

Federal Emergency Management AgencyThe FEMA is the executive agency that serves as thesingle POC within the USG for emergencymanagement within the United States. It establishesand maintains a comprehensive and coordinatedemergency management capability in the United States.Its function is to plan and prepare for, respond andrecover from, and most important, mitigate the effectsof emergencies, disasters, and hazards ranging fromsafety and protection in the home to nuclear attack.Under Executive Order 12148 of July 20,1979, thePresident transferred all functions previously assignedto the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency within theDOD to the newly created FEMA. The FEMA is thecommand and control agency for all emergencyplanning and for the Office of Civil Defense. WithinFEMA, the two primary departments that provide civildefense plans and guidance are the Plans andPreparedness Department and the Disaster Responseand Recovery Department.

FEMA Plans and Preparedness DepartmentThe FEMA Plans and Preparedness Departmentdevelops and implements overall concepts and policyguidance and directs activities for nationwide plans andpreparedness for emergencies during peace and war. Itdevelops guidance for federal emergency plans andstate and local response capabilities, includingrequirements for communications, warning anddamage assessment systems, and tests and exercises. Italso develops-

Plans, systems, and capabilities for protection ofthe U.S. populace, government, and industry.

Plans, systems, and capabilities for resourcesmanagement and stabilization of the economy intime of emergency.

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Policy guidance for stockpiling strategicmateriel.

FEMA Disaster Responseand Recovery DepartmentThe FEMA Disaster Response and RecoveryDepartment provides direction and overall policycoordination for federal disaster assistance programsdelegated to the FEMA director. It advises the FEMAdirector on the mission, organization, and operation ofthe agency’s disaster assistance program and the totalfederal disaster response and recovery capability. Itadministers federal disaster assistance and providesoverall direction and management of federal responseand recovery activities. It also develops summaries ofexisting situations to support the director’srecommendation to the President on a state governor’srequest for a presidential declaration of a major disasteror an emergency.

FEMA Command and ControlThe FEMA is divided into ten regions and serves as thecommand and control agency for all emergencyplanning and for the Office of Civil Preparedness(Figure 10-10, page 10-27). Below the FEMA level,state and local civil defense agencies still remain intact.The FEMA advises, assists, and guides the states andtheir political subdivisions in developing theirrespective emergency preparedness programs. All ofthe planning guidance for civil defense operationsremains in force, as it did prior to 1979.

Federal agencies, including CA civil defense elements,work with the states and their political subdivisionsthrough channels established in state emergency plans.The state civil defense agency or emergency servicesand disaster agency and the local civil defenseorganizations serve their respective chief executives ascoordinators of emergency operations. Figure 10-11,page 10-28, depicts the FEMA regional boundaries andfield installations within the United States.The SECDEF has been tasked to coordinate and assistthe FEMA in providing emergency and disaster relief.In turn, the Secretary of the Army has been designatedexecutive agent for DOD in all matters pertaining tothe planning, deployment, and use of military resourcesin the event of a relief operation in the United States.

The Secretary of the Army coordinates the activities ofall the military services in this area, while thesecretaries of the other services provide such assistanceas maybe requested.The director of military support commands the U.S.Army Military Support Agency. This agency developsand disseminates policy, develops procedures, andemploys and monitors DOD resources provided to civilauthorities in connection with disaster relief operations.The CINCFORSCOM is responsible for conductingU.S. Army disaster relief in CONUS. Acting for theSecretary of the Army, CINCFORSCOM has thedelegated authority to task DOD components andMACOMs, consistent with defense priorities, fornecessary resources to conduct disaster reliefoperations within CONUS. These commands must alsobe prepared to conduct the same type operations inMexico and Canada when directed.

State OrganizationAll states have legislation authorizing a civil defenseprogram. Each state has a civil defense director whoadvises the governor and other state officials on civildefense matters. He also assists each politicalsubdivision of the state in establishing and maintaininga local organization. State AGs and their staffs prepareplans for military support of civil defense. In the eventof an emergency (natural or man-made), a state AG andhis military headquarters may be brought into activefederal service. In the event the NG is not federalized,the state AG will then be under the command of theCONUS Army commander in whose area he is located.He will exercise OPCOM of the military support forcesmade available in his state.

Emergency Warning andCommunications SystemsThe civil defense warning system is a combination offederal, state, and local systems. The federal portion istermed the NAWAS and is an extension of the militarywarning and detection systems that feed into theoperations center of the NORAD in Colorado Springs,CO. The NAWAS consists of three FEMA warningcenters: NORAD combat operations center FEMARegion 6 Headquarters in Denton, TX; and FEMARegion 3 Headquarters in Washington, DC.

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Backup centers are located at each of the other FEMAregional headquarter. All are linked by a special voicecommunications network to several hundred warningpoints throughout the nation. These warning points arelocated in key federal facilities, state capitals, andmany cities and are manned on a 24-hour basis.Through a relay system, these warning points sendinformation to local authorities who are responsible forwarning the local populace.

The EBS, established by executive order, is designed toprovide local, state, and national units of governmentwith a means of communicating to the general public.The EBS plans for and coordinates the use of most ofthe facilities and personnel of the civilian broadcastingindustry to operate a functional system during anational emergency.

Domestic SupportCA civil defense planning and operations conducted inCONUS involve DOD-sponsored military programsthat support the people and the government at any levelwithin the United States and its territories. Theseprograms and operations are classified as domesticsupport. In all domestic support operations, theauthority and responsibilities of the commander andmembers of his command are closely regulated by civillaw and ARs.

Protecting life and property within the territorialjurisdiction of any state is the primary responsibility ofstate and local government and civil authorities.

Generally, federal armed forces may be employedwhen—

The situation is beyond the capabilities of stateand local officials.State and local civil authorities will not takeappropriate action.

Capabilities of Army OrganizationsThe capabilities of Army organizations to perform thevarious tasks required in military support of civildefense are shown in Table 10-1, pages 10-29 and 10-30.

CA civil defense teams rely on local resources whenconducting civil defense activities. If, however, theseresources are not available, military resources may beused. Availability of equipment will depend on thelocation, number, and type of military organizationssupporting the civil defense effort. Army assetspotentially available in time of emergency include—

Radio equipment.Radiation and detection equipment.Generators and lighting equipment.Vehicles and maintenance/repair tool kits.Demolition equipment.Water purification equipment.Medical equipment.Heaters, stoves, and fire extinguishers.Engineer/construction equipment.Tentage.

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