civil rights activists and the civil rights...
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CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
(1940-1965)
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
A. Philip Randolph (1889 – 1979)
Son of an A.M.E. Minister
Attended NY City College
Co-Founder of Harlem
Magazine: The Messenger
Radical magazine that promoted Blacks fighting for their rights
Published articles by Ida B. Wells opposing lynching
Promoted opportunities for Blacks in the Military Services
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
A. Philip Randolph (1889 – 1979)
1919 Federal Government
report indicated:
“He’s the most dangerous
Negro in America”
Negotiated decreased working hours (400 to 200 hrs per month)
Promoted increased hiring of African-Americans in U.S. Industries
1927: He Organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping
Car Porters
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
A. Philip Randolph (1889 – 1979)
Persuaded President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802
Banning race discrimination in Wartime Defense Industries
1941: He Organized the
First “March on Washington”
Designed to eliminate
discrimination in the
Wartime Defense Industries
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
A. Philip Randolph (1889 – 1979)
Persuaded President Truman to issue Executive Order 9981
Ordering the Desegregation of the U.S. Military (Completed by 1956)
1946 : He Organized the
“Committee Against Jim
Crow in Military Service and
Training”
Designed to Desegregate
the U.S. Military
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Thurgood Marshall (1908 – 1993)
1940: Won first major Civil Rights Case of Chambers -vs- Florida
(Overturning conviction of 4 Black Men due to violation of due process)
Father was a Railroad Porter
He earned degrees at Lincoln
University & Howard
University Law School
1934: Hired as an Attorney by the NAACP
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Thurgood Marshall (1908 – 1993)
1944: Smith -vs- Allwright over Voting Rights violations in Texas
1948: Shelley -vs- Kraemer over Real Estate Discrimination
1940: He established the
NAACP Legal Defense
and Education Fund
Won 29 out of 32 key Cases
1950: Sweatt -vs- Painter over Racial Discrimination for Admission
at the University of Texas Law School
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Thurgood Marshall (1908 – 1993)
He argued that School Segregation was a violation of Individual Rights
under the 14th Amendment
1954: He became the lead
Counsel for the NAACP in the
case of Brown -vs- The Board
of Education of Topeka
Case ultimately overturned “Separate But Equal” decision set forth in
the 1896 case of Plessy -vs- Ferguson
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Thurgood Marshall
1954: Brown -vs- The Board
of Education of Topeka
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
James L. Farmer (1920 – 1999)
Sought to implement Gandhi’s non-violent civil disobedience tactics
1947: Promoted the development of “Sit-ins” and “Freedom Rides”
Father was a Professor &
Methodist Minister
He earned degrees at Wiley
College & Boston University
1942: Founded the Congress of Racial Equality
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Bayard Rustin (1912 – 1987)
1942: Joined James L. Farmer in supporting creation of C.O.R.E.
Sought to implement Gandhi’s non-violent civil disobedience tactics
Parents were active as
founders of the NAACP
Attended Wilberforce
University in Ohio
1936: He joined the Young Communist League
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Martin Luther King, Jr.
(1929 – 1968)
Agreed with adopting Gandhi’s non-violent civil disobedience tactics
1955: Joined others in leading the Montgomery Bus Boycott
1957: Co-Founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Father was a Baptist
Minister in Atlanta
Graduated from Morehouse
College & Boston University
“We will match your capacity to endure suffering. We will meet your physical force with soul force. We will not hate
you, but we will not obey your evil laws. We will wear you down by pure capacity
to suffer.”
“If cursed, do not curse back. If struck, do not strike back, but evidence love and goodwill at all times”
Legal Action Nonviolent
Protest
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
(1955-1956)
Rosa Parks
& MLK both
Arrested
Protesters Carpooled and Hitch-hiked
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT LITTLE ROCK NINE (1957)
Court enforced decision
against Gov. Orval
Faubus’ refusal to comply
with Brown -vs- Board
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT GREENSBORO FOUR (1960)
Four College Students opposed
Woolworth’s segregation policies
First successful Sit-in
under the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT FREEDOM RIDERS MOVEMENT
(1961)
Opposed bus
segregation on
Interstate buses
Black & White
Activists
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT MARCH ON WASHINTON
(1963)
A. Philip Randolph
Joined forces with
other activists to
promote a new March
on Washington
Bayard Rustin
took the lead in
organizing a march to
Promote Jobs and
Freedom for Blacks
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT MARCH ON WASHINTON (1963)
250,000 people answered the call
to gather in Washington, D.C.
MLK Jr. made his famous
“I Have a Dream” speech
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT CHURCH BOMBING ACTIVIST MURDERED (1963)
Birmingham’s Sixteenth Street Baptist Church was bombed by the KKK, killing
4 black girls
Regional field secretary for the NAACP named Medger Edvars was murdered
MLK’s Letter From Birmingham Jail (1963) articulated the non-violent
protest of the civil rights movement
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT March on Birmingham (1963)
Exposed Police
Brutality against
unarmed
protestors in the
South
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Fannie Lou Hamer (1917 – 1977)
Youngest of 20 children in
a Southern
Sharecropping Family
1962: Joined the SNCC
1963: Arrested and Beaten by the police
1964: Organizer of the Mississippi Freedom
Democratic Party
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT FREEDOM SUMMER (1964)
Attempt to
register many
African-
American voters
in Mississippi
Increased anti-black violence across the South
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT March on Selma (1965)
Continued to
expose Police
Brutality in the
South
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT March on Selma (1965)
Continued to
expose Police
Brutality in the
South
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT A. Philip Randolph
received the Congressional Medal of Freedom (1964)
Thurgood Marshall named the U.S. Solicitor General in 1965
Appointed First African-American Supreme Court Justice in 1967