CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS

INTRODUCTION &INTRODUCTION &

TIMELINE OF KEY EVENTSTIMELINE OF KEY EVENTS

TERMS TO KNOWTERMS TO KNOW

CIVIL RIGHTS: The right of every CIVIL RIGHTS: The right of every American to vote and receive a fair American to vote and receive a fair trial. To be educated, live, work, and trial. To be educated, live, work, and play where ever you can afford.play where ever you can afford.

SEGREGATION: de jure de factoSEGREGATION: de jure de facto DESEGREGATION / INTEGRATIONDESEGREGATION / INTEGRATION COLORED!!!COLORED!!!

CIVIL WAR AmendmentsCIVIL WAR Amendments

1313thth: 1865 abolished slavery: 1865 abolished slavery 1414thth: 1868 established citizenship: 1868 established citizenship

and due processand due process

1515thth: 1870 universal male suffrage: 1870 universal male suffrage

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

1896 US Supreme Court legalizes 1896 US Supreme Court legalizes segregation in the United Statessegregation in the United States

““SEPARATE BUT EQUASEPARATE BUT EQUALL ””

Early Civil Rights LeadersEarly Civil Rights Leaders

W.E.B. DuBois—W.E.B. DuBois—pushed for pushed for immediate civil immediate civil rights and equality. rights and equality. Leader of NAACPLeader of NAACP

Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington

founder of founder of Tuskegee Institute. Tuskegee Institute.

1909 NAACP1909 NAACP

National Association for the National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People Advancement of Colored People

C.O.R.E. (1942) C.O.R.E. (1942)

J. FARMERJ. FARMER

1948 1948 Pres. Truman Pres. Truman integrates the integrates the militarymilitary

(Post WWI and WWII)(Post WWI and WWII) 1946: 1946: PRES COMM ON CIVIL PRES COMM ON CIVIL

RIGHTSRIGHTS

1954 Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansasof Topeka, Kansas

Supreme Court rules Supreme Court rules ““separate separate educational facilities are inherently educational facilities are inherently unequalunequal””. Ends school segregation.. Ends school segregation.

1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus. A move to the back of the bus. A boycott follows, leading to boycott follows, leading to desegregation. desegregation.

1957 Central High School1957 Central High SchoolLittle Rock, ArkansasLittle Rock, Arkansas““The Little Rock NineThe Little Rock Nine””

Pres. Eisenhower sends federal Pres. Eisenhower sends federal troops after Arkansas governor Orval troops after Arkansas governor Orval Faubus uses the National Guard to Faubus uses the National Guard to deny entrance to African-American deny entrance to African-American students at Central High.students at Central High.

1960 Sit-ins1960 Sit-ins

College students in Greensboro, NC College students in Greensboro, NC stage sit-ins at the Woolworthstage sit-ins at the Woolworth’’s lunch s lunch countercounter

1961 Freedom Rides1961 Freedom Rides

Volunteers, black and white, take Volunteers, black and white, take buses into the South to test new buses into the South to test new desegregation laws, often meeting desegregation laws, often meeting with violencewith violence

Freedom ridesFreedom rides

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHaXo6N_vh8

1962 Univ. of Mississippi1962 Univ. of Mississippi

Pres. Kennedy sends 5000 federal Pres. Kennedy sends 5000 federal troops to Mississippi to allow James troops to Mississippi to allow James Meredith, the schoolMeredith, the school’’s 1s 1stst African- African-American student, to attend.American student, to attend.

1963 Birmingham, AL1963 Birmingham, AL

Martin Luther King and the SCLC Martin Luther King and the SCLC focus on segregation in Birmingham. focus on segregation in Birmingham. Protests there end in violence, riots, Protests there end in violence, riots, and arrests of adults and children.and arrests of adults and children.

Aug 1963 March on WashingtonAug 1963 March on Washington

200,000 people hear Martin Luther 200,000 people hear Martin Luther KingKing’’s s ““I Have a DreamI Have a Dream”” speech in speech in Washington.Washington.

19631963 Stand in the Schoolhouse Stand in the Schoolhouse DoorDoor

Gov. George Wallace promises Gov. George Wallace promises ““segregation today, segregation segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!tomorrow, segregation forever!””

Refuses to desegregate Univ. of Refuses to desegregate Univ. of AlabamaAlabama

Stands aside only after being Stands aside only after being confronted by federal marshals and confronted by federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard.the Alabama National Guard.

1963 Bombing in Birmingham1963 Bombing in Birmingham 1616thth St. Baptist Church, a bomb St. Baptist Church, a bomb

explodes on a Sunday morning, explodes on a Sunday morning, killing four young girls.killing four young girls.

KKK member seen planting bomb, is KKK member seen planting bomb, is arrested, but found guilty of arrested, but found guilty of possessing dynamite without a possessing dynamite without a permit. permit.

Fined $100 and six months Fined $100 and six months

in jail.in jail.

1964 241964 24thth Amendment Amendment

Outlawed poll tax. Black voter Outlawed poll tax. Black voter registration begins to increase.registration begins to increase.

1964 Civil Rights Act1964 Civil Rights Act

Outlaws discrimination based on Outlaws discrimination based on race.race.

1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer

Civil rights activists attempt to Civil rights activists attempt to register African-Americans to voteregister African-Americans to vote

1965 Selma March1965 Selma March

Demanding voting rights, 600 Demanding voting rights, 600 protesters plan to march to protesters plan to march to Montgomery.Montgomery.

6 blocks into march, they meet state 6 blocks into march, they meet state troopers armed with nightsticks and troopers armed with nightsticks and tear gas.tear gas.

SELMA, ALABAMASELMA, ALABAMA

19651965

1965 Voting Rights Act1965 Voting Rights Act

In the aftermath of Selma, Pres. In the aftermath of Selma, Pres. Johnson calls for passage of a voting Johnson calls for passage of a voting rights bill.rights bill.

Outlaws literacy tests, estOutlaws literacy tests, est’’d fed. d fed. oversightoversight

Protests—different viewsProtests—different views

KING: Non-violent, KING: Non-violent, passive resistance passive resistance

Influenced by Influenced by GhandiGhandi

Black Power: Black Power: proactive, militant, proactive, militant, focus on black focus on black pride and African pride and African heritage.heritage.

Term popularized Term popularized by Stokely by Stokely Carmichael of Carmichael of SNCCSNCC

1965 Malcolm X assassinated1965 Malcolm X assassinated Born Malcolm Little, he learned the ideas of black Born Malcolm Little, he learned the ideas of black

pride and self-reliance from his father, a follower pride and self-reliance from his father, a follower of Marcus Garvey and member of the UNIA. of Marcus Garvey and member of the UNIA.

While in prison, he converted to Islam and joined While in prison, he converted to Islam and joined the Nation of Islam.the Nation of Islam.

Upon release, he changed his name; the X Upon release, he changed his name; the X represented the African heritage he would never represented the African heritage he would never know.know.

He preached the superiority of blacks and He preached the superiority of blacks and separation from whites; he scorned Kingseparation from whites; he scorned King’’s non-s non-violence saying black people should use any violence saying black people should use any means to protect themselves.means to protect themselves.

Between 1952 and 1963, the Nation of Islam grew Between 1952 and 1963, the Nation of Islam grew from 500 members to 25,000. from 500 members to 25,000.

Malcolm XMalcolm X

In 1964, Malcolm X made a pilgrimage to In 1964, Malcolm X made a pilgrimage to Mecca. After seeing Muslims of different Mecca. After seeing Muslims of different races treating each other as equals, his races treating each other as equals, his views changed.views changed.

At a meeting in Feb. 1965, Malcolm X was At a meeting in Feb. 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by two members of the assassinated by two members of the Nation of Islam, although imprisoned for Nation of Islam, although imprisoned for their crime, proclaimed their innocencetheir crime, proclaimed their innocence..

1965-67 Urban Race Riots – a call 1965-67 Urban Race Riots – a call for economic rightsfor economic rights

Watts (Los Angeles), Detroit, NewarkWatts (Los Angeles), Detroit, Newark

1968 Martin Luther King, Jr 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr assassinatedassassinated

Memphis, TN, King is shot by James Memphis, TN, King is shot by James Earl Ray. He was 39 years old.Earl Ray. He was 39 years old.

Other Groups Gain MomentumOther Groups Gain Momentum

Hispanic AmericansHispanic Americans Cesar Chavez – Unites WorkersCesar Chavez – Unites Workers M.A.P.A.M.A.P.A.

Native AmericansNative Americans A.I.M.A.I.M. Self-Determination ActSelf-Determination Act

Other Groups Gain MomentumOther Groups Gain Momentum

WomenWomen N.O.W.N.O.W. E.R.A.E.R.A. Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade

Presidents…Presidents…

Richard Nixon – “Southern Strategy”Richard Nixon – “Southern Strategy” Swan v. MecklenbergSwan v. Mecklenberg

Jimmy Carter – “Human Rights”Jimmy Carter – “Human Rights”

Ronald Reagan – Minorities some of Ronald Reagan – Minorities some of the fastest growing populations in the fastest growing populations in the U.S. by the 1980’s. (Hispanic / the U.S. by the 1980’s. (Hispanic / Asian)Asian)

Political Progress / RepresentationPolitical Progress / Representation

L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia 1990)L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia 1990) Jesse Jackson (1984 / 1988)Jesse Jackson (1984 / 1988) G. Ferraro (1984)G. Ferraro (1984) 2008 – Obama, Clinton, Palin2008 – Obama, Clinton, Palin 2016???2016???

Setbacks….Setbacks….

LA Riots (1992) Rodney KingLA Riots (1992) Rodney King

Trayvon Martin (2012)Trayvon Martin (2012)

Ferguson MO (2015)Ferguson MO (2015)

Civil Rights TodayCivil Rights Today

Do we face civil rights issues today?Do we face civil rights issues today? Are we a desegregated, equal Are we a desegregated, equal

society?society? Are there other groups dealing with Are there other groups dealing with

civil rights questions today?civil rights questions today?