Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement Recent American History Unit III1Lets See What You Know2Introduction to Civil Rights Movement Work in assigned groups to develop definition of assigned word in definition column

Write down its significance to the civil rights movement as well as todayprovide examples in each of these categories 3Discrimination Making a distinction in favor of or against a person or thing

What is discriminations significance to the civil rights movement?

How does this word apply to today? 4Racism Hatred or intolerance of another race or other races

What is racisms significance to the civil rights movement?

What does racism look like today? 5Prejudice An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought or reason

What was prejudices significance to the civil rights movement?

What place does prejudice hold today? 6Segregation The practice of separating people of different races, classes, or ethnic groups

What is segregations significance to the civil rights movement?

What does segregation look like today? Do we still segregate? 7Separate But Equal? Activity Directions:

Actively read Separate But Equal? Article in its entirety

Create a skeleton timeline of the history of African American rightsor lack thereof

Be Prepared to Answer Questions:

Why is psychologist Kenneth Clark significant? What did he find in his study? Explain the effects of the Brown v. Board ruling.

8What Should I Be Able To Do? Explain how legalized segregation deprived African Americans of their rights as citizens

Describe the basis of the Brown vs. Board ruling

Trace the development of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and explain its effects9Legislation that declares segregation ordesegregation

10Civil Rights Legislation Plessy vs. Ferguson Established the separate but equal clause Declared that separation laws did not violate the 14th Amendment

Jim Crow Laws Laws in South aimed at separating the races Facilities provided to blacks always far inferior to those provided to whites

11Describe this learning environment

Brown v. Board of EducationBlack schools in the South were drastically unequal30 cents per dollar spent on white children.Fewer teachers, inferior resources, No extra curricular activities.

Brown v. Board set to establish that segregated schools were inherently unequal.

Civil Rights Legislation Brown vs. Board of Education Overturned separate but equalRuling basis: to separate children solely based on race makes black children feel inferior, therefore separate education facilities are inherently unequal

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Argued cases against segregationThurgood Marshall served as head lawyerMost famous for winning the Brown vs. Board of Education case

14

A child born to a Black mother in a state like Mississippi... has exactly the same rights as a white baby born to the wealthiest person in the United States. It's not true, but I challenge anyone to say it is not a goal worth working for.-Thurgood MarshallChief Justice Earl Warrens Exact Words To separate African American children from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undoneWe conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal 16Essential QuestionWhy do you think the Brown vs. Board decision is such a landmark case in history? 17End of Dual SocietyNeither the atom bomb nor the hydrogen bomb will ever be as meaningful to our democracy as the unanimous decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that racial segregation violates the spirit and letter of our Constitution. This means that beginning of the end of the dual society in American life and the segregation which supported it.~ Chicago DefenderBloodstains on White Marble StepsHuman blood may stain Southern soil in many places because of this decision but the dark red stains of that blood will be on the marble steps of the United States Supreme Court building.

White and Negro children in the same schools will lead to miscegenation. Miscegenation leads to mixed marriages and mixed marriages lean to the mongrelization of the human race. ~Jackson, Daily NewsFIRST DAY The Supreme Courts decision in Brown v. Board of Education integrated the schools. Here, the first day of desegregation, on Sept. 8, 1954, at Fort Myer Elementary School in Fort Myer, Va.

Segregation ContinuesBut a little boycott in Montgomery, Alabama began to shake up the Jim Crow21Essential Question What/who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?22

23Montgomery Bus Boycott The Boycott Begins Dec. 1st, 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a segregated Alabama bus Arrested for violation of citys segregation laws

Key Players African Americans across city boycott bus system Womens Political Council (WPC) organized telephone chains, leaflets, and carpools Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) created to promote and support boycott Martin Luther King Jr. is the leader of MLA and spokesman for boycott 24

25

26

27MLKs Exact Words My friends, I want it to be known that were going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong, we are not wrong in what we are doing. If we are wrong, the Supreme Court and this nation is wrong. If we are wrong, God Almighty is wrong.If we are long, justice is a lie. And we are determined here in Montgomery to work and fight until justice runs down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. 28Montgomery Bus Boycott White Intimidation Response Imaginary traffic violations Ku Klux Klan marches Attempts failed!

29Montgomery Bus Boycott Effects of the Boycott In 1956 federal judges ruled against Montgomery segregation laws Intimidation by whites no longer worked Laid foundation for civil rights struggle in the 1960s King became spokesman for the movement 30Essential QuestionWhat was the basis of the Brown vs. Board of Ed ruling? 31Big Picture Segregation remained widespread in the U.S. after WWII, especially in the South but there were signs of change. The Supreme Court ruling Brown vs. Board heralded the beginning of the modern civil rights movement.

32A World of Black and White Reading Directions: Actively read article Be prepared to answer questions:

What are some of the characteristics of the black classroom pictured on page 7? Who were the Little Rock Nine? What happened to Elizabeth Eckford the first day of school? What did President Eisenhower do to help the Little Rock Nine? What is meant by the statement One DownEight to Go? 33Big Events of the Civil Rights MovementReaction to Brown vs. Board Ruling34What Would You Do? The year is 1960 and you are a young African American college student in Greensboro, North Carolina. You and four of your friends go to Woolworth s to buy school supplies. Woolworths is similar to Walgreens with a small Perkins inside. After you have bought your school supplies, you decide to have a soda at the lunch counter. When your friends and you sit down, you are told that Woolworths lunch counters dont serve coloreds and are asked to leave.

35What Would You Do? It is April 1963 and you are an African American student. You live in Birmingham, Alabama. Birmingham is considered one of the most segregated places in the U.S. Over the past two months you have seen your parents and friends participate in different protests. They have been arrested and at time have faced violence from local police. The protests have made the white authorities so angry that they have banned any kind of protest. You find out that young adults and children are planning a peaceful march through the city. On May 2nd and 3rd you and 1,000 other youths march through the streets of Birmingham. This makes the police chief so angry that he orders the police to use dogs, fire hoses and clubs against you and your friends. 36NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE Nonviolent Resistance Boycotts Marches Demonstrations Civil disobedience 37Little Rock Nine Description Governor in Arkansas ordered National Guard to turn away the 9 African-American students attending all white school Nine verbally and physically harassed

Effects Eisenhower forced to become involved; sent in paratroopers to escort 9 in and out Only one student graduated

38

Here, on Sept 4, 1957, Elizabeth Eckford arrives alone and is met by the Arkansas National Guard, who have orders from Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus to keep blacks from entering Little Rock Central High School.

A mock lynching by white students at Little Rock Central High School, some of whom staged a walkout.

President Dwight Eisenhower calls the standoff and rioting by whites "disgraceful" and sends troops from the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock. On Sept. 25, 1957, the "Little Rock Nine" attend their first full day of classes under escort from federal soldiers. Woolworth Sit-Ins Description Protested segregated lunch countersHighly publicizedProtestors faced white violence

Effects Media captured racism in south Sparked many sit-ins across south

42

43

44

A section of the lunch counter from the Greensboro, North Carolina Woolworth's is now preserved in the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History Freedom Riders Description Protestors rode on segregated busesProtestors brutally attacked

Effects President Kennedy forced to become involved Sent 400 U.S. marshals to protect ridersBanned segregation in all interstate travel facilities (waiting rooms, restrooms and lunch counters) 46

47

48James Meredith and Ole Miss Incident Description James Meredith enrolled in all-whitePurpose to desegregate U of Miss.

Effects Kennedy ordered federal marshalsRiots resulted in two deaths Federal officials escorted Meredith to class

49

James Meredith registers at Ole Miss and gets in after his 4th attempt.Birmingham Riots Birmingham Alabama Most racist city on earth Reputation for racial violence

Description MLK and followers led marchers (majority children)Most violent of all events (fire hoses, attack dogs, clubs)

Effects JFK forced to take a stand Begins the development of the Civil Rights Act 51

52

53

54Letter From a Birmingham Jail I guess it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, wait. But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill your black brothers and sisters;when you see the vast majority of your 20 million Negro brothers smothering in the air-tight cage of poverty;when you have to concoct and answer for a five-year-old son asking:..Daddy, why do the white people treat the colored people so mean?then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.55Essential QuestionHow do you believe African Americans nonviolent tactics appeared to the world versus white violent tactics? 56March on WashingtonDescription Largest civil rights event Organized to persuade Congress to pass the civil rights bill Famous for MLKs I Have a Dream

Effects JFK pushes through Civil Rights Act of 64 Church bombings; 4 die 57

58

59Important Groups Throughout the MovementSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 60Civil Rights Landmark Legislation61Landmark LegislationCivil Rights Act of 1964 Banned discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, or national origin

62The Effects of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Changes DescriptionEducational Attainment Gave the federal government the power to enforce school desegregation. Graduation rates for African Americans have risen ever since Employment Opened white-collar jobs to African AmericansIncome Incomes rose drastically. Migration Patterns Migrated out of the South Poverty Act helped to pull large percentage of African Americans out of poverty 63Essential QuestionWhat two things were keeping blacks from voting? 64Fighting for the Right to VoteFreedom Summer Campaign to register black voters in Mississippi

Selma March March for the right to vote in AlabamaBrutally attacked by police

65

66

67

68

69Landmark LegislationVoting Rights Act of 1965 Outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to prevent blacks the right to vote70Big Picture Between 1955 and 1965, many key events took place in the civil rights movement. African Americans made great progress in their struggle for rights and equality. 71What should I be able to do? Name leaders who shaped the Black Power movement.

Describe the reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

721965: The More Militant HalfThey got a little taste of equality and they wanted more73

74Malcolm X (1925 to 1965)Malcolm X Born Malcolm Little (slave name)Parents were black separatistsFather was killed (lynched)Mother went crazyMalcolm was good student, but trouble makerWanted to be an attorney75Young MalcolmLived with sister in Boston after Mothers deathTurned to hustlingCaught robbing a house with a friend and two white girlsSentenced to 10 years in prison

76Malcolm X Background Member of Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)Brilliant thinker and engaging speaker

BeliefsContradicted MLK and nonviolence Black separatism and self-defense

77Malcolms Exact Words Concerning nonviolence: it is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks. It is legal and lawful to own a shotgun or a rifle. We believe in obeying the lawsThe time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever and where ever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked 78New Leaders Voice DiscontentBallots or Bullets?Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm Xs attitude toward whitesSplits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech

Black PowerBlack Power MovementEmphasized black separatism and prideUrged African Americans to define their own goals and lead their own organizations

80Afrocentrism Afrocentrism Idea helped to balance the Eurocentric view of the past Establishment of African American Studies college courses Museum display African American art Returned to traditional African clothing Wore hair in Afros KwanzaaAiring of Roots 81

821968 Mexico City OlympicsSmiths right handBlack power in AmericaCarlos' left handUnity in black AmericaTogether they formed an arch of unity and power Black scarf around Smith's neckBlack pride Black socks (and no shoes)Black poverty in racist America

83

84

85Black Panthers Black Panthers African American political party 10-point platform Provided several services blacksPreached armed violence Attacked police brutality Sent observers to watch police interactions Tape recorded conversations Carried law books and guns

86

87

88

89From Watts to Newark Watts Riot Several African Americans confined to ghettos Lasted for 6 days 34 people died 900 injured 4,000 arrested $45 million in property damage

901968: A Turning Point in the Movement91Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination of MLK Shot by James Earl Ray in Memphis, TN Paradox: Man who dreamed of racial peace lay dead from racial violenceDeath sparked urban riots across America

92

93Where is this?

94What was this?

95Who are we fighting?

96

97Riots1966 38 disorders through out the US

1967 Newark 23 dead and 400 wounded

1968 Detroit 43 dead city destroyed.

Over 100 riots in 4 yearsUsually started after accusations of police brutality.First Half (1950s-1965) Second Half (1965-?) Martin Luther King, Jr.

Nonviolence

Black Integration

Concentrated in South Malcolm X and Black Panthers

Violence

Black Separatism

Goals in North and SouthTwo Halves of the Civil Rights Movement 99Essential QuestionWhich half do you believe was more successful? Why?100Big PictureThe civil rights movement changed course in mid-1960s, moving beyond the South and expanding its goals. Many activists abandoned the strategy of nonviolence. 101Blowin in the WindBlowin' in the Wind" is a song written by Bob Dylan, and released on his 1963 album The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. Although it has been described as a 'protest song', the song poses a series of philosophical questions about peace, war, and freedom, without supplying concrete answers. The refrain "The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind" has been described as "impenetrably ambiguous: either the answer is so obvious it is right in your face, or the answer is as intangible as the wind".The song makes no reference to a specific event, which has prevented the song from sounding dated.In 1999, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and in 2004, this song was #14 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

102We Shall OvercomeThe phrase derives from a gospel hymn lyrics to a 1901 musical composition by Rev. Charles Tindley of Philadelphia who was a Minister of an African Methodist Episcopal Church who noticed there were no hymns or music for his congregation to sing and he did something about it composing, many hymns and the lyrics to them of which 50 are known to survive among them---what became known as WE SHALL OVERCOME the lyrics were put into the music of Tindley at a later date. As stated below the new lyrics contained the repeated line "I'll overcome some day", but more likely a later gospel song containing the line "Deep in my heart, I do believe / I'll overcome some day." However, there are also earlier acknowledgements of the song date, with Pete Seeger, one of the first artists to record the song, noting that various versions of it can be traced to integrated meetings of black and white coal miners in the early 1900s and to black churches in the 1800s.

103What should I be able to do Compare segregation in the North with segregation in the South

Summarize the accomplishments of the civil rights movement 104Legacy of Civil Rights Movement 105Civil Rights GainsCivil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in housingMore black students finish high school, college, get better jobsGreater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programsMore African-American participation in movies, televisionIncreased voter registration results in more black elected officials

Unfinished WorkForced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots reduce white supportWhite flight reverses much progress toward school integrationUnemployment, poverty higher than for whitesAffirmative action extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups1960s, colleges, companies doing government business adopt policyLate 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse discriminationDe Facto vs. De Jure DiscriminationDe Facto Segregation Segregation that exists by practice and custom More difficult to eliminate because it requires changing peoples beliefs and values Segregation that existed in North

De Jure Segregation Segregation by law Example: Jim Crow laws

108Legacy Kerner Commission Group that studied causes of urban violence Found white racism to be the cause

Civil Rights Act of 1968Banned discrimination in housing

Affirmative Action Making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered from discrimination in the past Reverse discrimination? 109Evolving Idea110The Widening Struggle111Why and how did the civil rights movement expand? Womens Movement

Latinos/ Mexican American Movement

Native Americans Movement Gay Pride Movement

1960s Counter Culture

Environment Movement

112Your AssignmentWork in assigned groups to teach an assigned movement to the class through a photostory.

You willRead assigned section in text that discusses movement individually

Identify the major goal of the movement

List and describe the men and women who were influential in the movement and explain why

List and describe the organizations that were influential in the movement

Describe the tactics of the movement and rate their effectiveness

Discuss and explain the major events in the groups history

Write a short-analysis on whether you believe the movement was successful in achieving its goals by providing modern examples. 113A Day in the Life Of You recently attended an event where you listened to a speaker that spoke of post-war America. In his speech, he stated, all Americans are benefiting from the post-war prosperity and capitalism is transforming America into a land of plenty, the racial and gender divides are also decreasing. 114A Day in the Life Of Taking the stance of the imaginary person you have been assigned, write a journal entry stating whether or not you agree or disagree with the speakers statement 115A Day in the Life Of The entry should/be1 page minimum Take the stance of your imaginary person living during the time period Include two actual events/people that would be significant to this person

Address the questions: Do you agree or disagree with this statement? What does your day look like on a daily basis? Is your condition good? Bad? Give specific examples of your daily routine.Look like a journal entrybecome the person. Please write on top of your paper the imaginary person you were given.

The Assignment is/will be: A 15-point class work grade Graded for accuracy, creativity and that you meet all the requirements listed above.

You may use your text and notes to help generate your entries. 116