Civil Rights Civil Rights Movement Movement

Early movements of the 1950s and Early movements of the 1950s and 1960s1960s

DrillDrill

If you were a civil rights leader which If you were a civil rights leader which of the following would be your top of the following would be your top priority? priority? Why?Why?

a.a. End segregationEnd segregation

b.b. Gain economic equalityGain economic equality

c.c. Stop lynching (violence)Stop lynching (violence)

Drill:Drill:

• Who is Rosa Parks? And what is her Who is Rosa Parks? And what is her role in the Civil Rights Movement?role in the Civil Rights Movement?

Rosa Parks Arrest 1955Rosa Parks Arrest 1955

• Dec. 1 in Montgomery, AL Parks is arrested Dec. 1 in Montgomery, AL Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white for refusing to give up her seat to a white passengerpassenger

• ED Nixon former head of the NAACP ED Nixon former head of the NAACP organized a boycott to challenge the bus organized a boycott to challenge the bus systemsystem

• Leaders formed the Montgomery Leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association and chose Improvement Association and chose Martin Luther King Jr. to leadMartin Luther King Jr. to lead

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

• Majority of the bus passengers were Majority of the bus passengers were African AmericanAfrican American

• Set up car pools to get to workSet up car pools to get to work• Whites reacted with violence and Whites reacted with violence and

bombed the homes of King and Nixonbombed the homes of King and Nixon• In November 1956 the Supreme Court In November 1956 the Supreme Court

ruled that Montgomery’s segregated ruled that Montgomery’s segregated system was unconstitutionalsystem was unconstitutional

Little Rock Nine (1957)Little Rock Nine (1957)

• South was slow to uphold the Brown decisionSouth was slow to uphold the Brown decision

• Little Rock Central High was chosen to be Little Rock Central High was chosen to be integrated firstintegrated first

• Reaction: Reaction: – Gov. Orval Faubus ordered the National Gov. Orval Faubus ordered the National

Guard to stop integration.Guard to stop integration.– Court ordered the governor to open the Court ordered the governor to open the

schoolschool– White mobs shouted obscenities and death White mobs shouted obscenities and death

threats and forced the nine to leave threats and forced the nine to leave

Eisenhower Forces Eisenhower Forces IntegrationIntegration

•Eisenhower ordered Federal Troops Eisenhower ordered Federal Troops to protect the nine students on their to protect the nine students on their way to school.way to school.

• In reaction to the events Congress In reaction to the events Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957– Gave the attorney general more power Gave the attorney general more power

to integrate schoolsto integrate schools

Describe the civil rights Describe the civil rights events of the early 1960sevents of the early 1960sKey TermsKey Terms• Sit insSit ins

• SNCCSNCC

• Freedom RidesFreedom Rides

• CORECORE

• James MeredithJames Meredith

• BirminghamBirmingham

• March on Washington DCMarch on Washington DC

• Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

• SelmaSelma

• Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act

• 2424thth Amendment Amendment

Opening Activity:Opening Activity:• Turn to a blank page Turn to a blank page

in your notebook.in your notebook.

• HW: Albany 1961HW: Albany 1961

Event Leader Group Supporters

Philosophy

Media Result

Brown T. Marshall

NAACP Use the courts

Supreme Court-integrates schools

Little Rock 9

Showed the angry white mobs

Eisenhower send troops to force integration of schools

Mont. Bus Boycott

MLK MIA 42,000 Nonviolent

Showed the bombing of King’s home and his arrest

Supreme Court rules integration of Mont. Buses

Nonviolent ProtestNonviolent Protest

Inspired by the Montgomery Bus Inspired by the Montgomery Bus Boycott, other forms of nonviolent Boycott, other forms of nonviolent protests followed. protests followed.

Civil Disobedience was the idea that Civil Disobedience was the idea that one should break an unjust law until one should break an unjust law until it is changedit is changed

Sit-insSit-ins• February 1, 1960, in Greensboro, NC, 4 February 1, 1960, in Greensboro, NC, 4

students sit at a whites only lunch counter, students sit at a whites only lunch counter, and were not servedand were not served

• Next day they came back with 25 more Next day they came back with 25 more students.students.

• Student protestors filled Woolworth lunch Student protestors filled Woolworth lunch counters throughout the citycounters throughout the city

• By August, the lunch counters were By August, the lunch counters were desegregated.desegregated.

• TV showed the nasty reaction by whitesTV showed the nasty reaction by whites• Many were arrested, beaten, suspended Many were arrested, beaten, suspended

from college.from college.• By late 1960, 30 cities in 7 states in the By late 1960, 30 cities in 7 states in the

South participated in their own sitinsSouth participated in their own sitins• In April, college students met to form the In April, college students met to form the

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)(SNCC)

• Sit-ins led to similar protests “wade ins” at Sit-ins led to similar protests “wade ins” at pools and “study ins” a librariespools and “study ins” a libraries

Freedom RidesFreedom Rides• 1960, Supreme Court desegregates bus stations 1960, Supreme Court desegregates bus stations

in interstate travelin interstate travel

• Southern states resistSouthern states resist

• 1961, a group of 13 students organized the 1961, a group of 13 students organized the freedom rides to test the court’s decision.freedom rides to test the court’s decision.

• It was sponsored by the Congress of Racial It was sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality, a group dedicated to gaining equality Equality, a group dedicated to gaining equality using civil disobedience using civil disobedience

• Whites used black facilities, blacks used white Whites used black facilities, blacks used white facilities.facilities.

Explain the significance of Explain the significance of the early Civil Rights the early Civil Rights protests protests Key Terms:Key Terms:• Birmingham 1963 Birmingham 1963

(Children’s March)(Children’s March)

• March on Washington March on Washington DCDC

• Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

• SelmaSelma

• Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

• 2424thth Amendment Amendment

Opening ActivityOpening Activity• What were some of What were some of

the reasons that the the reasons that the Albany protest failed Albany protest failed in 1961?in 1961?

Trouble on the Freedom Trouble on the Freedom RideRide• Alabama May 4, 1961, whites carrying chains, brass Alabama May 4, 1961, whites carrying chains, brass

knuckles, and pistols- they beat the protestersknuckles, and pistols- they beat the protesters

• Anniston, AL, angry white mob bombed a busAnniston, AL, angry white mob bombed a bus

• Violence persisted as the riders travelled through Violence persisted as the riders travelled through Alabama, media coverage continued.Alabama, media coverage continued.

• Appalled, President Kennedy arranged to send 400 US Appalled, President Kennedy arranged to send 400 US marshals to protect ridersmarshals to protect riders

• In Mississippi, all the freedom riders were arrested and In Mississippi, all the freedom riders were arrested and spent 60 days in jail.spent 60 days in jail.

• Attorney General R. Kennedy moved to ban Attorney General R. Kennedy moved to ban segregation in all interstate travel facilitiessegregation in all interstate travel facilities

Integration Ole MissIntegration Ole Miss•Sept 1962, James Meredith won a fed. Sept 1962, James Meredith won a fed.

Court case allowing him to attend the Court case allowing him to attend the all white U of Miss.all white U of Miss.

•Gov. of Miss, Ross Barnet refused to Gov. of Miss, Ross Barnet refused to let him registerlet him register

•Kennedy ordered federal marshals to Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith and he was able to escort Meredith and he was able to register on 5register on 5thth try try

•Riots broke out, it took over 16,000 Riots broke out, it took over 16,000 troops to stop ittroops to stop it

Birmingham Demonstrations Birmingham Demonstrations 19631963

• ““The most segregated city in America”-MLK Jr.The most segregated city in America”-MLK Jr.• Demands- non-discriminatory hiring, hiring of Demands- non-discriminatory hiring, hiring of

African-American policemenAfrican-American policemen• King led a series of marches. One leading to his King led a series of marches. One leading to his

arrest- In jail he wrote the now famous letter arrest- In jail he wrote the now famous letter explaining why he would continue to march.explaining why he would continue to march.• "I am convinced that if your white brothers dismiss "I am convinced that if your white brothers dismiss

us as `rabble rousers' and 'outside agitators'--those us as `rabble rousers' and 'outside agitators'--those of us who are working through the channels of of us who are working through the channels of nonviolent direct action--and refuse to support our nonviolent direct action--and refuse to support our nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes, out of nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes, out of frustration and despair, will seek solace and security frustration and despair, will seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies, a development that in black nationalist ideologies, a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare." will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare."

Birmingham cont.Birmingham cont.

• It seemed as though the protest might failIt seemed as though the protest might fail• In May, King organized a 1000 youths to In May, King organized a 1000 youths to

demonstrate demonstrate • Police chief “Bull” Connor reacted with fire Police chief “Bull” Connor reacted with fire

hoses, attack dogs, cow prodders hoses, attack dogs, cow prodders • The media coverage of the event led The media coverage of the event led

President Kennedy to speak outPresident Kennedy to speak out• Under pressure the city commission Under pressure the city commission

agreed to ban segregation in 90 daysagreed to ban segregation in 90 days

March on Washington DC March on Washington DC 1963 1963 • Goal promote economic equality and get Goal promote economic equality and get

civil rights legislation (laws) passedcivil rights legislation (laws) passed• 250,000 people attended250,000 people attended• King delivered his “I have a dream” speech. King delivered his “I have a dream” speech. • Influence Johnson to support and Congress Influence Johnson to support and Congress

to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.– Banned discrimination in public placesBanned discrimination in public places– Established Equal Employment Opportunity Established Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission to end employment discrimination Commission to end employment discrimination based on race, creed, or genderbased on race, creed, or gender

SelmaSelma

• Early 1965, King helped in a voter Early 1965, King helped in a voter registration drive in Selma, AL. registration drive in Selma, AL. • Voter registration 99% white, 1% black- more Voter registration 99% white, 1% black- more

blacks lived in city than whitesblacks lived in city than whites

• Nearly, 2000 blacks participated, but Nearly, 2000 blacks participated, but none passed the “literacy tests.”none passed the “literacy tests.”

• In a near by town an African American In a near by town an African American was killed inspiring King to lead a march was killed inspiring King to lead a march from Selma to Montgomery.from Selma to Montgomery.

Selma ContinuedSelma Continued• March 7,1965, the march started. As the March 7,1965, the march started. As the

protestors crossed a bridge over the AL protestors crossed a bridge over the AL River police attacked with tear gas and River police attacked with tear gas and night sticks.night sticks.

• The march resumed weeks later with The march resumed weeks later with federal protection.federal protection.

• Soon after the march ended a civil rights Soon after the march ended a civil rights activist was killed by KKK members.activist was killed by KKK members.

The news of her murder helped The news of her murder helped Johnson pass the Johnson pass the Voting Rights Act Voting Rights Act of 1965 of 1965 which outlawed literacy which outlawed literacy tests and that same year the tests and that same year the 2424thth Amendment Amendment was ratified ending the was ratified ending the poll tax.poll tax.