civil society culture in voluntary organizations of turkey
TRANSCRIPT
8/9/2019 Civil Society Culture in Voluntary Organizations of Turkey
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Research SummaryJuly 7, 2010
YADA Foundation
Civil Society Culture in Voluntary
Organizations of Turkey
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Summary
1. Scope
2. Main Distributions
3. Member Profiles
4. Organizational Infrastructure & Capacity
5. Activities
6. Attitudes & Dispositions
7. Observations
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1. Scope: Project Information
Project Team:MesutYeğen (METU, Sociology), Fuat Keyman (Koç, IR) &YADA Research Division
Funding:
TUBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)
Timeline:November 2007-November 2009
Fieldwork:February 2008-July 2009
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1. Scope: Framework & Methodology
• QUALITATIVE FINDINGS• Histories of establishment;
motivations of founders in establishingCSOs
• Declared CSO vision and mission
• Goals and target groups
CIVILTOPOGRAPHY
ANALYSIS
• QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS• Technical and financial capacities• Membership and member profiles• Repertoire of activities
CSOCAPACITIES
• QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS• Demographic properties of CSO board
members• Indicators on their relation to civil
society culture
BOARDMEMBERPROFILES
Organizations
Individuals
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1. Scope: Framework & Methodology
• Qualitative design• 50 “complex”
CSOs selected• Ethnographic
analysis
Phase 1
Case Studies
FieldworkPhases
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1. Scope: Framework & Methodology
• Questionnaire design;feedback from Phase 1• Pilot interviews; re-design• 2489 face-to-face
interviews with CSOs in 26cities
Phase 2CSO
Interviews
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1. Scope: Framework & Methodology
• Simultaneous withPhase 2; shorterquestionnaire
• 4903 interviews in26 cities
Phase 3
BoardMember
Interviews
Coding andAnalysis
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• Civil Society
• Civil Society Associations (CSO)
• Non-Governmental Association (NGO)
• Voluntary Organizations (VO)
•
Private Voluntary Organizations (PVO)• Community Based Organizations (CBO)
• Local Organizations (LO)
• Grassroot Organizations (GO)
• Associations & Foundations • legally active
• private
• non-profit• self-governing
• voluntary
1. Scope: Concepts
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According to “Field of Activity”
1. Scope: Ways of Classification
Aid / Philanthropy
Sport
Education
Culture
Occupational
HealthDisabilities
Ideological / Political
Arts
…
…
NTEE (National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities)
Culture & Entertainment
Education & Research
HealthSocial Services
Environment
Development & Housing
Law, Advocacy, Politics
Philanthropic Intermediaries & Voluntarism Promotion
International
Religion
Business and Professional Associations, UnionsOther
ICNPO (International Classification of Non-profit Organizations)
Arts, Culture, and Humanities
Environment and Animals
Health
Human Services
International, Foreign Affairs
Public, Societal Benefit
Religion-related
Mutual / Membership BenefitEducation
Unknown
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1. Scope: Ways of Classification
Legal Status
Association
Foundation
Cooperative
Scope of Activity
LocalRegional
National
International
Members
Membership-based
Non-membership-based
Internal Democracy
Hierarchy
Limited Participation
Strong Participation
Employee Profile
Amateur / Volunteer
Professional
Function
NGO
GONGO
QUANGO
DONGO
Economic Stance
Value-oriented
Market-oriented
CONGO
PONGO
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1. Scope: Ways of Classification
Roles (Kendall, 2003)
Service Provider
Advocacy & Improver
Vanguard
Value Guardian
Roles (Kramer, 1981)
Service Provision
Innovation
Advocacy
Expression & Leadership
Community-Building
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1. Self-organized
2. Advocate
3. Specialist / Expert
4. Philanthropic / Charity-based
5. Protectionist / Safeguarding-oriented
6. Construction / Beautification-oriented
7. Hometown (hemşerilik ) oriented
8. Socialization-oriented
9. Club
10. Occupational / Sectoral
11. Market-oriented
12. Politics-oriented
13. Subsidiary
Civil-Topographical Categories of Classification, Developed by YADA
Based on:
•
Story of establishment• Aims
• Roles
• Orientations
1. Scope: Civil Topography
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Self-organized
Advocate
Specialist
Politics-oriented
OccupationalMarket-oriented
Co-citizenship
Socialization
Club
Subsidiary
Philanthropic
Protectionist
Constr. / Beautif.
Explaining the Categories of Civil-Topographical Classification:
1. Scope: Civil Topography
Expression-oriented
Market-oriented
Socialization-oriented
Subsidiary
Philanthropic
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2. Main Distributions
Category Frequency %
Co-citizenship-oriented 428 17.2
Construction / Beautification or. 284 11.4
Socialization-oriented 266 10.7
Politics-oriented 244 9.8
Club 210 8.4
Subsidiary 180 7.2Market-oriented 168 6.8
Occupational 139 5.6
Philanthropic 133 5.3
Self-organized 126 5.1
Specialist / Expert 118 4.7
Protectionist 108 4.3
Advocate 83 3.3
Total 2487 100
Civil Topography Classification
• Small portion: CSOs based on socialbenefit priorities(advocate, protectionist, specialist, self-
organized, philanthropic) % 22.7
• Majority: CSOs prioritizing members’benefits
• “Civil action” as a means of socialization
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Activity Frequency %
Aid / Solidarity 462 18.6
Sports 234 9.4
Education 195 7.8
Culture 188 7.6
Occupational 180 7.2
Co-citizenship 161 6.5Construction / Beautification 145 5.8
Health 101 4.1
Donations 89 3.6
Disabilities 84 3.4
Research / Science 61 2.5
Arts 56 2.3
Politics / Ideas 53 2.1Environment / Nature 50 2.0
Fields of Activity
• Many different fields claimed by CSOs
• A few fields dominate
2. Main Distributions
Youth 48 1.9
Human rights 47 1.9
Women 44 1.8
Business 43 1.7
Children 29 1.2
Development 18 0.7Consumers rights 18 0.7
Democracy 17 0.7
Hobbies 16 0.6
Neighborhood 15 0.6
Elderly people 13 0.5
Religious community 12 0.5
Animal rights 9 0.4Agriculture 8 0.3
Other 89 3.6
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Regions / Provincial Groups (%)
Southeast Mediterra-
nean
Aegean &
Marmara
Black Sea Middle &
East
Istanbul Ankara Izmir
Self-organized 7.9 3.7 6.6 5.0 6.8 3.1 4.8 8.0
Philanthropic 9.3 2.7 4.6 9.4 10.2 4.5 2.9 6.3
Specialist 4.0 1.1 1.5 3.3 2.4 5.6 10.0 4.0
Advocate 9.3 2.1 3.0 3.3 2.4 2.8 3.8 2.3
Politics-or. 17.2 10.7 6.9 5.5 10.7 10.9 10.4 6.3Club 7.9 9.6 11.4 10.5 3.4 7.6 7.9 9.7
Socialization 11.3 12.3 11.9 10.5 13.2 8.9 8.8 15.3
Cons. / Beaut. 7.9 15.5 12.2 19.9 14.1 9.3 8.6 12.5
Hometown-or. 2.6 8.6 14.0 5.0 13.7 27.2 18.6 17.0
Subsidiary 6.0 7.0 8.4 11.6 7.3 6.1 6.8 7.4
Market-or. 9.3 13.9 8.1 6.1 5.9 5.3 5.2 5.7
Occupational 4.0 7.5 6.9 7.2 4.9 3.6 7.9 4.0
Protectionist 3.3 5.3 4.6 2.8 4.9 5.1 4.3 1.7
Civil Topography Classification According to Regions
• Philanthropic: Middle, Eastern, Southeastern Anatolia;Construction/Beautification: Black Sea region; Advocacyand Politics-oriented: Southeast
•
Specialist: Ankara; Hometown-or.: İstanbul;Socialization: Izmir
2. Main Distributions
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3. Member Profiles
% 90.2
% 10.6
% 38.5
% 25.8
% 6.7
% 21.1 % 20.6
% 30.8
% 2.8
% 42.4
% 28.5% 35.9
% 25.9
% 12.3 % 7.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Kurucu Kayıtlı Aktif Son GK katılan
1-25 arası
26-50 arası
51-250 arası
251 ve üstü
Number of:
Founder Members, Registered Members, Active Members, Members in Last Board Elections
• Founder members at
legal minimum
• Low level of activemembers
Founder Registered Active Attended
Board Elections
1-25
26-50
51-250
251 +
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# of members (%)
1-50 51-250 251+
Self-organized 12.7 42.1 45.2
Philanthropic 55.9 35.4 8.7
Specialist 34.5 37.9 27.6
Advocate 33.3 35.9 30.8
Politics-or. 35.5 41.5 23.1
Club 45.7 37.0 17.3
Socialization 27.3 37.5 35.2
Cons. / Beaut. 56.5 37.8 5.7
Co-citizenship 7.8 54.8 37.4
Subsidiary 31.6 40.2 28.2
Market-or. 34.1 46.7 19.2
Occupational 18.2 43.1 38.7
Protectionist 38.7 44.3 17.0
Total 31.7 42.4 25.9
Number of Registered Members According to Civil Topography
• Fewer members:Cons./Beaut., Philanthropic, Club
categories
• More mass-based: Self -organized, Hometown, Socialization,Occupational categories
3. Member Profiles
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Age Distribution of Registered Members and Board Members
% 13.8
% 69.7
% 16.5
% 9.8
% 51.7
% 38.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
18-30 yaş 31-50 yaş 51 + yaş
Kayıtlı Üyeler (ağırlık)
YK üyeleri (net)
• Middle age dominance
• CSO directors are older
• Foundations are older
• Southeastern CSOs members aged 18-30: % 26
3. Member Profiles
Age 18-30 Age 31-50 Age 51 +
Registered members
Board members
• Club, Self-organized, Politics-oriented voluntary org.s have a youngerthan average member age profile
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3. Member Profiles
% 72.3
% 10.4
% 17.3
% 85.6
% 14.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Erkek Kadın Yaklaşık aynı
Kayıtlı Üyeler (ağırlık)
YK üyeleri (net)
Gender According to Registered & Board Members
Men dominate and rule voluntary orgs.
• Female board membersyounger
8.5 % of men17.5 % of women in 18-30 agegroup
• Middle, Eastern, Southeasternorgs. more male-dominated
MEN WOMEN SAME
Registered members
Board members
Men’s domination weakens in Specialist, Advocate, Protectionist orgs.
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Multiple Correspondence Analysis:
Registered Member Typologies
GRAVITY CENTER:
- MALE, Aged 31-50, high schoolgraduate, monthly income 1000-2000TL
AFFINITIES:
- High income, 50+age, men, educated foundationmembers: Subsidiary, Market-or., Philanthropic
- Low income, aged 18-30: Self-
organized and Club
- Men, 31+ age, primary or secondaryschool grad., minimum income:Hometown-or. and Construction /Beautification-or.
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Multiple Correspondence Analysis:
Board Member Typologies
GRAVITY CENTER:
-MEN, married, 40+yrs. old, 1000-2000 TLincome level, highschool graduate
-Younger, single, lowincome and womencategories far from
center
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4. Organizational Infrastructure & Capacity
Ownership of Office Among Voluntary Organizations
% 9.2
% 38.7
% 9.3
% 18.4
% 24.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Düzenli kullanılan birofisi yok
Başkasına ait kiraödeniyor
Başkasına ait düşükkira ödeniyor
Başkasına ait kiraödenmiyor
Kendi mülkiyeti
• Almost one-tenth does not use office
• About half of them rents office
No office Regularly rent Subsidized rent Doesn’t own Owns officebut no rent paid
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4. Organizational Infrastructure & Capacity
Paid Employees & Positions
• 60 % of voluntary organization employment isfor infrastructural services . Only 15 % for expert-level jobs 8.5 % are “directors”
Within
orgs.
employing
people
(%)
Within all
orgs.
(%)
Total Employees 100.0 32.8
Secretary 45.7 15.0
Attendant 28.0 9.2
Director 26.0 8.5
Accountant 12.4 4.1
Personnel officer 11.2 3.7
Coordinator 9.2 3.0
Expert 9.2 3.0
Cook 8.2 2.7
Driver 4.6 1.5
Waiter 4.5 1.5Cleaner 4.2 1.4
Security guard 3.2 1.1
Sports trainer 3.1 1.0
Trainer 3.0 1.0
Clerk 2.7 0.9
Manual worker 2.2 0.7
Technician 1.6 0.5
Medical doctor 1.2 0.4
• About 40 % of orgs. in Istanbul & Ankara havepaid employees
• Only 27.2 % of associations have paidemployees. 71.2 % of foundations do so.
• 57.7 % of Market-oriented org. have paidemployees, top percentage among all othercategories
• About half of Subsidiary and Specialist orgs. doso
• Lowest employment rates:Construction/Beautif. & Co-citizenship orientedorgs. (about one in five)
Only 32.8 % of voluntaryorgs. employpaid personnel
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22.2
44.7
45.5
46.5
48.5
49.1
50
51.4
55.9
56.1
56.8
57.8
62
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
YYG
Kulüp
Sosyalizasyon
Hemşeri
Hayırsever
Himayeci
Meslek Eksenli
Yan Kuruluş
Siyasi Eksenli
Özörgüt
Savunucu
Uzman
Pazar Eksenli
Office Capacity Index According to Civil Topography (max = 100)
• Market-oriented orgs. lead in technical capacity
• Construction/Beautification org. are weak
%
Conference or performance room 23.2
Multi-purpose room 55.1
Desktop computer 78.1
Laptop computer 27.7
Internet (ADSL) connection 72.7
Telephone switchboard 63.1
Multi-functional printer / copier 65.8
TV set 66.4
Projector 28.5
What is available in offices?
•There are still orgs. withoutcomputers or phones
4. Organizational Infrastructure & Capacity
Market-or.
Specialist
Advocate
Self-organized
Politics-or.
Subsidiary
Occupational
Protectionist.
Philanthropic
Hometown-or.
Socialization
Club
Construction-or.
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4. Organizational Infrastructure & Capacity
Annual Income Intervals in Voluntary Organizations (thousands of TL)
• A significant percentage has annualincome below 2000 TL ($1250)
• Almost half of them below 10.000 TL($6250) annually – which is barely enoughfor yearly rent
% 15.7
% 28.9
% 28.3
% 12.5
% 8.8
0 10 20 30 40
2.000 TL ve altı
2.001 - 10.000 TL
10.001 - 50.000 TL
50.001 - 200.000 TL
200.000 TL ve üstü
Average annual income:
Associations: 45.961 TL
($28.725)
Foundations: 386.312 TL($241.445)
Over 200 ($125)
50-200 ($31-$125)
10-50 ($6-$31)
2-10 ($1.2-$6)
Below 2 ($1.2)
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Annual Income Averages According to Civil Topography (TL)
• Subsidiary orgs., thanks to theirguarantors, top
28,841
42,151
45,613
48,897
49,889
55,116
62,539
81,656
93,39
131,865
147,257
157,035
306,334
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Hemşeri
Sosyalizasyon
Meslek Eksenli
YYG
Kulüp
Özörgüt
Siyasi Eksenli
Savunucu
Himayeci
Hayırsever
Uzman
Pazar Eksenli
Yan Kuruluş
4. Organizational Infrastructure & Capacity
Subsidiary
Market-or.
Specialist
Philanthropic
Protectionist
Advocate
Politics-or.
Self-organized
Club
Construction or.
Occupational
Socialization
Co-citizenship-or.
$191.458
$18.025
•
With their economic activities, Market-oriented orgs. come second
• Specialists sell services; Philanthropicscollect donations
• Those with socialization priorities do not
have high income averages
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5. ActivitiesTypes of Activities Reported
• Gives us the cultural profile of Turkey’scivil society
• Dominance of socialization-typeactivities
•Very rare activism-type activities
%
Organizing social gatherings 66.1
Dinner organizations for members 63.1
Meeting with an influential public figure 50.1
Contact with local newspapers 41.6
Fast-breaking organizations(during Ramadan) 41.6
Meeting with a parliamentarian 39.3
Organizing panel, conference, symposium, etc. 38.3
Contact with local TV channels 33.7
Giving aid in kind 32.9
Organizing picnics 31.8Organizing press meetings 30.0
Sending activity reports to officials 27.2
Giving financial aid 26.2
Giving educational scholarships 25.1
Contact with national papers / TV 24.8
Sports event 24.8
Commemoration event 24.6
Nature visits, nature walks 24.0
Arts organization 18.9Scientific publication 17.7
Scientific research 15.5
Organizing a charity bazaar 13.3
Signature campaign 12.3
Campaign including a number of activities 12.3
Contest organization 12.1
Concert organization 11.4
Constructing mosque, school, park, etc. 10.1
Demonstration 9.2
Other street action 6.7
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Cluster Analysis applied to allactivities; reduction to robust groups:
- Socializing- Scientific- Public-oriented
-Activist- Aiding-Arts-Sports- School, mosque, etc. construction
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5. Activities
• Activism-based activities are even lower inMiddle & Eastern Anatolia, as well as in Black Sea
regions
• Istanbul: aiding activities; Ankara: scientificactivities; Izmir: socializing activities higher
• Associations are inclined towards social;
foundations towards aiding activities
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5. Activities
Cooperative Activities with Foreign Organizations, According to Regions
% 7.8
% 9.3
% 11.4
% 14.8
% 15.1
% 21.9
% 25.5
% 25.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Karadeniz
Ege ve Marmara
İç ve Doğu Anadolu
İzmir
Akdeniz
İstanbul
Güneydoğu
AnkaraAnkara
Southeast
Istanbul
Mediterranean
Izmir
Middle & East
Marmara
Black Sea
• Southeastern orgs. have
caught Ankara-based ones interms of internationalcooperation; even passedIstanbul-based ones
• Black Sea region orgs. are theweakest in terms of foreign ties
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5. Activities
Cooperative Activities with Foreign Organizations, According to Civil Topography
% 2.5
% 8.3
% 13.7% 16.5
% 16.7
% 16.9
% 17.6
% 22.8
% 24.6
% 26.9
% 26.9
% 45.7
% 50.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
YYG
Hemşeri
SosyalizasyonHayırsever
Kulüp
Yan Kuruluş
Siyasi Eksenli
Meslek Eksenli
Özörgüt
Pazar Eksenli
Himayeci
Savunucu
UzmanSpecialist
Advocate
Protectionist
Market-or.
Self-organized
Occupational
Politics-or.
Subsidiary
Club
Philanthropic
Socialization
Co-citizenship-or.
Construction or.
• Knowledgeproducers & advocatesare more open toforeign relations
• Socialization-relatedorgs. are weak inforeign contacts
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6. Attitudes & Dispositions
Most Important Problems Reported by Voluntary Organizations
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Other
Smoking ban
State oppression
No problems
Lack of publicity
Staff, institutionalization
Lack of solidarity
Bureaucratic / Legal
Public's insensitivityFinding support
Related to activity field
Infrastructural / technical lacks
Insufficient participation
Financial
0,3%
0,6%
0,8%
1,5%
3,1%
3,6%
4,6%
5,0%
5,4%6,9%
8,2%
10,3%
11,4%38,0%
• A constant in civil societyresearch in Turkey:Complaint of economicproblems
• “State oppression”complaint is low
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6. Attitudes & Dispositions
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18%
Other
No idea / No answer
Being discriminatoryBeing dependent on the state
Low membership / lack of members' interest
Material / infrastructural problems
Being distant to people
Lack of publicity
Illegal / Corrupt activities
Accountability / Transparency problems
Institutionalization problems
Lack of civil consciousness
Being inactive
Being politicized
Lack of solidarity among CSOs
Activities unrelated to org. aims
4,7%
1,0%
1,7%2,0%
2,3%
3,3%
3,8%
5,1%
5,8%
5,9%6,5%
7,0%
8,9%
11,8%
12,7%
16,7%
Most Important Mistakes & Problems of Other Voluntary Organizations
• Politicization seen as a “vice”
• A general reflexive skepticism about civil
society activities, voiced by CSrepresentatives
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6. Attitudes & Dispositions
Rejected External Funding Sources
• Reflection of anti-Israel / anti-Jewishsentiments
Funding source %
Funds by Jewish organizations 37.9
Soros Foundation (Open Society Institute) 26.9
Funds by Islamic organizations 26.1
US Embassy funds 22.9
EU member countries’ embassy funds 13.0
EU funds 11.8
“Our organization does not have a decision in principle regarding this matter” 32.1
Other 4.7
• Anti-Islamist sentiments are also strong(about half of these are “laicist”orgs., defining themselves to be“Atatürkist” or “social-democratic”
•
“Euro-skepticism” is low
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6. Attitudes & Dispositions
Rejected External Funding Sources According to Civil Topography
Orgs. Who Reject Funding Sources (%)
EUSoros
Foundation
US
Embassy
Islamic
orgs.
Jewish
orgs.
Self-organized 8 27.2 19.2 28.8 33.6
Philanthropic 8.4 16.8 9.9 13.0 24.4
Specialist 5.1 25.6 15.4 19.1 23.5
Advocate 11 45.1 34.1 40.2 43.9Politics-oriented 31.8 54.8 49.4 42.0 58.0
Club 7.2 15.0 16.0 27.5 36.2
Socialization-or. 12 25.3 23.3 33.6 39.8
Constr./Beaut. 18.2 26.6 29.5 14.3 50
Co-citizenship-or. 9.2 29.4 22.4 25.6 40.6
Subsidiary 10.2 18.2 15.9 18.8 25.6
Market-oriented 5.4 13.3 14.5 18.7 25.3Occupational 6.5 26.8 18.1 29.7 29.7
Protectionist 5.7 17.1 12.3 31.1 32.1
• Politics-oriented orgs. are more strongly against Western funding sources:nationalist / xenophobic leanings
• Advocacy orgs. have also high rejection percentages
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6. Attitudes & Dispositions
Closest Political Leaning Reported by Voluntary Organizations
%
Atatürkism 19.6
Social democracy 7.2
Nationalism 4.4
Conservatism 3.5
Religiosity 2.8
Liberalism 2.0
Socialism 1.7
Ulusalcılık (“Left”-nationalism) 1.2
Revolutionism 0.7
Ülkücülük (Nationalist Action Party) 0.3
Communism 0.2Other 3.8
“We are not close to any political stances” 52.6
• More than half of orgs. Report “nopolitical stance”
• Disposition to distance the work of associations & foundations frompolitics
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Multiple Correspondence Analysis: Civil
Topography, Type and Political Leaning
• “Atatürkism” is more distantto Contruct.-oriented &Philanthropic orgs. (Islamicleanings of these)
• Politics-oriented orgs.Closer to “socialism” &“conservatism”
• “Atatürkism” looks like a
“catch-all”: It is close to the“None” category
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7. Observations
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7. Observations
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7. Observations
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Thank you…
Emrah GÖKERResearch Specialist, Director of Publications
[email protected]: +90 312.4735077