Civil War and Civil War and ReconstructionReconstruction

Southern societySouthern society: conservative, : conservative, traditional, slavery, traditional, slavery, honorhonor

►Most Most southernerssoutherners were farmers. were farmers.

►A slave-owning A slave-owning planter planter minorityminority dominated dominated southern societysouthern society..

Prom night in Kentucky 2004:Prom night in Kentucky 2004:What does this have to do with What does this have to do with

the Civil War? the Civil War?

““King Cotton”King Cotton” : Cotton is : Cotton is kingking in in the souththe south

► Cotton Gin: Eli Cotton Gin: Eli WhitneyWhitney

► A person could clean A person could clean much more cotton much more cotton than by hand.than by hand.

► Increased demand Increased demand for slaves as more for slaves as more cotton could be cotton could be grown and grown and processedprocessed

The Cotton BeltThe Cotton Belt: causing slave : causing slave owners to move westwardowners to move westward

Causes of the Civil War:Causes of the Civil War:sectional tensionssectional tensions lead to war lead to war

►3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise►Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri Compromise (1820) ►NullificationNullification►Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850►Kansas - Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas - Nebraska Act (1854)► Dred Scott decision (1857) Dred Scott decision (1857) ►Election of 1860 Election of 1860

Three – fifths Three – fifths compromisecompromise

Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise (1820)(1820)

NullificationNullification

►Nullification is a constitutional Nullification is a constitutional theory that gives an individual state theory that gives an individual state the right to declare the right to declare null and voidnull and void any law passed by the United any law passed by the United States CongressStates Congress

The Dred Scott Case (1857)The Dred Scott Case (1857)

► Taken by his master Taken by his master into free territory into free territory

► Supreme Court Supreme Court decision outrages decision outrages northernersnortherners

Supreme Court decision increases Supreme Court decision increases sectional tensionsectional tension between north between north

and southand south► ““We think ... [that Negroes] ... are not included, We think ... [that Negroes] ... are not included,

and were not intended to be included, under the and were not intended to be included, under the word “citizens” in the Constitution, and can word “citizens” in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States. On the contrary, to citizens of the United States. On the contrary, they were at that time considered as a they were at that time considered as a subordinate and inferior class of beings, who subordinate and inferior class of beings, who had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges but such as those who held theprivileges but such as those who held the power power and the Government might choose to grant and the Government might choose to grant them.”them.”

The The Dred ScottDred Scott ruling: Why would this make ruling: Why would this make it harder for the north and south to it harder for the north and south to

compromise over the issue of slavery?compromise over the issue of slavery?

►Ruled that because Scott was a slave, Ruled that because Scott was a slave, he was not a citizen and could not sue.he was not a citizen and could not sue.

►Congress had no power to regulate Congress had no power to regulate slavery in the territoriesslavery in the territories

►Free states could not prevent slavery Free states could not prevent slavery fromfrom

Spreading into free areasSpreading into free areas

Election of 1860Election of 1860

Immediate Cause of WarImmediate Cause of War::John Brown’s raid on Harper’s John Brown’s raid on Harper’s

FerryFerry► Convicted of murder Convicted of murder

and hanged. and hanged.

THE WAR THAT TURNED THE WAR THAT TURNED ““BROTHERBROTHER AGAINST AGAINST BROTHERBROTHER” ” ►LINCOLN’S MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS TO LINCOLN’S MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS TO

SAVE THE UNIONSAVE THE UNION, , NOTNOT END END SLAVERYSLAVERY..

►NORTH SEEMED TO HAVE MORE NORTH SEEMED TO HAVE MORE ADVANTAGES BUT LINCOLN HAD ADVANTAGES BUT LINCOLN HAD PROBLEMS WITH HIS GENERALS, SO PROBLEMS WITH HIS GENERALS, SO THE NORTH DID BADLY AT FIRST.THE NORTH DID BADLY AT FIRST.

What this war was really What this war was really aboutabout

►The North said this was a war to The North said this was a war to “save the union.”“save the union.”

►The South said the war was about The South said the war was about “states rights.” “states rights.”

►The Civil war was really about The Civil war was really about SLAVERYSLAVERY

CIVIL WAR 1861 - 1865CIVIL WAR 1861 - 1865

►President Lincoln was elected to two President Lincoln was elected to two terms as President:terms as President:

• 1860 – 18641860 – 1864• 1865 –1865 –AssassinatedAssassinated by John Wilkes by John Wilkes

Booth at Ford’s Theater. Booth at Ford’s Theater. • South Carolina was the first state to South Carolina was the first state to

secedesecede

Union (North) Union (North) Confederacy Confederacy (South)(South)United States Confederate United States Confederate States of States of America “Dixie” America “Dixie”

Two Countries, Two Presidents Two Countries, Two Presidents Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln Jefferson Jefferson

DavisDavis

Lincoln’s generals did not want to fight!Lincoln’s generals did not want to fight!McClellan McClellan is replaced by is replaced by BurnsideBurnside

Southern (Confederate) GeneralSouthern (Confederate) GeneralRobert E. LeeRobert E. Lee

ShermanSherman and and GrantGrant::Believers in Believers in Total WarTotal War

Total war = destroy civilian Total war = destroy civilian areasareas

Making a run for the union Making a run for the union lineslines

WAR IS HELL:WAR IS HELL:ANDERSONVILLE PRISONANDERSONVILLE PRISON

GETTYSBURGGETTYSBURG: : The Turning The Turning PointPoint: : 50,00050,000 KILLED, INJURED KILLED, INJURED

OR MISSINGOR MISSING►TURNING POINT IN TURNING POINT IN

WAR IN UNION’S WAR IN UNION’S (NORTH) FAVOR(NORTH) FAVOR

►Started with Started with Confederates Confederates looking for looking for shoes!shoes!

LincolnLincoln at Gettysburg: at Gettysburg: November 1863 November 1863

1862: 1862: Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Lee surrenders to Grant: Lee surrenders to Grant: Appomattox CourthouseAppomattox Courthouse

April 1865April 1865

Lincoln is assassinated and unable to Lincoln is assassinated and unable to implement his Reconstruction Plan, which was implement his Reconstruction Plan, which was fairly fairly lenientlenient toward the former Confederate toward the former Confederate

statesstates

ReconstructionReconstruction: 1865 – 1877:: 1865 – 1877:How can this nation be put back How can this nation be put back

together?together? ►WhoWho will rule in the south? will rule in the south?

►WhoWho will rule in the federal will rule in the federal government? government?

►WhatWhat will be the conditions that will be the conditions that African-Americans will live under? African-Americans will live under?

What are some issues that What are some issues that would need to be dealt with would need to be dealt with

after the Civil War? after the Civil War? ►People with no homesPeople with no homes►Angry white men stripped of “honor” Angry white men stripped of “honor” ►Economy and how will people eat? Economy and how will people eat? ►Angry black people- no homes, etcAngry black people- no homes, etc►South is poor and not very South is poor and not very

industrializedindustrialized

Problems after the Civil WarProblems after the Civil War

►How to help the former slavesHow to help the former slaves►How to bring back Confederate states How to bring back Confederate states

into the unioninto the union►How to rebuild the southHow to rebuild the south►How to deal with the fact that Lincoln, How to deal with the fact that Lincoln,

Johnson and Congress all had different Johnson and Congress all had different ideas for Reconstruction.ideas for Reconstruction.

The “failure” of The “failure” of ReconstructionReconstruction

►By the end of the 19By the end of the 19thth century (1800’s) century (1800’s) many African –Americans will find many African –Americans will find themselves in similar conditions to what themselves in similar conditions to what they experienced they experienced beforebefore the Civil War the Civil War

►A few will be able to move into the A few will be able to move into the middle class. middle class.

►Some historians will argue that the Some historians will argue that the Reconstruction Reconstruction years helped lay the years helped lay the foundation for later success in civil rights foundation for later success in civil rights

THERE WAS A GROWING BLACK MIDDLE CLASS DURING THE

PROGRESSIVE ERA

However, many African –Americans However, many African –Americans find themselves in circumstances as find themselves in circumstances as

bad and sometimes bad and sometimes worseworse than than slavery= sharecroppingslavery= sharecropping

Thomas Nast cartoon: Thomas Nast cartoon: Worse than SlaveryWorse than Slavery

JIM CROW LAWS: LEGALIZED SEGREGATION

FREDERICK DOUGLAS WAS WIDELY REGARDED AS

THE LEADER AND SPOKESMAN FOR THE

BLACK COMMUNITY UNTIL HIS DEATH IN 1895.

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON ASSUMED DOUGLAS’S

ROLE BUT WAS CHALLENGED BY W.E.B. DuBOIS. THE TWO HAD

DIFFERING IDEAS ON HOW BLACK AMERICANS

SHOULD DEAL WITH THE RACISM AND LACK OF

OPPORTUNITY.

AFRO-AMERICAN LEADERS

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON

W.E.B. DuBOIS

What accounted for this failure?: What accounted for this failure?: That is our topic! That is our topic!