civil war & reconstruction

74
CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 1 LESSONS 4 – 5

Upload: ianthe

Post on 24-Feb-2016

29 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION. U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 1 LESSONS 4 – 5 . MANIFEST DESTINY. Idea that god had bestowed the entire continent to the Americans Caused massive expansion west to Pacific Ocean & Mexican Territory Santa Fe Trail – Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTIONU.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHYCHAPTER 1LESSONS 4 – 5

Page 2: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

MANIFEST DESTINY• Idea that god had bestowed the entire

continent to the Americans• Caused massive expansion west to

Pacific Ocean & Mexican Territory• Santa Fe Trail – Independence, MO to

Santa Fe, NM• Oregon Trail – Independence, MO to

Portland, OR• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day

Saints (Mormons) - Utah

Page 3: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Joseph Smith

Brigham Young

Page 4: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

OREGON & TEXAS• Oregon territory divided on 49th parallel

between Britain & U.S. Creates WA, OR, ID• Mexico gains independence from Spain.

Offers land to American farmers• American farmers want to be part of U.S.

Mexico refuses to sell TX• Stephen Austin attempts to settle things

only to be imprisoned by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

• Battle of Alamo – 187 killed, few women & children survived

• Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna. • Forms Republic of Texas “The Lone Star

Republic”

Page 5: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Stephen Austin

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Sam Houston

The Alamo

Page 6: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 7: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

WAR WITH MEXICO• President Polk supports TX &

sends General Zachary Taylor to defend it

• American blood spilt on American soil.

• American forces capture Mexican cities– Colonel Stephen Kearny & John C.

Fremont claim New Mexico & the Republic of California where they hoisted a flag that featured a grizzly bear

– Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey, Mexico. Winfield Scott captures Veracruz & Mexico City

James Polk

John Slidell

Zachary Taylor

Page 8: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

WAR WITH MEXICO• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Rio Grande

is border for TX, NM & CA go to U.S. $15 million paid for south CA, NV, NM, UT, AZ, CO, & WY

• Gadsden Purchase: current borders for lower 48 states

• Wilmot Proviso: slavery should not exist in any territory acquired from Mexico. Favored by Northerners

Page 9: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 10: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

SLAVERY & WESTWARD EXPANSION

• Popular Sovereignty• California Gold Rush – skips

territorial phase & push to be admitted as a state

• Compromise of 1850: CA = free, South = Fugitive Slave Law, BOTH = popular sovereignty

• Fugitive Slave Act: easier to capture runaways; assisting alleged fugitives = $1k fine, imprisonment for 6 months, or both

James Marshall

Page 11: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

SLAVERY & WESTWARD EXPANSION

• Underground Railroad• Harriet Tubman – slave conductor• Harriett Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s

Cabin• Stephen A. Douglas – offers each

provision of Compromise of 1850 separately & they pass

Page 12: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

CRISIS OF KANSAS• Douglas wants to build a railroad but

needs to get Nebraska Territory admitted to union. Willing to repeal Missouri Compromise

• Kansas-Nebraska Act: two states – NE & KS; popular sovereignty rule in effect to decide slavery issue

• Proslavery vs. Anti-slavery in KS – voting fraud

• “Sack of Lawrence”• John Brown – abolitionist; Pottawatomie

Massacre

Page 13: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

POLITICAL & SECTIONAL DIVISIONS• Charles Sumner’s vs. Senator Butler, SC

– SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 60• Whig party divided on slavery issue• American Party: anti-Catholic, “Know-

nothing” party, divided on slavery• Free-Soil Party: opposed expansion of

slavery• Liberty Party: abolitionists who wanted

slavery ended by passing laws• Republican Party: antislavery Democrats,

discontented Northern Whigs, & Free-soilers.

Page 14: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD• Dred Scott is a slave who sued for

freedom as his owner died & he lived for 4 years in IL

• Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney’s decision:– Scott was not a citizen, but property– Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

as it violated citizen’s rights under 5th amendment

Page 15: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

UNION DISSOLVES• John Brown

attempts to arm slaves to end slavery by raiding Harper’s Ferry

• Lincoln-Douglas debates – 6 debates all on issue of slavery

Page 18: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

UNION DISSOLVES• Freeport Doctrine: any territory could

exclude slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting & enforcing them

• Lincoln wins the presidential election of 1860

• Secession: Southern states leave the union beginning with SC. Followed by MI, FL, AL, FA, LA, & TX

• Confederate States of America (Confederacy) is formed

Page 19: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

UNION ADVANTAGES• Strong naval tradition• Industrialization - factories• Railroads• Instant communication – telegraph• Immigrants providing labor• Population• Food production

Page 20: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

CONFEDERACY ADVANTAGES• Strong military leadership – first rate

generals• Rivers for transportation• Profit from cotton• Motivated soldiers defending homeland

Page 21: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

FORT SUMTER• Lincoln’s dilemma: reinforce it

or retreat. • Jefferson’s dilemma: do

nothing or attack the fort• Sumter is attacked on April 12,

1861• VA secedes from Union after

Sumter’s fall• Richmond becomes capital of

Confederacy• May 1861: AS, TN, & NC

secede• MD, KY, DE, MI remain in Union

but many will fight for Confederacy

Lincoln

Jefferson Davis

Page 22: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 23: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN

• Union’s Plan (Anaconda Plan): blockade of southern ports, control of Mississippi River, & capture Richmond

• Bull Run (Manassas Junction): July 21, 1861. – Both sides were

inexperienced– Total chaos for Union

• Lincoln appoints George McClellan to lead the Army of the Potomac

Page 24: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

An 1861 cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott’s Anaconda plan.Credit: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: g3701s cw0011000

Page 26: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

WAR IN THE WEST• General Ulysses S. Grant:

captures Fort Henry (TN River), Fort Donelson (Cumberland River), & Shiloh. Grant only accepts unconditional surrender

• David Farragut: seizes New Orleans, Baton Rouge, & Natchez.

• Ironclads: metal ships. Monitor (Union) vs. Merrimack (Confederacy) ends in a stalemate

Page 27: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Fort Donelson

Page 28: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

IRONCLADS

Page 29: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

WAR IN THE EAST• Seven Days’ Battle

– June 25 to July 1, 1862: Lee defends Richmond from McClellan

• Second Battle of Bull Run – Aug. 29/30, 1862: Lee moves against Washington D.C.

• Battle of Antietam – Sept. 17, 1862: bloodiest single day. Over 26k died. McClellan would be fired for not chasing Lee’s battered men

General Robert E. Lee

Page 33: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

• Lincoln disliked slavery but did not believe govt. could abolish it where it already existed

• Lincoln uses constitutional war powers to institute proclamation

• Emancipation Proclamation: – Goes into effect January 1,

1863– Only applied to areas BEHIND

Confederate lines, outside Union control

– Allows for free blacks to serve Union army (Massachusetts 54th)

Page 34: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

• Trent Affair: attempt by South to “test” Britain’s neutrality & to gain their assistance. Captain Charles Wilkes (Union) arrested James Mason & John Slidell (Confederate) who were aboard a British ship Trent. Britain moved 8K troops to Canada. Lincoln freed the men stating that Wilkes acted without orders.

THE POLITICS OF WAR

John Slidell

James Mason

Capt. Charles Wilkes

Page 35: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

POLITICAL OF WAR• Lincoln deals with dissent by:

– suspending habeas corpus rights– Seizes telegraph offices

• Davis would deal with dissent in the same manner

• Conscription riots plagued both Union & Confederacy

Page 36: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

AFRICAN AMERICANS• North: Former slaves would serve Union

army (Massachusetts 54th); still suffer discrimination– Fort Pillow, TN: Confederates massacred

over 200 African American prisoners & whites who were with them

• South: considered drafting them; they would engage in sabotage

Page 37: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 38: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS DURING THE WAR• South: plantation system weakened;

shortages in manpower, food-growing causing food prices to rise, loss of slaves, Union blockade of ports

• North: industries boomed, corruption in industry, work force of whites dwindled but they would be replaced by African Americans & women, wages did not keep up with cost of living

Page 39: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR

• May 1863: Lee defeats the North at Chancellorsville. General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson is shot by accident by Confederate soldiers, loses his left arm, & later dies of Pneumonia on May 10. Lee continues to press onward into Gettysburg, PA.

Page 40: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR• Vicksburg

– a year long siege– surrenders on July 4, 1863

Page 41: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR• Gettysburg: 3 full days of fighting.

Starts July 1, 1863. Fighting finally stops & on July 4 the dead are accounted for– Day 1: Confederates go into town looking

for shoes run in John Buford’s cavalry. Confederates take the town

– Day 2: Confederates attack Cemetery Ridge from Seminary Ridge going through orchard & wheat field. Huge loss of life. Union takes control of Little Round Top

– Day 3: artillery barrages for most of morning. Lee advances during silence. Lee retreats

Page 43: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

TURNING POINTS OF WAR• Total loss of life at Gettysburg:

– North – 23k killed or wounded

– South – 28k killed or wounded

• Gettysburg Address: November 1863– land dedicated to soldiers

who died. Over 100 are still not identified

– Lincoln’s 10-minute speech where he focuses on the U.S. as a WHOLE & defined what the U.S. IS

Page 44: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

THE WAR ENDS• Ulysses S. Grant appointed over Potomac Army• “Wilderness” Campaign• “March to the Sea”• Lincoln wins second term• Petersburg, VA – final battle• Appomattox Courthouse – Lee surrenders on

April 9, 1865

Page 46: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 47: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

APPOMATOX COURTHOUSE

Page 48: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

RESULTS OF WAR• Political:

– Government exerts national authority

– Secession never used again

– Income tax– Currency– Conscription– State’s rights

exerted in other forms

• Economic:– National railroad– Federal Banks– North: profit, $ to

invest, new technology

– South: 40% of livestock gone, lack of farm machinery, railroads destroyed, uncultivated land

Page 49: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION• 1865 – 1877 – refers to rebuilding of the South &

readmission of Confederate States• Lincoln’s 10% plan

– Pardon for all Confederate soldiers except high-ranking ones as long as they sword allegiance to Union

– Once 10% did this then state could reform government & gain representation in U.S. Congress

Page 50: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION• “Radical” Republicans opposed Lincoln’s

plan. Believed that Reconstruction belonged to Congress.

• Wade-Davis Bill – puts Reconstruction in hands of Congress. Lincoln uses “pocket” veto Charles

Sumner

Thaddeus Stevens

Page 51: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION• Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865• John Wilkes Booth: Sic Semper Tyrannis

(“Thus be it to tyrants”)• Lincoln’s dies April 15, 1865

John Wilkes Booth

Page 52: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

ANDREW JOHN’S RECONSTRUCTION

• Amnesty for all former citizens except former confederate officials & wealthy planters

• State had to officially withdraw secession

• Swear allegiance to Union• Annul Confederate war debts• Ratify the 13th Amendment

Page 53: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

CONGRESS’ ATTITUDE• Refused to admit new Southern legislators• Freedmen’s Bureau Act• Civil Rights Act of 1866• Johnson will veto both acts• Moderate & Radical Republicans will now work

together against Johnson, re-passing both bills• Reconstruction Act 1867:

– 5 military districts– TN admitted as they ratified 13th & 14th amendments– States had to ratify 13th & 14th amendments &

guarantee African Americans the right to vote• Tenure of Office Act: used to impeach Johnson

Page 54: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Freedman’s Bureau

Page 55: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 56: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 57: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 58: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 60: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS

• 13TH Amendment: PERMANENT freedom to African Americans in ALL states.

• 14th Amendment: every person born or naturalized in the U.S. as citizens of the country & were entitled to equal protection under the law & no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process.

• 15th Amendment: right to vote shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Page 61: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Fourteenth Amendment

Page 62: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

"One Less Vote."The Fourteenth Amendment, granting black men the right to vote, was ratified in July 1868. Every black vote became a threat to white Southerners' political power. The stone reads, "Negroe Killed, Seymour Ratification, KKK."

Page 63: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 64: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

SOUTH DURING RECONSTRUCTION

• Physical & economic devastation

• Public works programs

• Scalawags• Carpetbaggers• “40 acres & a

mule”• Sharecropping• Tenant farming

• Slave’s challenges: understanding freedom, movement, jobs, education, families.

• Hiram Revels – 1st U.S. Congressional Senator. 15 others will serve in House of Representatives

Page 65: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Carpetbaggers

Page 66: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 67: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Carpetbaggers

Page 68: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

GRANT ADMINISTRATION

• Ku Klux Klan• Enforcement Acts of 1870• Credit Mobilier• Whiskey Ring• Secretary of War Belknap• Panic of 1873• Greenbacks• Specie Resumption Act 1875

Page 69: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

Fraud in Grant’s Administration

Page 70: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION
Page 71: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

U.S. SUPREME COURT CASES• Slaughterhouse Cases 1873: 14th Amendment

protected rights of people by virtue of their citizenship. Most Americans basic civil rights were obtained through citizenship in a state & amendment did NOT protect those rights

• U.S. v. Cruikshank 1876: 14th amendment did NOT give federal government right to punish individuals who oppressed blacks

• U.S. v. Reese 1876: 15th amendment did NOT ‘confer the right of suffrage’ on anyone BUT simply stated grounds on which it could not be denied

Page 72: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

The Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873 originated with a lawsuit brought by butchers excluded from a state-created monopoly, the Crescent City Livestock Landing & Slaughterhouse Company of New Orleans

Page 73: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

COMPROMISE OF 1877• Support for Reconstruction

fades• Democrats regain control of

state governments & their Congressional seats in 1876

• 1876 Presidential election: Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president in exchange for withdrawal of federal troops from LA & SC, federal $ to build railroad, & Hayes appoints a Southerner to the cabinet

Page 74: CIVIL WAR &  RECONSTRUCTION

MISTAKES OF RECONSTRUCTION

• Assumption that extending civil rights to freed person would enable them to protect themselves through participation

• Congress did not adequately protect those rights

• Supreme Court undermined those rights• NO land/jobs for African Americans – no

economic independency• Under estimated deep-seated racism