civil war- reconstruction (ch.16-22)

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Civil War- Reconstruction (Ch.16-22) Anisha Hossain Rylie Bryant Brendan Hotchkiss

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Civil War- Reconstruction (Ch.16-22). Anisha Hossain Rylie Bryant Brendan Hotchkiss. Ch.16- The South and the Slavery Controversy. The Economy “Cotton is King” → led to the dependence of a one crop economy. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Civil War- Reconstruction (Ch.16-22)

Civil War- Reconstruction(Ch.16-22)Anisha HossainRylie BryantBrendan HotchkissCh.16- The South and the Slavery ControversyThe EconomyCotton is King led to the dependence of a one crop economy.The cotton industry grew bigger and farmers were making a lot of profit off of it allowing for a lot of prosperity.Cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840.Much of Britain's cotton supply came from the South.Cotton was a powerful monarch.The economic structure of the South became increasingly monopolistic.There was financial instability in the South of the plantation systemthe temptation to overspeculate (no profit with material held) caused many planters to plunge into debt.Slaves represented a heavy investment of capital.

The GovernmentBefore the Civil War the government was an oligarchy-governed by a few- and heavily influenced by the planter aristocracy.This undemocratic way widened the gap between the rich and the poor.Liberty Party and Free Soil Partygrew out of split in abolitionist movement in late 1830sLiberty party merged into the Free Soil Party in 1848Opposed the spread of slavery into territoriesFree soil, free speech, free labor, and free menRepeal of the the Fugitive Slave LawSlaveryThe invention of the cotton gin allowed slavery to prosper as well.Many free blacks owned property in New OrleansFree blacks were known as the Third Race because they were unable to get certain jobs that some whites could get.However in the North free blacks were hated more than in the South.Former slave Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist and self educated orator of rare power, was mobbed and beaten by northern rowdies.Congress outlawed slave imports in 1808 so they were smuggled into the southMany people wanted to auction off slavesAbolitionists and Harriet Beecher Stowe seized on the emotional power of this theme by putting it at the heart of the plot of Uncle Toms Cabin.Black Belt- (S.Carolina to Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana) was where most slaves were concentrated.Slaves were not permitted to read because it allowed them to think.

AbolitionismAmerican Colonization Society (1817) focused on transporting the blacks back to AfricaRepublic of Liberia(1822)- founded as a place for former slavesThe Second Great Awakening caused abolitionists to think that slavery was a sin.Theodore Dwight Weld- abolitionist who spoke against slaverywrote the pamphlet: American Slavery As It Is (1839)William Lloyd Garrison- wrote an anti-slavery newspaper The LiberatorSojourner Truth- freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and womens rightsFrederick Douglass-lectured widely for abolitionism; he was political

RebellionsNat Turners Rebellion- A black slave of the early 19th century, who led the only effective and sustained slave revolt in American history. He and his supporters killed several dozen white people in Virginia.ImpactIn 1832 states wanted to make emancipation illegalThe nullification crisis of 1832 caused southern abolitionism to silence.The Gag Resolution demanded that all anti-slavery appeals to be tabled without debate in the House of Representatives.Free soilers opposed extending slavery to western territories.Ch.17 Manifest Destiny and its LegacyThe GovernmentWhigs, Daniel Webster as secretary of state and Henry Clay as the king of the whigs and their spokesman, were set to control the presidency.William Henry Harrison was president at the time but 4 weeks into his presidency he caught pneumonia and died so Clay and Websters plans were ruined.John Tyler- VP to Harrison became president; he was a democrat at heart and contradicted many of the Whig ideas.vetoes Bank of the USLowers tariffsTippecanoe and Tyler tooEconomicallyWhig Party caused financial reform the independent treasury system ended.Fiscal Bank- would establish a new Bank of the US vetoedFiscal Corporation was also vetoedTyler signed the Tariff of 1842 which was a protective whig tariff. Wars...During the 19th Century there was much hatred with Britain.This sparked the Third War with Englandwas fought with paper broadsides

TexasMexico refused to look at Texas independenceTexas made treaties with Belgium, FR, and HollandBritain wanted to ally with TexasBecame the leading issue in the presidential campaign of 1844the democrats were pro expansion and wanted to annex TexasPresident Tyler signed a resolution in 1845 that invited Texas to become the 28th state.OregonFour nations claimed Oregon Country: Spain, Russia, Britain, and the USSpain dropped out of America with the Florida Treaty of 1819 Russia dropped out with the treaties of 1824 and 1825Britain controlled the area north of the Columbia river and US controlled the souththere were fewer people from BR but they did not want to take away their claim.This was a main issue in the campaignsThe Election of 1844The whig party chose Henry Clay and the Democrats chose James K. Polk(speaker of the House of Representatives)James K. Polk won!In the 1840s and 1850s many Americans felt that God had manifestly destined the American people to spread their democratic institutions around the worldDemocrats Supported Manifest Destiny!Polks goal was to lower tariffsHis second goal was restoration of the independent treasury MexicoPolk was eager to buy california from MexicoMexicans considered Texas to be theirsthe United States had claims against the Mexicans for some $3 million in damages to American citizens and their propertyDeadlock with Mexico over Texas was further tightened by a question of boundaries.Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848They confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California.The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000The Mexican War was a small one but it brought back questions on slavery

Wilmot amendment- mandated that slavery should never be practiced in territory gained from MexicoWilmot Proviso- conflict in Washington of the Wilmot amendment in 1846Ch.18- Renewing the Sectional StrugglePopular sovereignty- the sovereign people would choose the status of slavery. Democrats chose Lewis Cass as their candidate for the electionsThe whigs chose Zachary Taylor as their candidate for the electionsThe Free Soil Party emerged it was formed by anti slavery men of the NorthIn 1848 gold was discovered in California.Californians drafted their own constitution in 1849 in order for protectionHarriet Tubman-Conductor of the Underground Railroad which helped slaves escape to the NorthSoutherners demanded a new Fugitive Slave LawThe congressional debate of 1850 spoke of the possible admission of California into the union.Henry Clay- The Great Compromisersuggested that the North enact a stricter slave lawJohn Calhoun-The Great Nullifierleave slavery alonereturn runaway slaves to the southDaniel Webster- was against slaverya new fugitive slave law should be formedin 1850 President Taylor died and Millard Fillmore took overA second era of good feelings came aboutpeople thought that the compromises would help end the issues of slavery

The Compromise of 1850California was admitted as a free state and the territories of New Mexico and Utah were open to slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. the senate was unbalanced in favor of the NorthThe Fugitive Slave Law 1850fleeing slaves could not testify on their own behalf and they were denied a jury trialNortherner who tried to help the slaves escape would be faced with fines and jail time

Election of 1852Democrat- Franklin Piercesupported the finality of everythingWhigs- Winfield Scottsplit into two, Northern whigs and Southern WhigsNorthern- didnt accept platform but accepted candidateSouthern- accepted platform but not the candidateFranklin Pierce won!The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- neither American nor Britain could own an isthmian waterwayCuba was prized by southerner for the most desirable slave territoryThe secretary of state instructed the American ministers in Spain, England, and France to prepare confidential recommendations for the acquisition of CubaThis was called the Ostend ManifestoStated that if Spain did not allow the US to buy Cuba for 120 million dollars then America would attack Cuba on grounds that Spains continued ownership of CUba endangered American interests.With the acquisition of California and Oregon, the transcontinental railroad was proposedSec. of War Jefferson Davis wanted James Gadsden to buy an area of Mexico from Santa Anna for which the railroad would pass.This was the Gadsden PurchaseStephen A Douglas- wanted to break the North-South deadlock over westward expansionproposed that the Territory of Nebraska be sliced into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska.their status on slavery would be decided by the peopleKansas=slave stateNebraska=free stateThe Kansas Nebraska Act ran into the problem of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which forbade slavery in the proposed Nebraska territory.Douglas wanted to repeal the Missouri Compromisethe act destroyed two compromises ( 1820 and 1850)Democratic Party was shatteredThe Republican Party was formedDrifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]Literary WorksUncle Toms CabinWritten by Harriet Beecher StoweThe purpose was to awaken the North to the wickedness of the South and slaveryThe deeper source lay in the Second Great Awakening Led people to ignore the Fugitive Slave LawThe book was very popular in Britain and France

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]Literary WorksThe Impending Crisis of the SouthWritten by Hinton R. Helperhated by the black peopleattempted to use statistics to prove indirectly that the non-slave holding white people were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]Bleeding Kansasworst outcome of popular sovereignty Popular Sovereignty- is when the state gets to choose to be a slave state or a free statepeople from Missouri came into Kansas to vote that Kansas be a slave stateCivil War in Kansas started in 1856 and continued until it merged with the large scale Civil War

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]Reactions of the British and the FrenchBritain thought the North would winLondon and Paris thought about getting involved on the side of the South but they were afraid their countries would go against them and side with the North (Uncle Toms Cabin)Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]The Dred Scott CaseA slave who lived with his master for 5 years sued for his freedom on his long residence on free soilThe Supreme Court ruled that because a slave was private property he could be taken into any territory and legally held there Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861] The 5th Amendment-forbade congress from depriving people of their property without the due process of law

The Court went further and stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]Election of 1860Abraham Lincoln won the election however not with the popular voteThe election led to South Carolina Seceding The Republicans Won

Drifting Toward Disunion [1854-1861]The SplitDec. 1860 South Carolina decided to secedeAlong with South Carolina was Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia,Louisiana & TexasThis group of states was known as the Confederate States of AmericaThey elected Jefferson Davis as presidentThe North and the SouthUnion FortsFort Sumter- in Charleston Harbor; needed supplies in order to support the men thereLincoln then told the South he was sending supplies to the men at Fort Sumter not reinforcements for warThe South viewed this as an act of aggression and South Carolina fired on the Fort on April 12th 1861Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded after the attack

The North and the SouthBorder StatesMissouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West VirginiaThey were the only slave states that had not seceded from the UnionContained the Ohio River, a vital necessity of both the Union and ConfederateThe Five Civilized Tribes sided with the ConfederacyThe North and the SouthThe Balance of ForcesThe south had the Home Field Advantage They didn't have to fight to win they just had to fight to a drawRobert E.Lee turned down the job as command of the northern army to fight with his home state of virginia along with chief lieutenant Thomas J. Stonewall JacksonThe North held of the nations wealth and of the nation's railroad systemThe north also had a much larger populationThe North and the SouthLincoln vs DavisOne defect of the south was that their own states could secede and some soldiers refused to fight outside of their state bordersDavis often had disputes with his own congressLincoln and the North enjoyed a long established and financially stable governmentThe North and the SouthThe DraftThe north and south both established a Draftpassed by congress in 1863Men who were called into the draft could pay for a replacement

The North and the SouthEconomic Stressors of WarThe North increased tariffs and taxes in order to financially support the warMorrill Tariff Act- high protective tariff that increased duties 5-10%The Washington Treasury issued Greenback Paper Money that was backed by the nations fluctuating Gold SupplyIn 1863 Congress authorized the National Banking System, it was designed to stimulate the sale of government bonds- and to establish a standard bank-note currencyThe Confederate Government was forced to print blue-backed paper money that was subject to Runaway Inflation Ch.21- The Furnace of Civil WarThe Northern military plan (6 components)1. Slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts.2. Liberate the slaves and undermine the very economic foundation of the South. 3. Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River.4. Dismember the Confederacy by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas.5. Capture its capital at Richmond.6. Try everywhere to engage the enemy's main strength and grind it into submission.

South was winning at the beginning of the war Battle of Antietam- Pivotal point in the war

Ch. 21Emancipation Proclamation-Antietam provided Lincoln with the military backing to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation -it called for the freeing of all slaves in Confederate territory, except in locations where the Union had mostly regained control-Changed the nature of the war by removing any chance of settlement between the Confederacy and the Union

Ch. 21Presidential election of 1864- the Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party (Lincolns party)-Democrats nominated General McClellan was their presidential candidate-The Northern Democrats lost the election of 1864. This was one of the most crushing losses suffered by the South. The removal of Lincoln was the last hope for a Confederate victory.Ch. 21The Union army led by general Grant took the Confederate capitol of Richmond ultimately ending the warPresident Lincoln was shot at Ford Theater on April 14, 1865The war claimed more than 600,000 lives Ch.22- The Ordeal of ReconstructionEmancipation proclamation-Took effect unevenly throughout the south-Some slaves resisted emancipation due to their loyalty to their masters-following emancipation, black communities were centered around church-education for blacks arose after the proclamation

Ch. 22Freedmens Bureau -intended to provide clothing, medical care, food, and education to both freedmen and white refugeesPresident Johnson-Ran as Lincolns VP to appeal to the War Democrats and other pro-Southern elements-He was a strong supporter of state's rights and of the ConstitutionCh. 22Lincolns 10 Percent Plan-A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipationWade Davis Bill (1864)-Required that 50% of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and it demanded stronger safeguards for emancipationCh. 22President Johnsons Reconstruction plan-It called for special state conventions which were required to: repeal the decrees of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th Amendment

Ch. 22Black Codes-A series of laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated slaves-They were aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force-They mocked the idea of freedom and imposed hardships on the blacks -The codes forbade a black to serve on a jury or to vote-The Republicans were strongly opposed to the Black CodesCh. 22The Reconstruction Act- Divided South into 5 military districts-The districts were controlled and patrolled by union soldiers-The moderate Republican goal was to create voters in Southern states that would vote those states back into the Union and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights

ActivityWhat was the main crop of the South?

CottonWhat was the government before the Civil War?

OligarchyWhat did Nat Turner do?lead a slave rebellionTrue or FalseMost slave owners treated their black slaves as a valuable economic investment.TrueWhat was the strict rule passed by congressmen to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives in 1836?Gag ResolutionWhat caused southern abolitionism to silence?the nullification crisis of 1832 Who were northern antislavery politicians who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories?Free SoilersWho was a free black woman who fought for black emancipation and womens rights?

Sojourner TruthWho wrote an anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator?William Lloyd GarrisonWhat caused southern abolitionist to think that slavery was a sin?The Second Great AwakeningWhich party caused financial reform and caused the independent treasury system to end?Whig partyWhat was the conflict in Washington of the Wilmot amendment in 1846?

Wilmot ProvisoWhat confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California?The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848The United States hatred with Britain sparked what war?

Third War with England What was the idea that God had manifestly destined the American people to spread their democratic institutions around the world?

Manifest DestinySpain, Russia, Britain, and the US all claimed what area/region?

Oregon CountryWho was the president that vetoes the Bank of the US?

John TylerWhat was the idea that the sovereign people would choose the status of slavery?popular sovereigntyWho was the conductor of the underground railroad?Harriet TubmanWhat was the time period in which people thought that the compromise would help end the issue of slavery?Second Era of Good FeelingsWhat document admitted California as a free states and the territories of New Mexico and Utah were open to slavery?The Compromise of 1850 What law said that slaves could not testify on their own behalf and they were denied a jury trial?Fugitive Slave law of 1850What stated that if Spain didnt allow the US to buy Cuba for $120 million then America would attack Cuba?Ostend ManifestoWhat is this?Secretary of War (Jefferson Davis) wanted to buy an area of Mexico for which the railroad would pass.Gadsden PurchaseWho wrote Uncle Toms Cabin?Harriet Beecher StoweWhat was the worst outcome of Popular sovereignty?Bleeding KansasWhat case ruled that because a slave was private property he could be taken into any territory and legally held there?The Dred Scott CaseWhat amendment forbade congress from depriving people of their property without the due process of law?The 5th amendmentWhat compromise did the court state as unconstitutional and that congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories?Missouri CompromiseWhat was in Charleston Harbor and needed supplies in order to support the men there?Fort SumterWhat was a high protective tariff that increased duties 5-10%?Morrill Tariff ActWhat was the pivotal point of the Civil War?

Battle of AntietamWho was winning at the beginning of the Civil War?The SouthWhat called for the freeing of all slaves in Confederate territory, except in the locations where the Union had mostly regained control?Emancipation ProclamationWhat intended to provide clothing, medical care, food, and education to both freedmen and white refugees?Freedmens BureauWhat said that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US?Lincolns 10% planWhat required the 50% of a states voters take the oath of allegiance and it demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation?Wade Davis Bill (1864)What called for special state conventions which were required to repeal the decreed of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th amendment?President Johnsons Reconstruction PlanWhat were a series of laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated slaves?Black CodesWhat divided the south into 5 military districts?The reconstruction act