Civilising the Native, Educating the Nation(Q.) Who was William Jones? (1 Mark)(Ans)  William Jones was the junior judgein the Supreme Court established in India by the British.(Q.) Who helped William Jones establish Asiatic Society of Bengal? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Colebrooke and NathanielHalhed helped Sir William Jones establish the Asiatic Society of Bengal.(Q.) Who established madrasa at Calcutta? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Warren Hastings laid the foundation of madrasa at Calcutta.(Q.) Who were the Orientalists? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Orientalists were the scholars who had a scholarly knowledge of the language and culture of Asia.(Q.) Who made the statement - “a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia”? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Thomas Babington Macaulay, who always used to advocate the richness of the western science and civilization, gave this statement.(Q.) When were the universities in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras established? (1 (Ans)  The universities in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were established in the year 1857.(Q.) Which report marked the beginning of examinations in the Vernacular languages? (1 (Ans)  Wood’s Despatch of 1854 proposed the necessity of examinations in the vernacular languages.(Q.) Who laid the foundation of Santiniketan? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Rabindranath Tagore was the founder of Santiniketan.(Q.) Which report laid down the provisions for the establishment of university education in India? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The report called Wood’s the Despatch laid down the provisions for the establishment of university education in India.(Q.) Why did the British make efforts to reform the educational system of India? (2 (Ans)  Apart from having the territorial occupation and control over the Indian sources of revenue, the British felt that they had a mission of civilizing the natives' cultureof their newly conquered empire . So, they made efforts to reform the education system of India.(Q.) What was the objective of establishing Madrasa at Calcutta and Hindu college at Benaras? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Madrasa at Calcutta was opened for encouraging the study of Arabic, Persian and Islamic law and Hindu College at Benaras for promoting the study of Sanskrit texts.(Q.) What were the views of the people who criticized the Orientalists? (2 Marks)(Ans)  People who criticized the Orientalists held the view that oriental education is unscientific and full of errors. Therefore, itwas wrong on the part of the British to spend so much in encouraging the study of Arabic and Sanskrit language.(Q.) What do you mean by vernacular? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The term vernacular is generally used to refer to a local language or dialect as distinct from what is seen as the standard language. In colonial countries like India, the British used the term to mark the difference between the local languages and English, the language of the imperial masters.(Q.) What plea did the missionaries give against the practical education? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The missionaries strongly criticized the notion of practical education. They felt that education should attempt to improve the moral character of the people, and morality could be improved only through Christian education.(Q.) Give the two remarks given by Adam in his report on vernacular education in India.(2

(Ans)  The two remarks given by Adam in his report on Vernacular education are:1. There was flexibility in the approach and conditions of these institutions. 2. There were no fixed fee, no printed books, no separate school building, no annual examinations and no regular time table.(Q.) What were the responsibilities given to pandits? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The government appointed a number of government pandits, each in charge of looking after four to five schools. The task of the pandit was to visit the pathshalas, and try and improve the standard of teaching. Each guru was asked to submit periodic reports and take classes according to a regular timetable.(Q.) What efforts did the government take to streamline the working of pathshalas? (2 Marks)(Ans)  In order to streamline the working of pathshalas, the government used the grants and aids. Pathshalas, which accepted the new rules, were supported through government grants. Over the time gurus who wanted to retain their independence found it difficult to compete with the government aided and regulated pathshalas.(Q.) Give the views of Mahatama Gandhi over the medium of education. (2 Marks)(Ans)  Mahatma Gandhi strongly felt that Indian languages should become the medium of teaching in India. Education in English crippled Indians, distanced them from their own social surroundings, and made them “strangers in their own lands”.(Q.) Discuss the work of Asiatic Society of Bengal. (3 Marks)(Ans)  Sir William Jones with the help of Henry Thomas Colebrooke and Nathaniel Halhed founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal. In order to understand India, it was necessary to discover the sacred and legal texts, which were produced in the ancient period. They discovered ancient texts, understood their meanings, translated them, and made their findings known to others by their journal called Asiatick Researches.(Q.) What was Macaulay’s minute? How is it important in the history of Indian education?(3 Marks)(Ans)  Lord Macaulay submitted his report Macaulay minute on Indian Education. In his report, he criticized the Orientalists and passionately emphasized the need to teach English language. On the basis of his report, English Education Act was passed in 1835, which made English as the medium of instruction for higher education.(Q.) What was the practical use of promoting English education according to Wood’s Despatch? (3 Marks)(Ans)  According to Wood’s Despatch, European learning would enable Indians recognise the advantages of the expansion of trade and commerce as well as the importance of development of resources of the country. It would also change their tastes and desires, and create a demand for British goods because Indians would begin to appreciate and buy things produced in Europe.(Q.) Write a note on Santiniketan. (3 Marks)(Ans)  Tagore was of the view that creative learning could be encouraged only within a natural environment. So, in 1901, he chose to set up his school 100 kms away from Calcutta named Santiniketan in a rural setting. He saw it as an abode of peace (Santiniketan), where living in harmony with nature children could cultivate their natural creativity.(Q.) Discuss the conditions that prevailed before the introduction of 1870 Education Act. What change was evident in the government after the passing of this act? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Before the introduction of the Education Act in 1870, there was no widespread education for the population. Child labour was widely prevalent at that time, therefore, poor children could not be sent to school for their earning was vital for the survival of the family. The number of schools was also limited to the schools run by the Church or set up by wealthy individuals. It was only after the Education Act came into force that the schools were opened by the government and compulsory schooling was introduced.

(Q.) What was the controversy between Orientalists and Anglicists scholar? (3 (Ans)  In British India, there was a controversy over the language to be used for Indian higher education. On one side, there were British Orientalists who wanted to use Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic; whereas, on the other side, were the Anglicists who wanted to enforce English. Lord Macaulay who favoured Anglicist view in his minute put this controversy to an end.(Q.) Discuss Wood’s Despatch and its provisions. (5 Marks)(Ans)  The Court of Directors of the East India Company in London sent an educational despatch to the Governor-General in India in 1854. Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control of the Company, issued it and it came to be known as Wood’s Despatch. It outlined the educational policy, which was to be followed in India.The provisions of the act were as follows:1) Education departments of the government were set up to extend control over all matters related to education.2)Steps were taken to establish a system of university education.3)Universities were established in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.4)Attempts were made to bring about changes within the system of school education.(Q.) Evaluate the report of Adam and its importance in Indian Education. (5 Marks)(Ans)  William Adam, a Scottish missionary, was asked by the Company to report on the progress of education in vernacular schools. In his report, he clearly mentioned the condition of negligence prevailing in the vernacular schools. The report brought the lack of teachers and casual way of education system into notice. On the basis of this report, the company decided to improve the system of vernacular education. It felt that this could be done by introducing order within the system, imposing routines, establishing rules and ensuring regular inspections. It appointed a number of government pandits, each in charge of looking after four to five schools. Teaching was now to be based on textbooks and learning was to be tested through a system of annual examination. Students were asked to pay a regular fee, attend regular classes, sit on fixed seats and obey the new rules of discipline.(Q.) What were the views of Mahatma Gandhi about the colonial education? (5 (Ans)  Mahatma Gandhi argued that colonial education created a sense of inferiority in the minds of Indians. It made them see Western civilisation as superior and destroyed the pride they had in their own culture. Indians educated in these institutions started admiring British rule. Mahatma Gandhi wanted an education that could help Indians recover their sense of dignity and self-respect. During the national movement, he urged the students to leave educational institutions in order to show to the British that Indians were no longer willing to be enslaved. Western education, Mahatma Gandhi said, focused on reading and writing rather than oral knowledge; it valued textbooks rather than lived experience and practical knowledge. He argued that education ought to develop a person’s mind and soul. Literacy – or simply learning to read and write – by itself did not count as education.Women, Caste & Reforms

(Q.) Name any two social evils to which women in Indian society were subjugated.(1 (Ans)  Child marriage and Sati were two major social evils Indian women were subjugated. (Q.) Name any two religious communities in India that allowed men to marry more than one

wife. (1 Mark) (Ans)  Hindu and Muslim are two major religious communities that allowed men to marry more than

one wife. (Q.) What is the meaning of the word “Sati”? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The meaning of the word “Sati” is virtuous women. (Q.) What form the basis for the division of Indian society? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The society in India was divided among the lines of castes or the Varna system.

(Q.) Who was the founder of the Arya Samaj? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the founder of the Arya Samaj.(Q.) What did Raja Ram Mohan Roy do to oppose the caste system?  (1 Mark) (Ans)  Raja Ram Mohan Roy translated an old Buddhist text that criticized the caste system.(Q.) Who was the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission? (1 Mark)(Ans) The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by the Swami Vivekananda in 1896. (Q.) Write the names of the Countries where the lower caste people went for plantation work. (1 Mark)(Ans)  The poor lower caste people went to work in plantations in Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia. (Q.) How many “Varnas" are there and what are they? (1 Mark)(Ans)  There are four Varnas. They are Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.(Q.) List out any two social evils practiced in the Indian society two hundred years ago? (Ans)  Child marriage and Sati were two social evils practiced in Indian society around two hundred years ago.(Q.) What is Sati? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Sati was a Hindu religious practice in which widows entered the funeral pyre of their husbands either willingly or were being forced.(Q.) What were the works done by the “untouchable” people? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The “Untouchable” people laboured to keep cities and villages clean or did the jobs that the upper castes considered polluting or leading to the loss of caste status. (Q.) Name the leaders who lent their support for the equality and freedom of women. (2 Marks)(Ans)  Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose were the important leaders who lent their support for the equality and freedom of women.(Q.) Name any social reformers who used the religious texts to argue in favour of widow remarriage. (2 Marks)(Ans)  Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar were two social reformers who used the ancient religious texts to argue in favour of widow remarriage.(Q.) When was the Child Marriage Restraint Act Passed? What were its feature? (Ans)  The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929. According to the Act - no man below the age of 18 and women below the age of 16 could marry.(Q.) Why did the poor leave their villages and go to cities in the nineteenth century? (2 (Ans)  The poor people left their villages and went to the cities in search of jobs. They got jobs in the newly built up factories and municipalities. (Q.) Who gave the Statement “government of the people, by the people, for the people, Shall not perish from the earth”? (2 Marks)(Ans)  This is the statement of Abraham Lincoln urging people to give up the practice of racial discrimination during the American revolution of 1776. (Q.) Describe Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain’s role in the development of women education. (2 Marks)(Ans)  Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain was a fearless critic of conservative ideas and pointed out the inferior place given to women by the religious leaders in the Islamic community.(Q.) Who set up Schools for tribal groups and “lower” Caste children in India for the first time? (2 Marks)(Ans)  During the 19th century, Christian missionaries set up schools for tribal groups and “lower” caste children in India for the first time. (Q.) How did the poor lower caste people see availability of the job opportunity in cities? (2

(Ans)  The poor lower caste people saw the availability of the job opportunity as an outlet to get away from the oppressive hold of the upper caste landowners.(Q.) Who were the Madigas? And what was their occupation? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Madigas were the untouchable caste of the present day Andhra Pradesh. They were experts of cleaning hides, tanning for the use, and sewing Sandals. (Q.) What was the response of the nationalist leaders to the demands for female suffrage? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The Nationalist leaders promised women that they would be given suffrage along with men in independent India.(Q.) Write about the names of Varnas and the occupations assigned to them. (Ans)  The Brahmans and Kshatriyas were considered as “upper castes” and were supposed to teach and study religious scriptures. The Vaishyas were traders and moneylenders. The Shudras were peasants and artisans such as weavers and potters. (Q.) Who were “the untouchable” in the Indian Society? (3 Marks)(Ans)  In the Hindu caste system, there are four Varnas- the Brahmans, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas and the Shudras. Apart from these four groups, there were people at the lowest rung of the society known as the untouchable by “upper caste people”. They are also known as the fifth Varnas.(Q.) What was the social condition of the untouchables in the Indian Hindu Society? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The “Upper Caste” people did not allow the untouchables to enter temples, draw water from the wells or bathe in the public ponds where higher castes people bathe. The untouchables were seen as inferior human beings.(Q.) Who were the social reformers? Name any popular Indian Social reformer.(3 (Ans)  Social reformers were the people who believed that the social changes were necessary in society and unjust and superstitions practices need to be done away with. They thought that the best way to bring about changes was to persuade people to give up old practices.Raja Rammohun, the founder of the Brahma Samaj, was a well-known social reformer in India.(Q.) What was the reaction of Hindu nationalists and orthodox religious people towards the improved social condition of women? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The improved social condition of women due to education and their expression of the suppressive condition through writings alarmed the orthodox people in the society. For example Hindu nationalists felt that women were adopting western ways and that this would corrupt Hindu culture and family values.(Q.) What was the condition of education among the Muslim women during the 19th century? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Not all women from the Muslim community got opportunity to educate themselves during the 19th century only the women from the aristocratic Muslim households in north India learned to read the Koran in Arabic. Most of them were taught by women who came home to teach them. Mumtaz Ali was one of the important social reformers from this community. She used the Koran to argue for women’s education.(Q.) What were the activities carried out by women to improve their social conditions? (3 Marks)(Ans)  In order to improve their condition, women wrote books, edited magazines, established schools and training centers. They also set up women’s associations. From the early 20th century, they formed political pressure groups to demand for female suffrage, better health care and education. They joined the nationalist and socialist movements from the 1920s to realize their demands.(Q.) When and where was the Singh Sabha Movement formed? What were its activities?(3

(Ans)  The Singh Sabha was formed in 1873 at Amritsar and in 1879 at Lahore, The movement tried to eradicate superstitions from Sikhism. It also tried to abolish the caste distinctions and non-Sikh activities prevailed among the Sikh Community people. Its followers provided educations to Sikhs combining modern instruction with Sikh teachings.(Q.) What kind of works did the cities provide to the poor who migrated from the villages? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The poor people who moved from the villages to the cities got jobs like digging up drains, laying road, constructing building and cleaning cities. So they worked as diggers, carriers, bricklayers, sewage cleaner, sweepers, palanquin bearers and rickshaw pullers.(Q.) Who wrote the book Gulamgiri and to whom it was dedicated? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Jyotirao Phule wrote the book Gulamgiri (Slavery) in 1837. He dedicated this book to all Americans who had fought to free slaves in the American Civil War. Through his dedication of book, he tried to compare the conditions of the “lower” castes in India with the black slaves in America.(Q.) The lower caste leader Jyotirao Phule was concerned about the plight of “upper” caste women. Explain the statement. (3 Marks)(Ans)  Even though Jyotirao Phule was from the lower Caste, he criticized all forms of inequality and the caste system. He was concerned about the plight of women in the upper –caste and their miseries and the humiliation of the “low” castes.(Q.) Who started temple entry movement and what was its intention? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started the temple entry movement in 1927 in which his Mahar Caste followers participated. They broke the Brahmanical domination in the temples by using water from the temple tank. This action outraged Brahman priests.(Q.) Why did E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker criticize the Hindu religious scriptures? (3 (Ans)  E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker strongly criticized Hindu religious scriptures such as the codes of Manu -the ancient law giver, the Bhagavad-Gita and the Ramayana. He argued that these texts had been used to sustain and perpetuate the Brahmanical caste system over lower castes and the discrimination and dominations of the man over man. (Q.) What is the Non-Brahman movement? What were the arguments of its leaders? (3 (Ans)  The Non-Brahman movements were started by the leaders of the non-Brahman upper castes during the early 20th century. Their major argument was that Brahmans were heirs of Aryan invaders from north who had conquered southern lands from the natives of the region especially the indigenous Dravidian races. They were also opposed to the Brahmanical claims to power.(Q.) How did the orthodox Hindus face the challenges of the Non-Brahman Movements? (Ans)  The orthodox Hindus faced the challenges, forceful speeches, writings and movements of lower caste leaders by founding Sanatan Dharma Sabhas and the Bharat Dharma Mahamandal in the north and Brahman Sabha in Bengal. These orthodox Hindu associations tried to uphold the caste distinctions as a corner stores and feature of Hinduism. They also tried to show how the case was sanctified by Hindus religions scriptures.(Q.) When was the Brahmo Samaj established and what were its ideologies? (Ans)  The Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1830. It prohibited all forms of idol worship and scarifies nd believed in the Upanishads. It asked its members not to criticize practices of other religions. It drew upon the ideas of Hinduism and Christianity by looking at their negative and positive dimensions.(Q.) When was the Brahmo Samaj established and what were its ideologies? (Ans)  The Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1830. It prohibited all forms of idol worship and scarifies and believed in the Upanishads. It asked its members not to criticize practices of other religions. It drew upon the ideas of Hinduism and Christianity by looking at their negative and positive dimensions.(Q.) When was the Brahmo Samaj established and what were its ideologies? (Ans)  The Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1830. It prohibited all forms of idol worship and scarifies and believed in the Upanishads. It asked its members not to criticize practices of other religions. It

drew upon the ideas of Hinduism and Christianity by looking at their negative and positive dimensions.(Q.) When was the Brahmo Samaj established and what were its ideologies? (Ans)  The Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1830. It prohibited all forms of idol worship and scarifies and believed in the Upanishads. It asked its members not to criticize practices of other religions. It drew upon the ideas of Hinduism and Christianity by looking at their negative and positive dimensions.(Q.) When was the Brahmo Samaj established and what were its ideologies? (Ans)  The Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1830. It prohibited all forms of idol worship and scarifies and believed in the Upanishads. It asked its members not to criticize practices of other religions. It drew upon the ideas of Hinduism and Christianity by looking at their negative and positive dimensions.(Q.) When was the Brahmo Samaj established and what were its ideologies? (Ans)  The Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1830. It prohibited all forms of idol worship and scarifies and believed in the Upanishads. It asked its members not to criticize practices of other religions. It drew upon the ideas of Hinduism and Christianity by looking at their negative and positive dimensions.(Q.) Write about the role of Raja Rammohun Roy in reforming Hindu society. (Ans)  Raja Rammohun founded a reform association known as the Brahmo Samaj. He was keen to spread the modern ideas through the knowledge of western education in India and strived for bringing freedom. He demanded equality for women and expressed the sufferings of women and their burdens at home through his writings. He had great concern for the life of widows and struggled to eradicate the Sati practice. Due to his continuous pressure the British government banned the practice of Sati legally in 1829.(Q.) Write about the role of Raja Rammohun Roy in reforming Hindu society. (5 (Ans)  Raja Rammohun founded a reform association known as the Brahmo Samaj. He was keen to spread the modern ideas through the knowledge of western education in India and strived for bringing freedom. He demanded equality for women and expressed the sufferings of women and their burdens at home through his writings. He had great concern for the life of widows and struggled to eradicate the Sati practice. Due to his continuous pressure the British government banned the practice of Sati legally in 1829.(Q.) Why  there were debates and discussions about social customs and practices from early 19th century? (5 Marks)(Ans)  From the early nineteenth century, there were debates and discussions about social customs and practices due to the development of new forms of communication among the common people for example, books newspapers, magazines and pamphlets were printed for the first time. This type of communication was cheaper and more accessible to the ordinary people.They could read these and express their ideas in their own languages. All kind of social, political, economic and religious issues were debated and discussed by the people. (Q.) How did people react to the establishment of schools for girls in India? (5 (Ans)  Due to the efforts of many social reformers in Bombay, schools were established for girls. People were afraid of them. They feared that the schools would separate girls from the home and their domestic works would be crippled.Since the girls had to walk a long distance to reach schools, the people thought that this would

create a corrupting influence on them. They also expected girls to stay away from the public spaces

and wanted to confine them inside their home. Due to all these reasons, some of the most

educated women were taught by their liberal father and husbands.

(Q.) How did people react to the establishment of schools for girls in India? (5

(Ans)  Due to the efforts of many social reformers in Bombay, schools were established for girls. People were afraid of them. They feared that the schools would separate girls from the home and their domestic works would be crippled.Since the girls had to walk a long distance to reach schools, the people thought that this would

create a corrupting influence on them. They also expected girls to stay away from the public spaces

and wanted to confine them inside their home. Due to all these reasons, some of the most

educated women were taught by their liberal father and husbands.

(Q.) Write about the efforts of the upper caste people to eradicate the caste system. (Ans)  Some of the early social reformers were from the upper caste community and criticized the caste system. Rammohun Roy translated old Buddhist text that criticized the caste system strongly. The Prarthana Samaj, despite its adherence to the tradition of Bhakti, believed in spiritual equality of all castes. In Bombay, the Paramhans Mandali was formed in 1840 to work for the abolition of caste.All these upper caste critics and reformers violated caste taboos on food and touch in their secret meetings to get rid of the hold of caste discriminations in their lives.(Q.) Write about the emergence of the lower Caste movements during the Second-half of the 19th Century. (5 (Ans)  Many of the lower caste movements emerged during the second- half of the 19th century, protesting the caste discrimination of the upper caste people and demanding social equality and justice.Ghasidas, a lower-caste leader, founded the Satnami movement in central India and worked among the leather workers and tried to improve their social states.In eastern Bengal, Haridas Thakur founded Matua Sect to work among ‘low’ caste Chandala cultivators. Haridas questioned Brahmanical texts that sustained the caste system.In Kerala, Sri Narayana Guru from the ‘low’ caste Ezhava community was a popular leader. He proclaimed the ideas of unity of all people within one sect and caste. (Q.) Who was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and what were his Childhood experiences of the caste discriminations in Indian Hindu society? (5 Marks)(Ans)  Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the champion of the lower caste untouchables and fought against the Hindu caste system. He happened to be born in a Mahar, an untouchable caste in Maharashtra. In school he was forced to sit outside the classroom on the ground and was prevented from drinking water from the taps used by the children of upper – castes. After his schooling, he went for higher studies to United States and returned to India in 1919. He wrote extensively about upper-caste power in contemporary society.(Q.) Who was the founder of the Self Respect Movement? What were his major arguments? (5 Marks)(Ans)  The Self Respect Movement was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker popularly known as Periyar by his followers. He was a member of the Congress, but saw the caste discrimination even in the seating arrangements.

1. To protect the dignity of the Dravidians, he started the Self Respect Movement.

2. He argued that untouchables were the true upholders of an original Tamil and Dravidian

Culture and later Brahmans subjugated them.

3. He showed with evidences that all religious authorities treat social divisions and inequality

as God-given.

4. He suggested that untouchables showed avoid practicing religions to achieve social equality.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870-1947

(Q.) When was the Indian National Congress established? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The Indian National Congress was established in December 1885.

(Q.) How many delegates attended the meeting of the Indian National Congress? (1 (Ans)  72 delegates attended the first meeting of the Indian National Congress at Bombay.

(Q.) When was the All Indian Muslim League formed and by whom? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The all India Muslim League was formed at Dacca in 1906 by a group of Muslim landlords and

Nawabs. (Q.) When and why did the Congress split? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The Congress split in 1907, because the moderates were opposed to the use of boycott by the radicals.

(Q.) What is the literal meaning of “Sarvajanik”? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The literal meaning of “Sarvajanik is “of or all the people “(Sarva = all + Janik = of the

people). (Q.) When and why did the Congress split? (1 Mark)

(Ans)  The Congress split in 1907, because the moderates were opposed to the use of boycott by the radicals.(Q.) When did the moderates and the Radicals of the Congress reunite? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The moderates and the Radicals of the Congress reunited in December 1915. (Q.) When did Gandhi come to India from South Africa? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Gandhi, aged 46, arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa.(Q.) Who was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh incident? (1 Mark)(Ans)  General Dyer was responsible the Jallianwala . incidents (Q.) Which was the first All – India struggle during the Indian national movement?(1 (Ans)  The Rowlatt Satyagraha launched by Gandhi in 1919 was the first All– India struggle. (Q.) When did the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13 April, 1919 in Amritsar.

(Q.) Who were the early important leaders of the Indian National Congress? (2 (Ans)  The early important leaders of Indian National Congress were Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, S. NBanerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt and S.Subramania Iyer.(Q.) Who were the early important leaders of the Indian National Congress? (Ans)  The early important leaders of Indian National Congress were Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, S. NBanerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt and S.Subramania Iyer.(Q.) Who is a “publicist”? (2 Marks)(Ans)  A publicist is a person who publicizes an idea by circulating information, writing reports and speaking at meetings.(Q.) Who is a “publicist”? (2 Marks)(Ans)  A publicist is a person who publicizes an idea by circulating information, writing reports and speaking at meetings.

(Q.) When did All-India Muslim League move a resolution demanding “Independent States” for Muslims? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The League moved a resolution demanding “Independent States” for Muslims in 1940s. It located its “Independent States” in the northwestern and eastern areas of the country.

(Q.) When and how did the struggle against British rule become a mass movement? (2 Marks)(Ans)  After 1919, the struggle against the British rule became a mass movement due to the participation of peasants, tribals, students and women in large numbers.(Q.) When did the Russian Revolution took place?  And how did it inspire Indian nationalists? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 in Russia. The peasants and workers’ struggle there and the ideas of socialism inspired Indian nationalists.(Q.) When did the Russian Revolution took place?  And how did it inspire Indian nationalists? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 in Russia. The peasants and workers’ struggle there and the ideas of socialism inspired Indian nationalists.(Q.) When did the Russian Revolution took place?  And how did it inspire Indian nationalists? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 in Russia. The peasants and workers’ struggle there and the ideas of socialism inspired Indian nationalists.(Q.) Why did Gandhi call off the Non-cooperation movement?                                OR            What was Chauri Chaura incident? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Gandhi was against violent methods and movements. This lead to the call of the Non-Cooperation Movement abruptly due to the Chauri Chaura incident in which 22 policemen were killed when a crowd of peasants set fire to the police station in February 1922. (Q.) What were the methods used by the moderates to spread public awareness about exploitative rule of the British? (3 Marks)(Ans)  In order to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule, the moderates of the congress party, published newspapers, wrote articles andproved how the British had exploited the economy of India.They pointed out in their speeches and debates and also sent their representatives to various parts of the country to inculcate in the minds of people the atrocities of the British.(Q.) Why did the dissatisfaction of Indians with British rule intensify in the 1870s and 1880s? (5 Marks)(Ans)  Indians’ dissatisfaction with the British rule intensified due to the various acts introduced by the British snatching the freedom of Indians. For example the Arms Act of 1878 disallowed Indians from possessing arms. The vernacular press Act of 1878 also crippled Indians’ freedom of expression through their regional news papers this Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of the news papers found having published “Objectionable”.The Ilbert Bill of 1883 provided for the trial of British of Europeans by Indians and tried to establish racial equality between British and Indians judge in the country. But the white’s opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill and all these factors intensified the dissatisfaction of Indians with British rule.(Q.) The Congress in the first twenty years was “moderate” explain with the major demands of the moderates?                                                ORWhat were the major demands of the moderates in the Indian National Movement?(5 Marks)(Ans)  The Congress in its first twenty years was “moderate” in its approach towards the British and its methods.The major demand of the moderates was the greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration. The moderates wanted the legislative councils to have more representatives by including Indians and be given more power. They also demanded that legislative Assembliesto be introduced in provinces where none existed. They also demanded high positions in the government

for Indians and for this purpose requested the British that the Civil Service examinations to be held in India simultaneoysly withLondon.(Q.) The Congress in the first twenty years was “moderate” explain with the major demands of the moderates?                                                ORWhat were the major demands of the moderates in the Indian National Movement? (5 (Ans)  The Congress in its first twenty years was “moderate” in its approach towards the British anditmethods.The major demand of the moderates was the greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration. The moderates wanted the legislative councils to have more representatives by including Indians and be given more power. They also demanded that legislative Assembliesto be introduced in provinces where none existed. They also demanded high positions in the government for Indians and for this purpose requested the British that the Civil Service examinations to be held in India simultaneoysly withLondon.(Q.) The Congress in the first twenty years was “moderate” explain with the major demands of the moderates?                                                ORWhat were the major demands of the moderates in the Indian National Movement? (Ans)  The Congress in its first twenty years was “moderate” in its approach towards the British and its methods.The major demand of the moderates was the greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration. The moderates wanted the legislative councils to have more representatives by including Indians and be given more power. They also demanded that legislative Assembliesto be introduced in provinces where none existed. They also demanded high positions in the government for Indians and for this purpose requested the British that the Civil Service examinations to be held in India simultaneoysly withLondon.(Q.) Who were the popular radicals in the Congress? And why did they criticize the politic al methods of the moderates? (5 Marks)(Ans)  The trend of radicals emerged in the congress party from 1890s. They began to analyze the nature of the political methods and approaches used by the moderates in the Congress. In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab leaders such as Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai were trying to adopt the possibility of radical objectives and methods.They criticized the political methods of the moderates as “Politics of Prayers” and emphasized the Self-reliance and constructive work.They also argued that Indian shoued rely on their own strength, not on the “good” intentions of the government. They called upon people to fight for Swaraj. Tilak gave a popular slogan “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!” (Q.) Who were the popular radicals in the Congress? And why did they criticize the politic al methods of the moderates? (5 Marks)(Ans)  The trend of radicals emerged in the congress party from 1890s. They began to analyze the nature of the political methods and approaches used by the moderates in the Congress. In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab leaders such as Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai were trying to adopt the possibility of radical objectives and methods.They criticized the political methods of the moderates as “Politics of Prayers” and emphasized the Self-reliance and constructive work.They also argued that Indian shoued rely on their own strength, not on the “good” intentions of the government. They called upon people to fight for Swaraj. Tilak gave a popular slogan “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!” (Q.) Who were the popular radicals in the Congress? And why did they criticize the politic al methods of the moderates? (5 Marks)(Ans)  The trend of radicals emerged in the congress party from 1890s. They began to analyze the nature of the political methods and approaches used by the moderates in the Congress. In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab leaders such as Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai were trying to adopt the possibility of radical objectives and methods.They criticized the political methods of the moderates as “Politics of Prayers” and emphasized the

Self-reliance and constructive work.They also argued that Indian shoued rely on their own strength, not on the “good” intentions of the government. They called upon people to fight for Swaraj. Tilak gave a popular slogan “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!” (Q.) Why did the Swadeshi movement emerge? And what were its various programmes?\ (Ans)  There were many demonstrations and mass protest against the partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British government. Out of these developments emerged the Swadeshi movement. It was very strong and popular in Bengal” The Swadeshi movement encouraged the ideas of self-help, Swadeshi enterprise, national education and use of Indian languages. Radicals advocated mass mobilization and boycott of British institutions and goods. Some individuals suggested that the “revolutionary violence” would be necessary to over throw British rule. (Q.) What is the Rowlatt Act? Why did Indians opposed it? (5 Marks)(Ans)  The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British in India in order to cripple the fundamental rights such as freedom of expression of Indians. It strengthened the power of police. In 1919 Gandhi calls for a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act. Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah were opposing the Act that restricted people’s basic freedom.They criticized the Act as ‘devilish’ and ‘tyrannical’. Gandhi asked the people to observe 6 April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to the Act, as a day of “humiliation and Prayers” and hartal (strike). Satyagraha Sabhas were set through out the country to launch the movement. Prayers” and hartal (strike). Satyagraha Sabhas were set through out the country to launch the movement. observe 6 April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to the Act, as a day of “humiliation and Prayers” and hartal (strike). Satyagraha Sabhas were set through out the country to launch the movement. (Q.) The League began viewing the Muslims as a separate “nation” from the Hindus explains? (5 Marks)(Ans)  

1. From the late 1930’s the All India Muslim League started developing a view of the Muslims

as separate “nation” from the Hindus. It was due to the history of tension between some

Hindu and Muslim groups in the 1920s and 1930s. The Muslim League was convinced by the

provincial elections of 1937 that Muslims were a minority and would have to play a second

fiddle to Hindus, in any democratic structure.

2. Its apprehensions were confirmed when the congress rejected the League’s desire to form a

joint Congress-League government in the United provinces in 1937.

(Q.) When did the Muslim League announce the “Direct Action Day”? And what were its consequences? (5 Marks)(Ans)  

1.After the failure of the proposal of the Cabinet Mission to find a solution for a free India.

1. The Muslim League started on mass agitation for getting its separate country-Pakistan and

announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”. Following this, there were many communal

riots in Calcutta between Hindus and Muslims that lasted for several days.

2. By March 1947, the communal violence spread to other parts of the country and killed many

people. Women faced untold brutalities and sufferings.

India After Independence

(Q.) When was Planning Commission setup in India? (1 Mark) (Ans)  Planning Commission was set up in the year 1950 in India.

(Q.) When did India adopt its Constitution? (1 Mark)(Ans)  India adopted its constitution on 26th January 1950.(Q.) State the two problems faced by India after independence. (1 Mark)(Ans)  The two problems faced by India soon after independence were maintaining unityaffected by the partiton and ensuring the development of the nation. (Q.) Who framed the Constitution of India? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The Constituent Assembly framed the constitution of India between December 1946 and November 1949. (Q.) Which practice was described as ‘slur or blot’ on the ‘fair name of India’? (1 (Ans)  Untouchability was described as ‘slur or blot’ on the ‘fair name of India’.(Q.) Which country has recognised ‘sinhala language’ as its national language? (Ans)  Srilanka has recognised Sinhala as its national language in 1956.(Q.) What was the role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in the formation of Constitution? (Ans)  Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution.(Q.) What promise did the Congress make in 1920s? (1 Mark)(Ans)  In 1920s, the Congress promised that after independence each linguistic group would have its own province.(Q.) When and where was NAM formed? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) was formed in 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. . (Q.) What does equality before the law' guarantee? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Equality before the law enshrined in Indian constitution guarantees equality to all its citizens before the law, regardless of their caste, religion and sex. (Q.) Whom did Indian Constitution grant special privileges? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Indian Constitution granted special privileges to the people who belonged to poor and disadvantaged groups. These people were suffering since time immemorial at the hands of strong and wealthy people.(Q.) What do you understand by  the term "mixed economy"? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Mixed economy is an economic system having thefeatures ofboth private sectorsandstate. In this model, both state (government) and private sector play complementary role in the production process.(Q.) What lead to the armed conflict among the people in Sri Lanka? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Sri Lankan government declared Sinhala as the national language of Sri lanka. Non-Sinhal people considered it as an imposition over them and thought that it would suppress their culture.(Q.) What is union list? Explain with the help of an example. (2 Marks)(Ans)  The subjects of governance are clearly defined between the central and state government. The subjects or issues relating to the whole nation are given in union list. Only the parliament could legislate on the subjects given in the union list. Defence and taxes are a few examples.(Q.) What is union list? Explain with the help of an example. (2 Marks)(Ans)  The subjects of governance are clearly defined between the central and state government. The subjects or issues relating to the whole nation are given in union list. Only the parliament could legislate on the subjects given in the union list. Defence and taxes are a few examples.(Q.) What was the opinion of Mira Behn on second five-year plan? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Mira Behn was of the view that development would be done at the cost of nature. She said that we should frame our policies considering the laws of nature and should not disturb the natural balance.

(Q.) Discuss the social and religious condition of untouchbales India after 60 years of independence. (2 Marks)(Ans)  Despite the constitutional guarantees, the untouchables are now decribed as Dalits and face violence and discrimination. In many regions, they don’t have access to water sources, temples, parks and other public places. Moreover, despite the secular ideals, there have been clashes between different religious groups in many states.(Q.) Discuss the social and religious condition of untouchbales India after 60 years of independence. (2 Marks)(Ans)  Despite the constitutional guarantees, the untouchables are now decribed as Dalits and face violence and discrimination. In many regions, they don’t have access to water sources, temples, parks and other public places. Moreover, despite the secular ideals, there have been clashes between different religious groups in many states.(Q.) Why was the adoption of universal adult franchise considered a revolutionary step?(3 Marks)(Ans)  Universal adult franchise, i.e., right to vote to each adult citizen was granted to all its citizens by Indian constitution. Thus, empowering each individual to choose his or her own leader regardless of the fact that he was illiterate or literate, rich or poor. All the citizens got the equal right to elect their own representatives. The adoption of universal adult franchise is the cornerstone of democracy. No other country has given this right to all its citizens.(Q.) Why was the adoption of universal adult franchise considered a revolutionary step? (Ans)  Universal adult franchise, i.e., right to vote to each adult citizen was granted to all its citizens by Indian constitution. Thus, empowering each individual to choose his or her own leader regardless of the fact that he was illiterate or literate, rich or poor. All the citizens got the equal right to elect their own representatives. The adoption of universal adult franchise is the cornerstone of democracy. No other country has given this right to all its citizens.(Q.) What led to the formation of States Reorganization Commission? Discuss its role. (3 (Ans) After Andhra Pradesh was formed on linguistic basis, other linguistic groups also started making similar demands. To address these demands, States Reorganization Commission was set up. It submitted its report in 1956 and recommended the redrawing of provincial boundaries on the linguistic basis. Thus, people speaking Assamese, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu were organised on the basis of their language.(Q.) Write a note on the Second five-year plan. (3 Marks)(Ans)  Second five- year plan was introduced in the year 1956. It laid stress on the development of the heavy industries such as iron and steel industry and on the construction of large dams. Heavy industries support the development of the nation as it is recognised as the backbone of an economy and dams were required to supply electricity to the industries and water to the agricultural fields.(Q.) What apprehensions did the people across nation had about the future of India and how did they prove false? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The people across the world felt that India would not able to maintain its integrity because of its diversity in terms of religion, culture and languages. It had proven false because even after so many years (nearly 60) India is independent and united more than any other nation, which got independence along with India.(Q.) What fear did the leaders have in organizing states on linguistic lines? (3 (Ans)  The leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel had apprehensions that if the states were created on linguistic lines, then it would build a natural gulf between the citizens and they will not associate themselves fully with the nation rather they will give more importance to their linguistic identities. This may lead to the further division of the country into different nations.(Q.) What were the developments that led to the formation of Non-Alignment Movement? (5 Marks)(Ans)  The Second World War ended in the year 1945. After the completion of war, there emerged an ideological difference between the US and USSR. Both of them embarked upon increasing their

influence on the newly independent countries. The whole world was divided into two armed camps. It was the beginning of the cold war. Therefore, in the Bandung summit of the Afro Asian countries, it was decided that they would not join any of the group and will not align with any of the two powers. Thus, non- alignment movement as named by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru came into being. The main contributors to the non-alignment movement were the representatives of India, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Ghana and Indonesia.(Q.) What were the major issues discussed in the Constituent Assembly? (5 Marks)(Ans)  Many issues took much time and energy of the constituent assembly. The following are the

important issues:(1)Problems of the Under Privileged Class: The depressed people and representatives of the

tribal region raised their voice for the special privileges like reservations of seats in legislatures as well as in jobs.

(2)Issue of National language: There was much debate over the issue of selection of national language. Regional states were not ready to accept the supremacy of Hindi and took it as an encroachment to their cultural and linguistic liberty.

(3)Power Sharing between Center and State: It also aroused much debate. State representatives were not ready to give much power to the center as they thought they would not be able to get enough resources of income.

(4)Reorganisation of the State: People demanded reorganization of states on linguistic lines. Leaders feared that it would lead to the further division of the country.

Human Resources(Q.) What is the population composition? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Population composition refers to the structure of the population.(Q.) What is the natural growth rate? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Births and deaths are the natural causes of population change. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate is called the natural growth rate of a country.(Q.) What is death rate? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand people.(Q.) What is migration? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Migration is the movement of people in and out of an area. The people moving out of a place are called emigrants and the people moving in a new area are called immigrants.(Q.) What is birth rate? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand people.

(Q.) Why has the world population increased drastically over the past few decades?(1 (Ans)  With better food supplies and medicines owing to improved science and technology, deaths have decreased but the births are still high. This has led to the increase in population.(Q.) What are the criterions on which people all around the world differ from each other? (Ans)  People all around the world may vary on the basis of age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation, or income level.(Q.) Which are the factors that affect distribution of population? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The factors that affect population distribution are geographical, social, economic and cultural factors.(Q.) When was the Indian Ministry of Human Resource Development created? What is its aim? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The Indian Ministry of Human Resource Development was created in 1985 with the aim of improving people’s skills.(Q.) On what criterions do the human resources all over the world differ?(1 Mark)

(Ans)  People all over the world differ on the basis of their sex, age and educational levels.(Q.) What is the working age of people? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The working age is between 14 years to 65 years. Below it are the young dependents and above it are the elderly dependents.(Q.) What is the general trend of migration? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Migration generally occurs from the less developed nations to the more developed nations in search of employment. People also travel from the rural to urban areas in search of better employment and infrastructure facilities.(Q.) What does a population pyramid show? (3 Marks)(Ans)  A population pyramid shows the total population divided into various age groups and segregates the population into dependent and working age people. It also subdivides the total population into males and females. It indicates the average life expectancy of the people and makes an easy comparison between death rates and birth rates.(Q.) Elucidate the social, cultural and economic impact on population distribution. (Ans)  Social factors: Areas with better housing, education and health facilities, are more populated than others.Cultural factors: Places with cultural and religious importance attract more people than others.Economic factors: Industrial areas are more populated as they provide employment opportunities.(Q.) Why are the human resources called the ultimate resource? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The people are the ones who, with their demands and abilities turn natural products into resources. Healthy, educated and motivated people develop resources as per their requirements and hence are called the ultimate resource.(Q.) What would the shape of the population pyramid be, if a country has both high birth rate and death rate? (4 Marks)(Ans)  A country that has high birth rate and high death rate will have a population pyramid that is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top. This is because although a large number of children are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, few become adult and very few

reach the old age.

Shown here is the population pyramid of Kenya, which has a high birth rate as well as a high death rate. This is an example of the kind of population pyramid we have discussed here.(Q.) Study the following population pyramid and answer the following questions:

   

a. What does the narrow base of the pyramid indicate?b. Looking at the pyramid, the life expectancy of the people seems to be low or

high?c. The pyramid extends well beyond 75 years of age. What does it say about the

death rate of the country?d. What does the broad middle of the pyramid indicate about the work age people of

the country?e. Name a country the population trend of which matches the population pyramid

given here.(4 Marks)

(Ans)  a. The narrow base of the pyramid indicates a low birth rate.b. The pyramid extends well into the 80s, which shows that the life expectancy of the people is pretty high. c. The pyramid’s top extends far up showing that the death rate of the featured country is low.d. The broad middle of the pyramid shows that the work age people of the country are abundant, leading to economic development.e. The population pyramid matches the population trends of Japan, which has a low birth rate and a low death rate. The life expectancy of the country is high with a good number of work age people who contribute to the economic growth of the country.

(Q.)

According to the graph given here, answer the following questions.

a. Which continent has the lowest share of population?b. Which continent has about 12% of the world population?c. Which two continents have the greatest percentage of population?d. Which two continents have the lowest share of population?e. How much percentage of the world’s population does Asia support alone?(4

(Ans)  a. Oceania has the lowest share of population. b. Europe has about 12% of the world population. c. Asia and Africa have the greatest percentage of population. d. Oceania and North America are the two continents that have the lowest share of population. e. Asia alone supports about 61% of the world’s population.

(Q.) Which are the geographical factors affecting the distribution of population? (4

Ans)  The geographical factors that affect the distribution of population are:a. Topography- People prefer living on plains rather than on mountains or plateaus as these areas

are suitable for farming, manufacturing or service activities.                                                                                 b. Climate- People avoid extreme climates like too hot or too cold.

c. Soil- People prefer living in areas with fertile soil as it supports agriculture.

d. Water- People prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available.

e. Minerals- Areas rich in mineral deposits are more populated.

(Q.) What is the pattern of population distribution? Is population evenly distributed?

How? (4 Marks) (Ans)  The way in which the people are spread across the world’s surface is called population distribution. Population is very unevenly distributed as 90% of the world’s population lives in just

10% of the land surface. Many more people live in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere, and very few people live in high altitude areas, tropical deserts high mountains and areas of equatorial forests. The crowded areas are south and south east Asia, Europe and north eastern North America. Almost 3/4 of the world’s population lives in the two continents of Asia and Africa. Thus, we see that the population distribution is highly uneven.

Public Facilities (Q.) What is the important feature of public facilities? (1 Mark)

(Ans)  The important feature of public facilities is that it benefited all.

(Q.) How many children below five years of age die due to water related diseases in India? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Over 16 hundred children below five years of age die due to water related disease in India.(Q.) Under which article ‘right to water’ is part of the right to life? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution the ‘right to water’ is part of right to life.(Q.) Who provides the public facilities? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The government provides the public facilities.(Q.) Where does government present the budget? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The government presents the budget in the Parliament.(Q.) Which is the most important public transport for short distances? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The buses are the most important public transport for short distances.(Q.) What is the special about Porto Alegre? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Porto Alegrehas lowest infant death rate than other cities of the world because of theavailability of safe water maintained by city water department. (Q.) Where is Porto Alegre situated? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Porto Alegre is a city in Brazil.(Q.) Which is the world’s densest railway route? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Mumbai suburban railway is the world’s densest railway route.(Q.) How did the drinking water of Mahbubnagar get contaminated?  (2 Marks) (Ans)  A textile company discharged poisonous chemicals in the river near the Mahbubnagar. This has contaminated the ground water, which was the source of irrigation and drinking water.(Q.) What does the Indian constitution says about Right to Education and what is the contradiction that prevails in India? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Education for all children between the ages of 6-14 years. According to this Right, schooling facilities are available to all children impartially. According to report on education, schooling in India continues to be highly uneven.(Q.) What do you understand by ‘public facilities’? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Public Facilities are the availability of essential amenities for all human beings to live. Some basic amenities are water, health care, electricity, public transport etc.(Q.) What was the UN statement regarding water? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The UN statement regarding water was that- “right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic use”.(Q.) Which court had given her verdict on PIL by a citizen of Mahbubnagar? What was its decision?(2 Marks)(Ans)  Andhra Pradesh High Court had given her verdict on PIL by a citizen of Mahbubnagar.

In its decision the court directed the district collector of Mahbubnagar to supply 25 liters of water to every villager.(Q.) Which court had given her verdict on PIL by a citizen of Mahbubnagar? What was its decision? (2 Marks)(Ans)  Andhra Pradesh High Court had given her verdict on PIL by a citizen of Mahbubnagar. In its decision the court directed the district collector of Mahbubnagar to supply 25 liters of water to every villager.(Q.) What is budget? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The Budget is a description of the operating cost made on programmes of the past year and what will be needed for plans in the coming year by the government. It also includes the description of acquiring the resources.(Q.) Which alternative government has planned in place of buses and why? (2 (Ans)  The government has planned metro rail projects for Delhi and other metropolitan cities. The government has planned the alternatives in place of buses because public buses system is unable to keep up with demand in the cities.(Q.) What is the duty of government for public health? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The duty of government for public health is to provide adequate access to proper health facilities for entire population. This includes the eradication of preventable diseases like polio, hepatitis B etc.(Q.) The public facility benefited many people at a time. Discuss it with example. (Ans)  The public facility benefited many people at a time, for example a school in the village will allow many children to get educated. In the same way by the supply of electricity to an area the farmers can run pump-sets to irrigate their fields, people can open small workshops that run on electricity, students will find it easier to study and most people in the village will get benefit from it.(Q.) Why do the public facilities are maintained by the government? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Public facilities are the basic needs of all the human beings. In any modern society, these facilities must be fulfilled so that the basic needs of people are met. The Right to Life is guaranteed by the Constitution for all persons in the country and public facilities are part of Right to Life. Therefore government is bind to fulfill the public facilities.

(Q.) How does the water supply for Chennai and near by cities is maintained by private suppliers? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The scarcity of water made way for private companies to make profit. Private suppliers supply water to the cities through buying the right to harness water from around the places. These companies maintained water supply for Chennai and near by cities through a fleet of 13000 tankers. For this purpose every month they pay farmers and get permission to exploit water sources in their land.(Q.) What are the inequalities prevailing in use of water in India?(3 Marks)(Ans)  There is much difference in use of water in India by rich & poor. According to the standard set by the Urban Water Commission of India, the supply of water per person in an urban area must be about 135 litres per day. In reality, people in slums get less than 20 litres a day per person, while people living in luxury hotels consume as much as 1,600 litres of water per day.(Q.) How does the passing on of responsibility of the water supply to private companies backfired? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The passing on of responsibility of the water supply to private companies backfired because it was found that there was an abrupt rise in the price of water, making it unreasonable for poor and people with meager wages. The cities saw huge protests along with violence and riots in places like Bolivia, which forced the government to take back the service from private hands and manage it by government agencies.(Q.) Discuss one of the successes of government water departments in India. (3

(Ans)  There are cases of success in government's water departments. The water supply department in Mumbai raises enough money through water charges to cover its expenses on supplying water. In Hyderabad, the department has increased coverage and improved performance in revenue collection. In Chennai, the department has started harvesting the rainwater. It has handed over the services of transporting and distributing water to private companies on government rates(Q.) In which areas do the private companies involve themselves for public facilities and why? (5 Marks)(Ans)  The private companies are involved in opening of schools and hospitals esp. in big cities. Also, they provide drinking water through tankers and sealed bottles. All these facilities are available on a price, which people with good income can afford. The private companies are involvedin providing these facilities because here they can gain big profits. If we see towards schools we find schools like AMITY, DPS etc with high fees and standard. In the same way we find hospitals like Escorts, Fortis etc with best facilities and services. Next the packed water of private companies like Pepsi, coca-cola etc are floating in market, even we find big water supply in bottles from private vendors. These all gain big money for private owners.(Q.) How does the government get money for public facilities(5 Marks)(Ans)  In the budget the main source of revenue for the government is the taxes collected from the people. The government has right to collect these taxes and use them for its programmes. For example, to supply water, the government has to maintain costs in pumping water, carrying it over long distances, laying down pipes for the distribution, treating the water for impurities, and collecting and treating wastewater. The government collects these expenses partly from the various taxes and partly by charging a price for water. The price of water is set so that most people can afford a certain minimum amount of water for daily use.(Q.) Do you know about something about 'Sulabh'? (5 Marks)(Ans)  Sulabh is a non-government organization, which has been working for three decades to concentrate on the problems of sanitation faced by the low-caste, low-income people in India. It has erected more than 7,500 public toilet blocks and 1.2 million private toilets, giving access to sanitation to 10 million people. Sulabh enters into contracts with municipalities or other local authorities to construct toilet blocks with government funds. The local authorities provide land and funds for setting up the services, whereas maintenance costs are sometimes financed through user charges.Law and Social Justice

(Q.) What does the Right Against Exploitation state? (1 Mark) (Ans)  The Right Against Exploitation states that no one can be forced to work under bondage or for

low wages. (Q.) What was the name of the company, which was involved in the Bhopal tragedy? Also

name the gas that caused the devastation. (1 Mark) (Ans)  The name of the company was Union Carbide and the gas that caused the devastation was methyl-isocyanite.

(Q.) What was the name of the company, which was involved in the Bhopal tragedy? Also name the gas that caused the devastation. (1 Mark)(Ans)  The name of the company was Union Carbide and the gas that caused the devastation was methyl-isocyanite.(Q.) Who is a consumer? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Consumer is an individual who buys goods or services for his/herpersonal use.(Q.) What is the full form of CNG? (1 Mark)(Ans)  CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas.

(Q.) Name the major hazardous industries relocated by the developed countries into the developing countries. (1 Mark)(Ans)  The major hazourdous industries are of Pesticides, asbestos, zinc and lead processing and the Ship-breaking.(Q.) Name major Ship-breaking yard in India and where is it located? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Alang is the major Ship-breaking yard in India and it is located on Gujarat seacoast.(Q.) How much compensation did the travel agency paid to the foreign trip tourists after court’s order? (1 Mark)(Ans)  The travel agency had paid Rs 8 lakh to the foreign trip tourists after court’s order.(Q.) Which company owns the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal at present? (1 Mark)(Ans)  Dow Chemicals is the company, which owns the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal at present.(Q.) What does the law of minimum wages state? (2 Marks)(Ans)  According to the law of minimum wages, a worker has to be paid not less than the minimum wage by the employer and the minimum wages are revised upwards every few years.(Q.) Who are the people whose interests are protected by the law of minimum wages? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The law of minimum wages protects the interest of all workers, particularly farm workers, construction labourers, factory workers, domestic workers, etc.(Q.) Why do we need laws for safeguarding the environment? (2 Marks)(Ans)  We need laws for protecting the environment because the environment is something that people over generations will share, and it could not be destroyed merely for industrial development.(Q.) Why do we need laws for safeguarding the environment? (2 Marks)(Ans)  We need laws for protecting the environment because the environment is something that people over generations will share, and it could not be destroyed merely for industrial development.(Q.) Why is the law of minimum wages necessary? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The law of minimum wages is necessary because many workers are denied fair wages by their employers. Because they badly need work, workers have no bargaining power and are paid low wages.(Q.) What can the government do to enforce the law of minimum wages? (2 Marks)(Ans)  To ensure that the workers get their fair wages, the government should regularly inspect work sites and punish those who violate the law of minimum wages for workers.(Q.) What is the recent report on pollution in Delhi? (2 Marks)(Ans)  According to the recent report by the Center for Science and Environment, New Delhi, there are high levels of toxic substance present in the air. This is due to emissions from cars which run on diesel (rather than petrol) and a sharp increase in the number of cars on the road.(Q.) How does the ship-breaking industry get boost in South Asia? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The Ship-breaking is a hazardous industrywhich is getting boost in South Asia. The old ships, which are not in use, are sent to shipyards in Bangladesh and India for scrapping. These ships contain potentially dangerous and harmful substances.(Q.) What is the life of thrown out factory workers? (2 Marks)(Ans)  The thrown out factory workersend up as small traders or as daily-wages labourers. Some of them find work in smaller production units, where the conditions of work are more exploitative and the enforcement of laws is weaker.(Q.) Why is the law to form worker unions/associations necessary? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The law to form worker unions/associations is necessary because by organizing themselves into unions, workers can use their combined power to demand fair wages and better working conditions.

(Q.) Why is the worth of an Indian worker perceived to be so low? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Since there is so much employment in India, there are many workers who are willing to work in unsafe conditions in return for a wage. Therefore, one worker can easily replace another. Making use of the workers’ vulnerability, employers ignore safety in workplaces.(Q.) Why is the law requiring that the quality of goods meet certain prescribed standards necessary? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The law requiring that the quality of goods meet certain prescribed standards is necessary because otherwise, consumers might be put to risk by the poor quality of the products such as electrical appliances, food materials, medicines, etc.(Q.) How were the victims of the Bhopal Tragedy cheated out of justice? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The Bhopal Gas Tragedy victims were paid a very low compensation even though the death toll was very high and several people continue to suffer even today. This was because the worth of the Indian worker is far less than a foreign worker and the Indian workers are easily replaceable.(Q.) Are there any laws for producers and consumers? If yes, then what they state? (3)(Ans)  Yes, thereare laws for the rights of producers and consumers.These laws protect the interest of producers and consumers in the market.These lawsmake sure that the relations between the three parties – the worker, the consumer and the producer are governed in a manner that there is no exploitation and unjust treatment.(Q.) How did the textile mills in Ahemdabad close due to power looms? (3 Marks)(Ans)  The power looms are small units with 4-6 looms. The private owners operate them with hired and family labour. The conditions of work in the power looms are far from satisfactory. The textile mills in Ahmedabad had faced greater competition from power looms. The majority of the textile mills closed during 1980s and 1990s because of cheap and vast production rate of small power looms.(Q.) How did the ruling of the courts solved one problem and created another in Delhi? (3 (Ans)  The courts ruled out that the industries in residential areasof Delhi should close down or shift out of the city. These industrieswerepolluting the neighbourhood and discharge from these industrieswaspolluting river Yamuna. Moreover, these industries do not follow any rules andregulations. While the court's action solved one problem, it created another. Because of the closure of industries, many workers lost their jobs.(Q.) Which industries are relocated by developed countries and where? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Developedcountries are relocating their toxic and hazardous industriesin developing countries in order to take advantage of the weaker laws of these countries and to keep their own countries clean andsafe. South Asian countrieslike India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are engaged in the recreation of the industries that produce pesticides, asbestos or processing zinc and lead.(Q.) What do you understand by the ‘Worker’s Union’? (3 Marks)(Ans)  Workers’ Union is an association of workers. Workers’ unions are common in factories and offices, but we also find themin other types of industries. The leaders of the union bargain and negotiate with the employer on behalf of its members. They deal with the issues like wages, work rules, rulesconcerning hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits and workplace safety.(Q.) In what ways were the safety laws violated leading up to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy? (5 Marks)(Ans)  First of all, the government officials refused to recognize the plant as hazardous and allowed it to come up in a populated locality. When some municipal officials in Bhopal objected to the installation of an MIC production unit, the government maintained that the state needs the continued investment of the Bhopal plant which provides jobs. Government inspector continued to approve the procedures in the plant even when repeated incidents of leaks from the plant made it obvious to everyone that things were seriously wrong.(Q.) Why do foreign industries set up their factories and plants in India? (5 Marks)

(Ans)  Foreign countries come to India for cheap labour. Wages that the companies pay to foreign workers are far higher than what the companies have to pay to workers in poorer countries like India. For lower pay, companies can get longer hours of work. Additional expenses such as for housing facilities are also fewer. Thus companies can save costs and earn greater profits.(Q.) What steps can be taken to achieve a clean environment that may benefit everybody? (5 Marks)(Ans)  To look for solutions where every body can benefit from the cleaner environment, the industries should gradually move to cleaner technologies and processes in the factories. The government should encourage and support factories to do this and should impose fines on those who pollute. This will ensure that the workers retain their livelihood an both the workers and communities living around the factories enjoy a clean environment.