cladire parcari
DESCRIPTION
shockeyTRANSCRIPT
-
T h e S h o c k e y P r e c a s t G r o u p
PARKING STRUCTUREDESIGN GUIDE2008/2009 Edition
-
Parking Structure Design Guide2008/2009 Edition
Introduction
48 Bay System
Parking Structure Aesthetics
The AltusGroup
Shockey Parking Structure Specifications
Glossary
WhyPrecast?
WhyShockey?
OptimalLayout
Openness
RampWalls
DrySystem
Colors,Features,Textures
CaseStudies
CalvertSt.ParkingStructure
WashingtonNationalsBallpark ParkingStructure
GaylordNationalHarborResort &ConventionCenter
C-GRIDReinforcedDoubleTeesfor ParkingStructures
81
67
63
51
11
3
T h e S h o c k e y P r e c a s t G r o u p
219 Stine Lane
Winchester, VA 22603
540.667.7700
www.shockeyprecast.com
NOTE: Thedetailsshowninthisdesignguideare
intendedtobehelpfulinthepreparationofcomplete
project plans. These details are not to be used as
workingdrawings.Workingdrawingsanddetailsmust
bepreparedandapprovedbyqualifiedprofessionals
certifiedinthejurisdictioninwhichtheprojectisto
bebuilt. Shockey acceptsno responsibility for any
errorsoroversightsintheuseofthismaterialorinthe
preparationofplans.Thispublicationisintendedfor
usebyprofessionalpersonnelcompetenttoevaluate
the significance and limitations of its contents and
able to accept responsibility for the application of
the material contained herein. Special conditions
andspecific local requirementsonyourprojectwill
requirespecificevaluationandpracticalengineering
judgmentbytheprojectsEngineerofRecord.
TheShockeyPrecastGroup2008.AllRightsReserved.
-
FairfaxCountyJudicialCenterParkingStructure,Richmond,VA
-
InTroducTIonAsthecostofrealestatecontinuestorise,ownersanddevelopersareingreaterneedof
parkingsolutionsthatprovidesmartandcost-effectiveanswerstoavarietyofcommercial,
residential,municipal,andinstitutionalparkingneeds.Inadditiontothepracticalissues
relatingtoparkingavailabilityandcost,theseownersandgoverningbodiesareplacingan
increasedemphasisonaesthetics.Todaysparkingstructuremustbeconvenientlylocated,
low-cost,andcomplementthesurroundinglandscape.
Inthischapterwewillexplorethenumerousbenefitsprecastconcreteoffersforowners,
designersandgeneralcontractors,including:
Speed-to-market
Durability
Sustainability
50-YearLifeExpectancy
IntegratedProjectDelivery
IncreasedValuefortheOwner
OpennessandSecurity
Why Precast?Whyaremoreownersanddesignersselectingprecastconcreteasthematerialofchoicefor
theirparkingstructureprojects?Theanswerissimple.Precastconcreteisahighlydurable,
economicalandversatilebuildingmaterialthatoffersincomparablevalueandflexibility.Its
shorterectiontimeandabilitytoreducetheoverallconstructionscheduleappealtoowners
andgeneralcontractors.Fordesigners,precastopensthedoortoaworldofliterallylimitless
possibilitiesforprovidingsignaturesolutionstotheirindividualparkingneeds.
Speed-to-MarketThedecisiontodesignwithprecastconcretecarrieswithitamyriadofadvantagesovercast-
in-place(CIP)concreteorothertraditionalconstructionmaterials.Oneoftheforemost
benefitsofusingprecastratherthanCIPconcreteisthattheprecastmanufacturingprocess
isunaffectedbytemperatureoradverseweatherconditions.Precastconcretecomponents
arefabricatedinacontrolledplantenvironment,whichmeansthatvaluableprojecttimeis
notlostwaitingforacceptableweatherconditions.
Typicalprecastparkingstructurecomponentssuchasdoubletees,columnsandinverted
teebeamscaneasilybeerectedatanaveragerateof12piecespercraneperday,andcan
beerectedinweatherconditionsthatwouldbeproblematicforthefullerectionofsteel
componentsorCIPconcrete.Precastconcretesfastererectionmeansfollow-ontrades
canbeginworkmorequicklyandtranslatestoanoverallconstructionschedulethatmaybe
severalmonthsshorterthanthatofaprojectusingCIPconcrete.
Forgeneralcontractors,thisschedulereductionresultsinaneconomicadvantagedueto
significantlyreducedoverhead(generalconditions)andincreasedavailabilityofthefirms
crewsforotherprojects.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 3
-
durabilityOneofprecastconcretesforemostadvantagesisitsdurability.Plant-castprecastproductsaretypicallymoredurablethanfield-placedconcreteinpartbecauseofthecontrolledenvironmentinwhichtheyaremanufactured.Thelowwater-cementratiousedinprecastconcretecreatesadenserproductthatdoesnotallowpenetrationofchloridesandotherharmfulelementsaseasilyasfield-placedconcrete.ThePrecastPrestressedConcreteInstitute(PCI)PCIHandbook6thEditionreportsthatstudieshaveshownacceleratedcuringmakesprecastconcretemoreresistanttochloridesthanfield-curedconcrete.
TheShockeyPrecastGroupcanuseflyash,silicafume,slagcementandothercementitious
mixturestohelpreducethewater/cementratiooftheconcretemix,increasedensity,reduce
alkalisilicareactivity,andincreasethelong-termstrengthanddurabilityofourprecast
concretecomponents.Theuseofcorrosioninhibitorsandgalvanizedorepoxy-coated
reinforcingintheprecastconcretecanfurtherincreasedurability.Topreventcorrosionof
connectionsandtomaximizethelifespanofaparkingdeck,TheShockeyPrecastGroup
usesstainlesssteelflange-to-flangeconnectionsinthedrivingsurfacewherethemajorityof
normalwear-and-tearwilloccur.
SustainabilitySilicafume,flyash,andslagcementareallconsideredgreenproductsandtheiruseaspartoftheoverallconcretemixcanaddLEEDpointstoaproject.
50-Year Life ExpectancyInaccordancewiththeLife-365ServiceLifePredictionModel,usingslagwithacorrosioninhibitorinournormalconcretemixtures,itcanbeshownthatwitha1.9covertosteelinourhorizontalprecastcomponents,TheShockeyPrecastGroupisabletoprovideparkingstructuresthatmeeta50-yearlifeexpectancy.
Intheeventaprimaryflangereinforcementisusedthatcannotcorrode(suchasthe
C-GRIDcarbonfiberreinforcingsystem),durabilityofthedoubleteeswillbesignificantly
greaterthanthatofdoubleteesreinforcedwithweldedwirefabric.
Pleasenotethatachievinga50-yearlifeexpectancyiscontingentuponpropermaintenance
asoutlinedinPCIsMaintenanceGuide,includingimmediaterepairofcracksandtimely
replacementofjointsealantstomaintainprotectionofconnections.
Integrated Project deliveryStructuralprecastcomponentscanbeerectedinarelativelyshortperiodoftimebecausetheyinterlocktosupportoneanother.Simplerinstallationrequiresfewercrewmembers,whichtranslatestolesstraffic,congestionandwasteonthejobsite.Forthegeneralcontractor,acleanerandsaferjobsitemeanslessriskandmoreassuranceofasmoothandsuccessfulprojectflow.AndbecauseTheShockeyPrecastGroupmanufacturesanderectsitsprecastcomponents,thegeneralcontractorcanrelyonasolesubcontractorforprojectcompletion.
Increased Value to ownerFortheowner,thespeedtomarketofprecastmeansfasterdeliveryofthefinishedparkingstructure,whichcanresultinsignificantcostsavingsandtranslatetoafasterreturnoninvestment.Thedurabilityandlongevityofaprecastparkingstructurealsoequalsabetterlong-terminvestmentfortheowner.Aspreviouslystated,theinherentquality,strengthanddensityofprecastconcreteproducedbyTheShockeyPrecastGroup,combinedwith
4 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
aregularmaintenanceprogram,canresultinaparkingstructurewithatypicallifecycleof40-50yearsfargreaterthanthetypicallifecycleofaCIPparkingstructure.Fortheowner,
thisrepresentsasignificantreturnontheinitialinvestment.
openness and SecurityAnyonewhohaseverparkedinadimly-lit,closed-inparkinggarageunderstandsperfectly
theaestheticandsecurity-relatedadvantagesofaprecastparkingstructure.Theuseoflong-
spanprecastdoubleteesandarchitecturalload-bearingspandrelsorload-bearingwallsallow
designerstocreateparkingstructureswithwidebaysthatgivepatronsanincreasedsense
ofvisibilityandsecurity.Theendresult?Morepatronsarelikelytousetheprecastparking
structurethanadimly-lit,closed-inCIPparkingstructure.
Why Shockey?
The Shockey PedigreeWhychooseTheShockeyPrecastGroup?TheShockeypedigreeissynonymous
withquality,integrity,anddoingajobrightthefirsttime.Ourhistorystretches
backmorethan100years,encompassinggeneralcontracting,designbuildand
precastconcreteservices.
In1896,HowardShockeystartedawagon-repairbusinessinWinchester,Virginia.
ThebusinessgrewtoincludegeneralcontractingandHowardsreputationfor
qualityconstructionanddo-it-right-the-first-timeattitudequicklyputhiscompany
indemandforcustomhomebuilding.Today,manyofthehomeshebuiltatthe
turnofthecenturyarestillstanding;monumentstohislegacyofhardwork,
integrity,anddedication.Howardpassedthatlegacytohissons,andinthe1930s,
JimShockeyjoinedhisfatherinthebusiness.Hewaslaterfollowedbyhisbrother
Ralph.In1947,thecompanybecameknownasHowardShockeyandSons.
In1955,Shockeyopenedasmallmanufacturingfacilityforprestressedconcrete
asadivisionofCrider&Shockey,itsformerready-mixconcretecompany.One
yearlater,ShockeyBrothers,Inc.becamethethirdShockeyoperatingcompany.
In1999,thecompanychangeditsnametoTheShockeyPrecastGroup.Today,
TheShockeyPrecastGrouphascompletedmorethan3,000precastprojects
throughouttheMid-Atlanticregion,includingtheserecentnoteworthy
parkingstructures:
CalvertSt.ParkingStructure,Annapolis,MD
D.C.NationalsBallparkParkingStructures,Washington,D.C.
GaylordNationalHarborResort&ConventionCenterParkingStructure,
OxenHill,MD
JohnPaulJonesArenaParkingStructure,Charlottesville,VA
CarilionHealthcareRiversideParkingStructure,Roanoke,VA
ShadyGroveMetroStationParkingStructure,ShadyGrove,MD
FairfaxJudicialCenterParkingStructure,Fairfax,VA
TheShockeyPrecastGroupisachartermemberofthePrecast/Prestressed
ConcreteInstitute,aswellasbeingaPCI-CertifiedPlantandPCICertified
Erector.ShockeyPrecastmanagementhasheldleadershippositionsinMAPA,the
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 5
Shockey Bros, Inc. casting yard, circa 1960s.
Shockey Bros., Inc. prestressing double tees, circa 1960s.
-
PCIchairmanship,variousPCItechnicalcommittees,andonthePCIIndustryAdvisory
GrouptotheNationalBuildingInformationModelingStandardInitiative.TheShockey
PrecastGroupisalsoamemberoftheAltusGroupacollaborationofprecastersdedicated
toadvancingtheuseofC-GRIDcarbonfiberreinforcing.
Sole SourceTheShockeyPrecastGroupprovidestheOwner,DesignerandGeneralContractorwitha
singlepointofcontactforthefullrangeofprecastactivitiesfrominitialcoordinationand
designthroughturnoverofthebuildingtotheowner.With50+yearsintheproduction
anderectionofprecastconcrete,TheShockeyPrecastGroupsexperienceintheparking
structurearenaisunmatchedintheregion--makingustrulyThe Partner of Choice.
TheShockeyteamassiststheOwnerorGeneralContractorthroughtheentiredesignand
constructionprocessstartingwithearlybudgetinginformation.Westrivetobepartofthe
earlydesignprocess,providingexperience-basedbudgetsinsupportofspecificprojectplans
toassisttheOwnerorGeneralContractorinlong-termfinancialforecastingofprojects.As
planningcontinuesanddetailsofthestructurebecomemoredefined,weassistindefining
thecostofaprecaststructurebyofferingacomprehensiveproposalfortheproject.
Theprojectproposalincludesadetailedengineeringandproductionschedulethat
enablestheOwnerorGeneralContractortomeetprojecterectionneeds.TheShockey
PrecastGrouptypicallyassiststheOwnerandGeneralContractorbyprovidingquality
coordinationeffortstotheteamthroughoutthedesigndevelopmentprocess.
Shockeysteamincludesfield-experiencedcoordinatorswhospecializeinonsite
managementofpre-erectionactivitiestofacilitateasmoothtransitiontotheerection
phaseoftheproject.Ourtransportationcoordinatorsensurethesitelogisticsdetailsare
plannedwellinadvancetoallowforuninterruptederectionoftheprecast.Aftererectionis
completedorhasadvancedtoasafedegree,ourFieldCoordinatorsprovideearlyaccessto
6 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
The Shockey Precast Group Winchester Plant
-
thestructureforfollow-ontrades.Thistimelyonsitecoordinationminimizesdisruptionsof
fieldactivitiesandreducestheoverallprojectconstructionschedule.
Duringerectionofthebuilding,TheShockeyPrecastGroupsfieldfinisherscompletethe
onsitework--enablingtheprecastportionofthestructuretobecompletedwithinamonth
oferectioncompletion.Thisquickresponseallowspunch-listreviewofthestructure
toproceedwithoutdelay.Finally,uponcompletionoftheprecastwork,weprovidean
industry-leadingmanualforcareandmaintenanceofparkingfacilities,alongwithawarranty
ofourwork.Ownerswhofollowthecyclicmaintenanceactivitiesoutlinedinthismanual
andwhohavetrainedpersonnelresponsibleforthecareoftheirparkingstructurewill
ensurethestructuremeetsorexceedstheservicelifeobjectives.TheShockeyPrecast
Groupsfieldrepresentativesalsoprovideexperience-basedassistancetotheownersonan
as-neededbasisduringparkingstructureoperations.
Fromdesigndevelopmentthroughon-lineoperations,TheShockeyPrecastGroupprovides
one-stopserviceforalltheactivitiesnecessarytobringanewparkingstructuretoreality.
design Assist ProgramIn1996,legislationwaspassedthatenabledthefederalgovernmenttoenterintodesign-
buildcontracts.Sincethattime,therehasbeenadramaticriseinthenumberoffederally-
fundeddesign-buildprojects.Asaresult,theneedforspecialtysubcontractorstosupport
thissignificantincreasehasneverbeengreater.
TheShockeyPrecastGrouptypicallyseekstobecomeinvolvedinthedevelopmentof
projectsthatarelessthan15%designed.Earlyinvolvementinthedesignprocessenables
TheShockeyPrecastGrouptohelpourcustomersmakesound,informedchoicesthatbest
servethefinancialandaestheticneedsoftheowner.
Design Assistance ServicesTheShockeyPrecastGroupprovidesthefollowingdesignassistanceservicesto
ourcustomers:
1. Prepareandupdatebudgetestimates.
2. Participateinconstructabilityreviews.
3. Supportvalueengineeringoptions.
4. AttendmeetingswiththeA/EDesignTeamasrequired.
5. ProvideassistancetotheA/EDesignTeamintheformofconstructiondetails,loading
concepts,productsamples,anddrawingsfromsimilarproducts.
6. Participateinregularphone,written,andemailcommunicationswiththeA/EDesign
Teamduringthedevelopmentofthedesignthrough100%ConstructionDocuments.
7. UseBIMProcesstoprovide3Dprojectmodels.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 7
-
FrequencyTheShockeyPrecastGroupprovidesdesignassistprogramserviceswiththe
followingfrequency:
1. AtCoreandShell100%DesignDevelopmentDocuments.
2. At10%,50%,and100%ConstructionDocuments.
Building Information Modeling (BIM)ABuildingInformationModel(BIM)isadigitalrepresentationofphysicalandfunctional
characteristicsofafacility.Assuchitservesasasharedknowledgeresourceforinformation
aboutafacilityformingareliablebasisfordecisionsduringitslife-cyclefrominception
onward.
AbasicpremiseofBIMiscollaborationbydifferentstakeholdersatdifferentphasesofthe
lifecycleofafacilitytoinsert,extract,updateormodifyinformationintheBIMtosupport
andreflecttherolesofthatstakeholder.TheBIMisashareddigitalrepresentationfounded
onopenstandardsforinteroperability.NationalInstituteofBuildingSciences
TheShockeyPrecastGroupsEngineeringdepartmenthasplayedanintegralrolein
thedevelopmentofBIMfortheprecastindustrythroughitspartnershipwithTEKLA
Structures.ThiscommitmenttoremainingattheforefrontofBIMtechnologyhasmade
TheShockeyPrecastGroupinstrumentalintheadvancementanduseofBIMthroughout
theprecastindustry.Forourcustomers,TheShockeyPrecastGroupsextensiveknowledge
anduseofBIMtechnologymeanswecanmaximizetheeffectivenessofthisvaluable
integrationtooltoensuresmoothprojectflowandopenteamcommunication.
Safety: First at All LevelsTheShockeyPrecastGroupiscommittedtoprovidingasafeandhealthfulwork
environmentforallouremployeesandotherswhomaywork,visit,orenterourfacilitiesor
jobsites.Itisourpolicytoconductbusinessinamannerthatoffersmaximumprotection
toeachandeveryemployeeandanypersonthatmaybeaffectedbyouroperationsand
business.Wewillmakeeveryefforttoprovideaworkingenvironmentthatisfreefromany
recognizedorpotentialhazard.ThecommitmentisbestdescribedbytheShockeymaxim
Safety: First at all levels.
Thegroundworkforasafeandsuccessfulprojectisestablishedlongbeforethefirstpieceof
precastisdeliveredtothesite.TheShockeyPrecastGroupisproudofitsthoroughpre-
constructionplanningandsafeexecutionofallworkactivities.Shockeymanagersandfield
operationsexpertsmentallybuildtheproject,anticipatingasmanyissuesaspossiblethat
couldadverselyaffecttheprogressoftheworkonsite.Thoroughon-sitereviewofaccess
requirementsforthecraneandtruckstransportingtheprecastarediscussedlongbeforethe
firstlayeroftopsoilisdisturbed.
Duringtheprojectproposalstage,theFieldOperationsManager,withassistancefrom
TheShockeyPrecastGroupsEstimatingDepartment,usesavailablecontractdocuments
todeterminethesafestandmosteconomicalmethodforerectingtheprecast.TheField
OperationsManagerdeterminesrequiredaccessforthecraneandestablishesthesizeof
thecrane,lengthsofboom,andboomconfigurationrequiredtosafelyerecttheprecast
wellwithinthecrane-specifiedcapacities.Anaccesssketchshowingtherequiredcrane
pathisprovidedwitheachproposal.Additionally,thecranegeometry(length,width)and
themaximumcranebearingpressureareprovidedsotheownercandeterminecostsfor
8 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
providingstabilizedcraneaccessandastablebasecoursetosupportthetrucksproviding
precastdeliverytothesite.
ErectionoftheprecastisperformedbyerectorsQualifiedunderPCIsErectorCertification
Program.PCI-QualifiedErectorsmustundergoarigorousauditoftheirerectionoperations
atleasteverysixmonths.Anydeficienciesfoundduringtheauditsareimmediately
corrected.Follow-upauditsensurecontinuedcompliancewiththissafety-oriented
CertificationProgram.
Duringthedesigndevelopmentstageofallawardedprojects,theprecastdesignengineer
usestheerectionplantodetermineifadditionalerectionbracingisrequired.Theprecast
designengineerevaluatesthestabilityofthepartiallyerectedstructuretoensureitcan
withstandthemostsevereweatherconditionsatanypointduringerection.Ifadditional
erectionbracingisrequired,theerectionbracingplanwithspecifiedbracingdetailswillbe
incorporatedintotheerectionplanforthestructure.Thedesignanalysisanddetailswillbe
sealedbytheprecastdesignprofessional.
Internalpreconstructionmeetingsbetweentheerectionforemanandtheprecastdesign
professionalsandon-sitepreconstructionmeetingsbetweentheGeneralContractor,
InspectionAgencies,andtheEngineerofRecord,areheldtoensurethatallaspectsof
precasterectionarefullyunderstoodandagreedupon.Thisincludesin-depthdiscussions
onprecastconnectionsandrequirederectionbracing.
Apre-erectionsurveyoftheCIPconcreteorsteelsubstructuresupportingtheprecastis
completedwellinadvanceoferectionsoanyrequiredmodificationsorrepairstotheCIP
orsteelcanbeaccomplishedwithoutaffectingtheerectionstartdate.Erectioncommences
onlyafterassurancefromtheEngineerofRecordthattheCIPhasachievedrequired
strengthorthesteelstructureisreadytoacceptprecast.
Theerectorisrequiredtodevelopasite-specificSafetyPlanforeachproject.Thisplan
containsacompletehazardanalysisandfallprotectionplanningfortheproject.Priorto
startoftheerection,theerectioncrewisfullybriefedontheSafetyPlanandunderstands
thesafetyconstraintsoftheproject.Thisincludeshandlingofthetypesofprecastproducts
fortheproject.Allprecastdeliveredtotheprojectarriveswithashippingandhandlingtag
attached.Thistagoutlinesthespecifiedmethodoferectingthepanelandgivesanyspecial
handlinginstructionsforrotatingorrollingtheprecast.Weeklyfollow-upsafetymeetings
sometimesreferredtoasToolBoxTalks,areheldonsiteforthedurationoftheproject.
Duringerectionoftheprecast,theerectionforemanisresponsibleforsafetyontheproject.
Theforemancontinuallyobservestheworkofthecrewtoensurecompliancewiththe
publishedSafetyPlan.Propersafetymarkingofthesiteismaintainedinaccordancewith
theSafetyPlanandtheforemanensuresthatnon-erectionpersonnelremainoutsidethe
erectionarea.Onlywhentheproperlydocumentedturnoveroftheerectedstructurehas
beencompletedwillnon-erectionpersonnelbeallowedtoperformworkonthestructure.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM IntroductIon 9
-
10 IntroductIon The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
JohnPaulJonesArenaParkingStructure,UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,VA
Er
ic A
. Tay
lor P
hoto
grap
hy
-
Bay SizeTheShockeyPrecastGroups48baymoduleuses12widedoubletees,whichresultin
themostcost-effectiveuseofprecastcomponents.Basedonthe12doubleteewidth,this
handbookwillofferapossibletypicalparkingstructurelayout.Wheneverpossible,limit
theuseofnon-standardteewidthsorbaysizes,asthiswillinfluencethecost.Thebaysize
youchoosemayresultinverydifferentspandreldimensions,floortofloorheights,drainage
plansand/orsupportingwallsystems.
drainageForownersanddesigners,assuranceofaproperdrainagesystemisoneofthemost
importantconsiderationsinthedesignofaparkingdeckbothforthehealthandlifeofthe
deckaswellasforthecomfortandconvenienceofitspatrons.Theuseofadrysystemfor
washesthatdirectwatertowardthedrainisconsideredsuperiortotheuseofCIPconcrete
pourstrips.WhileCIPtoppings,suchasthoseusedinpourstrips,typicallyfeaturea3,000
psiconcretemix,theconcreteusedforaprecastdrysystemwillusea6,000psimix.Since
theprecastdrysystemisproducedinacontrolledplantenvironment,itismonitoredbythe
PCIQualityControlprogram.ThequalityofCIPwashcastingsmaynotbecontrolledin
thesamemanner.
Designedcorrectly,aneffectivedrainageplanwillhelppreventwaterfrompondingor
causingprematuredegradationtothejointinterfaces.Generally,drainsarelocatedatthe
interiorbays,atalternatinggridlines.Oneeconomicalwaytoprovideproperdeckdrainage
istowarpthedecksurface.Warpingoccurswhenthedeckperimeterisheldataconstant
elevationandtheinteriorbaysarealternatelyraisedandlowered.Warpingisgenerallynot
causeforconcernregardingcrackingofthedoubleteesurface,providedthewarpisheldtoa
limitof.175inchperfootofwidthfora60longtee.PleasereferencePCIJournalJanuary/
February2003,page35forstandardindustrypractice.Thefollowingdiagramprovidesan
illustrationofthisconcept.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 11
48 BAY SYSTEM
-
12 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Whilewarpingofthedecksurfaceisanoptionworthconsidering,itisalsopossibleto
alternatelyraiseandlowertheperimeterofthedeckequallywiththeinteriorbays,resulting
inatwo-waydeckcrossslope.Thiseliminatestheneedforwarpingteesbut,inturn,tends
tobelesscosteffective.Theamountofcrossslopealongthelengthoftheteewilldepend
onthedecksystemandbaysizechosen.Eitheroptionispossibleandmayormaynotbe
suitabletothedesigninquestion.
Afewimportantdrainagefacts-
TheShockeyPrecastGroupcastspre-manufactureddrainunitsintotheflangesof
thedoubleteesthatprovidecosteconomyandbettersealingqualitycomparedtofield
installedvarietiesandeliminatesfieldcuttingandinstallation.
TheShockeyPrecastGroupstotalprecastdecksurfacedoesnotrelyontheuseof
fieldtoppedCIPconcrete.Thisrepresentsasubstantialadvantageoverotherprecast
systemsandprovidesbetterdurabilityandlowercosts.Italsominimizesthechancefor
waterinfiltrationattheprecastinterface.
TheShockeyPrecastGroupcandivertwatertowardthedrainusingoneofthree
possiblesystems:precastcurbs,monolithicprecastwashes,orCIPwashes.
Locatinghandicappedparkingspacesshouldincludeconsiderationofmaximum
allowableslope.
drainage considerationsThemovementofwaterfromthedecksurfaceisillustratedbelow.Theslopingofthedeck
structureenablesthewatertobedirectedtostrategicallylocateddrains.Thisslopinghasa
verysignificanteffectonstructureframing.Therefore,earlydeterminationiscriticaland
vitaltofloorheights.
High point
Bay width
High point Low point w/ drain
Interior bay
Bu ilding perim eter Constan t elevation
Approx . 60
Concep t of Warping
ma x .175 inch per
Arrows indicate direction of water
flow
Concept of Warping
-
Expansion JointsUndernormalseasonalheatingandcoolingcycles,concretewillexpandandcontract.This
inturngeneratesin-planeforcesanddisplacementsthatmustbeaccountedfor.Expansion
joints,whencorrectlylocated,allowtheseeffectstooccurwithoutadverselyaffectingthe
precastjointsandconnections.Dependingonthedeckconfiguration,expansionjoints
shouldbelocatedamaximumof300feetapart.Theexpansionjointisfrequentlylocatedat
thejointbetweentwoteesatacolumngridlineandshouldbelargeenoughtoaccommodate
thecombinedthermalmovementoneachhalfofthestructure.Thelocationoftheshear
resistingelementsalsoplaysaroleindeterminingthelocationofexpansionjoints.If,for
example,a300longdeckcontainedstiff,shear-resistingelementsonbothends,itmight
beadvisabletointroduceanexpansionjointsomewhereinthemiddleofthedecktohelp
relievethebuildupofstressattheends.Thisisbecauseshearelementsactaspoints
offixityandwillacttorestrainthedeck,therebycausingconnectionforcestoexceed
reasonablelimits.Itisessentialtorememberthatexpansionjointsalsoservetointerrupt
thelateralforceresistingsystem,which,forthepurposesofdesign,effectivelycreatestwo
separatebuildingstructures.Eachbuildinghalfmustcontainsufficientlateralload
resistingelements.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 13
Typical Framed Level Drainge Plan
-
14 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
General LoadingAparkinggaragemustsatisfyavarietyofloadingrequirements.Inadditiontotheirown
selfweight,parkinggaragesaredesignedtoresistuniformvehicularloadsof40psforthe
applicationofa3,000poundsactingonanareaof20squareinches(typicalsizeofthebase
ofatirejack).Ifhigherloadingcriteriaareneededtoresistfiretrucksorotherlarge
vehicles,specialprovisionsmayberequired,includingthedeepeningofelementsor
theadditionofreinforcing.Otherloadsincludewindorseismic,asdeterminedbythe
applicablebuildingcode.
Seismic/Wind considerationsParkingstructurestypicallyutilizeshearwallstoresistthelateralwindorseismicforces
prescribedbylocalbuildingcodes.Dependingonlocationandsiteconditions,thedesign
loadswillvary,aswillthenumberorsizeofshearwallsneeded.Shockeyengineersalways
performacomprehensivelateralloadanalysisofeachbuildingthecompanydesigns.Loads
fromthisanalysisarethengiventotheEngineerofRecordforverifyingtheCIPfootingand
walldesigns.
Whenpossible,itisadvantageoustoprovideshearwallslocatedalongthelineoframpwalls
withanadditionalwalloneachendoftherampasshowninthefigurebelow.Another
option,dependingontheprescribedloads,istooffertheshearwallswithpunched
windowopeningstoprovideadditionallightandopenness.Horizontalrampwallscanbe
usedtoprovidetherequiredlateralstabilityparalleltotheramp.Thesewallshaveopenings
toprovidelightandopenness.
Wallsshouldbelocatedinawaythattakesmaximumadvantageofthesurroundingdead
loadelements.Shearwallsthatsupportdoubleteesorinvertedteebeamswillengage
moredeadload,whichhelpstocounteractthewalloverturningmoment.
Whenoverturningmomentsarelargerthandeadloadresistingmoments,acondition
knownasnetupliftonashearwallelementoccurs.Thisrequiresthedesignofhold-down
devicesorconnections,which,inturn,increasescost.
SincethedesignoftheCIPfootingsandwallsistheresponsibilityoftheEngineerof
Record,itisimportantthatsufficientthoughtbegiventoshearwallplacementearlyinthe
designprocess.TheShockeyPrecastGroupisableandqualifiedtoworkwiththeproject
engineerstohelpdeveloprational,economicalandpracticalload-resistingsystemsthatwill
providesuperiorbuildingperformance.
Shea r walls
Possible Stair shafts
Shear Wall Layout
-
Floor-to-Floor HeightThefloor-to-floorheightofaparkingstructuredependsonavarietyoffactors,includingthe
precastelementsusedandtheusagerequirementsoftheoccupants.Thesampleparking
structureincludedinthishandbooksuggestsafloor-to-floorheightof10-8.Thisheight
providesforoptimaleconomyandallowsaminimum7-0verticalclearanceunderthe
invertedteebeams.
Fire resistanceDependingonnumerousfactors,aparkingstructuremayberequiredtohaveeithera1-hour
or2-hourfirerating.MostparkingstructuresfallunderthecategorytypeIIB,asdefinedby
theInternationalBuildingCode,anddonotrequireanyparticularfireresistanceratingat
all.However,whenrequiredbydesign,precastparkingstructurescaneasilybedesignedtoa
higherleveloffireresistance.
Fireresistanceratingsofprecastcomponentsaremeasuredandspecifiedaccordingtothe
commonstandard,ASTME119.Fireenduranceisdefinedastheperiodoftimeelapsed
beforeaprescribedconditionoffailureisreachedduringastandardfiretest.Designing
precastelementstosatisfyagivenfireresistanceratingwillincreasecoststosomedegree
primarilywhenadditionalreinforcingorlargermembersizesareneeded.
opennessAprimarybenefitofthe48bayisthattherearefewerverticalelementstointerruptthe
naturalsightlines.Theinherentopennessofa48bayparkingstructurecontributesto
increasedsecurityofparkingstructurepatronsandprovidesnaturalventilation.
Joints and revealsJointsizesbetweenprecastandCIPelementsvary.Recommendednominaljoint
dimensionsarenotedinthishandbook.Thesejointshavebeenestablishedbasedon
tolerancerequirements(seesectionbelow),andtoensurealong-lastingjointinterface.
Whendiscussingthesejoints,itisimportanttounderstandthatthedimensionsgivenare
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 15
Reveal
1
Cau lk with backer rod
Pan el
1
Tra pezoidal Reveal
Color #1
Color #2
Joints and Reveals
-
16 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
nominalmeaningactualjointsizesareallowedtodeviatefromthesevaluestowithin
industryacceptedranges,asdescribedinPCIMNL135.Whenselectingaccentrevealsor
rusticationlines,itisimportanttotiethemtothechosenjointsize.Avoidtriangularreveals
wherepossiblebecausetheyaredifficulttoaffixtotheforms.Instead,atrapezoidalreveal
willprovideaflatnailingsurfacefortheformbuildersandhelpminimizepossiblenail
holeirregularities.Whenchoosingarevealsize,considerlimitingthedepthto.Deeper
revealsdecreasetheeffectivesectionofthepanel.Thisreducespanelstrengthandincreases
thechanceforpanelcracking,whichmayrequireanincreaseinthepanelthickness.Besure
toincluderevealsbetweenanyandallcolorbreaks--whentwoseparatefacemixesareused
withinthesamepanel,itsstronglyrecommendedthatdesignersincludearevealbetween
thetwomixestoprovidethecastingcrewadistinctstoppingpointandhelpreducecolor
bleed.Thiswillhelpensureasmoothbreaklinebetweenthetwocolors,asillustratedinthe
figurebelow.
corners and QuirksWhenconsideringdetailsatbuildingcorners,itsrecommendedthataquirkbe
introducedatpanelreturnsespeciallythoseexceeding1-1inlength.Toachievea
superiorfinishalongthepanelface,panelsareoftenproducedintwophases,which
resultsinacastingorpourlinebetweenthetwopieces(seesketchbelow).Thequirk
willminimizethiseffectbyessentiallyhidingthelineintheapexofthenotch.
Corners and Quirks
Panel Corner Detail (Monolithic Pour)
Panel Corner Detail (Sequential Pour)
Maximum panelreturn length = + 11
Square corner possiblebut not recommended
use quirk if possible
Pane 1 returnsgreater than 1 - 1
quirk quirk
First pour
Second pour
Sequentialpour line
-
Facial ProjectionsFacialprojectionscanaddauniqueaccenttoyourbuildingproject.Becausethesefeatures
arecasttothepanelsbottominform,aminimumdraftdimensionisnecessaryinorderto
beabletostripthepanelsoutoftheforms.Withoutproperdraft,suctionforcesgenerated
betweentheconcreteandtheformmaycausethepanelstobindupduringstripping
andpossiblydamagethepaneland/orforms.Toensurethisdoesnotoccur,Shockey
recommendsaminimumdraftof1:6onfacialprojections,asnotedinthesketchbelow.
Alsokeepinmindthatfacialprojectionsincreaseproductioncosts,sinceformsneedtobe
builtuptoaccommodatethefeature.
TolerancesPrecastconnectionsandpaneldimensionsneedtoallowforindustrystandardtolerances.
AnexcellentguidetoprecasttolerancesisavailablethroughPCI.TheToleranceManual,
MNL135,describesindetailtheallowableproductionanderectiontolerancesforvarious
precastelements.Requestacopyatwww.shockeyprecast.com.
PenetrationsVerticalpenetrationsthroughthedoubleteeflangescanbelocatedanywhereexceptin
thestem.Penetrationsthroughtheprecastthatmayberequiredforwallhydrants,pipe
penetrationsandlightfixturescanbecastintothepanelsprovidedthecoordinationfor
locationandsizeisdoneearlyenoughintheshopdrawingdevelopment.Thelocationand
sizeofthesepenetrationsshouldbefurnishedtoShockeyduringtheshopdrawingprocess.
Thisistoensurethattheinformationcanbeincorporatedintotheshopdrawingsand
fabricationdrawingsinadequatetime.Foropeningslessthan10square,itisrecommended
thatthepenetrationsbefieldcut.
connectionsDesignoftheconnectionsisalwaystheresponsibilityoftheprecaster.Shockeyutilizes
avarietyofuser-friendly,safeandefficientconnectionsthatallowprecastelementsto
besetandsecuredinatimelyfashion.Includedinthishandbookareanumberoftypical
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 17
Facial Projections
Panel as-cast
Forms built up to createfacial projections
Loops for stripping
Panel in finalerected position
Facial projection
6
1
Minimum draft
-
18 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
connectionswhichprovidethedesignerwithasolidbasisforcosteffectiveandhighly
efficientdesigns.Dependingonvariousfactors,includinglifeexpectancyanddurability
requirements,embedmentfinisheswillvaryfromjobtojob.TheShockeyPrecastGroup
typicallyrecommendsthefollowingplatefinishes:
Non-weldedplateconnectionsexposed Hot-dippedgalvanized
totheelements orJFinish
Weldedplateconnectionsexposed ZincRichCold
totheelements GalvanizingCoated
RodsandBolts Electroplated
Allothermaterial Plain
Flange-to-flangeshearconnections Stainlesssteel
MaintenanceEnsuringlong-lastingdurabilityofaparkingstructurerequiresownerstakethenecessary
stepstomaintainthestructureoncecompleted.Properlymaintainingaparkingstructure
necessitatesregularinspectionsandcleaningoftheprecastjoints,andarangeofotheritems.
Theissueofsnowremovalshouldbeaddressedearlyinthedesignphasewithownerssoit
doesnotbecomeasourceofconcernoncethesnowplowsbegintheirwork.Forexample,
theimpropermoundingorremovalofsnowcancauseadegradationofthejointsortee
surfaces.
cIP concreteCIPconcreteistypicallynotincludedintheprecastscopeofwork.However,since
CIPinterfaceswiththeprecastelements,thecoordinationofprecasttoCIPinterfaceis
extremelyimportant.CIPelevationsanddetailsshouldcloselymatchtheprecastdesignto
ensuretheproperfit-upandexecutionofthepieceswhentheyarriveonsite.
Followingisanexplanationofeachdesignteammembersresponsibilitiesregardingthe
coordinationofCIP-to-precastinterface:
Engineer of Record (EOR) TheEORshouldspecifytopofCIPpier,wallandfootingelevationsandprovideadequatereinforcingdetailsoftheseelementswithinthe
contractdocuments.Pierandfootingdesignsshouldaccountforthepossibilityofuplift
andslidingforcesatshearwalllocations.Reinforcingdetailsshouldspecifyadequate
confinementsteelatthetopsofpiersandwalls,asrequiredbytheACIcode.Pierandwall
sizesshouldtypicallybealargerdimensionthantheprecasttheysupportsothatanchor
boltsandembeddedplatescanbeeasilyplacedwithintheconfinementsteel.Dowelsor
anchorboltsusedtoconnecttheprecasttotheCIParetypicallytheresponsibilityofthe
precaster.Inmanycases,TheShockeyPrecastGroupmaysuggestalternatetopofpier
orfootingelevationsthateitherenhancethestructuresperformanceorimprovecost-
effectiveness.Inthiscase,theCIPsubcontractorisaskedtoexecutethedetailsaccording
totheprecastdrawings,sincethisishowthepiecesarefabricated.
General Contractor (GC)CoordinatetopofCIPpierandwallelevationswiththestructuralandprecastdrawings.EnsurethattheCIPsubcontractorfollowsand
properlyexecutesthereinforcingdetailsthatareshownontheContractDrawings
(seenotesabove).
-
The Shockey Precast GroupDesignandprepareanchorboltlayoutdrawingsforusebytheGCandCIPsubcontractor.Supplyallloosehardwareandanchorboltsneededfor
theattachmentoftheprecastelementstotheCIPconcrete.
CIP SubcontractorCarefullyexecutetheCIPreinforcinglayoutsperthestructuraldrawings,includingtheconfinementtieslocatednearthetopsofpiersandwalls.
Incorporateloosehardwarefortheprecastconnectionsaccordingtothelocations
shownontheprecastlayoutdrawings.Whenadiscrepancyexistsbetweenthestructural
drawingsandtheprecastdrawingsfortopofCIPelevations,theprecastdrawingsgovern.
ThefollowingsketchillustratestheCIP-to-precastinterface:
ItisgenerallyrecommendedthattheCIPsystembedesignedsuchthattheprecastelements
arenotrequiredtoretainearthloads.Instead,CIPretainingwallscanbeprovidedthat
actindependentlyfromtheprecasttowithstandtheseforces.Ifnecessary,itispossible
todesigntheprecastteesorwallsbelowgradetoacttoresistearthloads,asshowninthe
followingsketch.Thiscouldinfluencethelocationofshearresistingelements,connections,
andmaynecessitatetheuseofacast-in-placetoppingonthetees.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 19
Reinforcing including ACI requiredconfinement ties to be designed and detailed by the EOR, furnished andinstalled by the GC or CIP subcontractor
Anchor bolts or embedded platessupplied by Shockey, installed byCIP subcontractor at locationsshown on precast anchor bolt layouts
Always maintain top of pier or wallelevations as shown on the precastdrawings. Notify GC of anydiscrepancies between the structuraland precast drawings
Ideally, the CIP section should bewider than the supported precast.For piers, this should be 2 on allsides. For walls, 1 is suggested
CIP Pier for Precast Column
Free-Standing Wall Fixed Wall
Free standing, CIP retaining wall.Backfill wall and allow foranticipated wall movement orrotation to occur prior to setting precast .
Precast double tee
Precast double tee
CIP or precast retaining wall.
Possible CIP topping
Connection
-
20 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
The 48 Bay SystemToillustratethetypicalpaththatTheShockeyPrecastGroupsdesign-assisteffortwould
take,pleaseconsiderthefollowingexample:
TheShockeyPrecastGroupisapproachedbyapotentialcustomer,whobringstothetable
thisinformationregardingaparkingstructure:
1. Thestructuremusthaveafloor-to-floorheightof118gradetofirstelevated
level,and108onallotherlevels.
2. Rampslopeis6.1%atthefirstlevel,and5.6%attheupperlevels.
3. The256,000SFstructuremustbedesignedtoaccommodate790cars.
Usingthisinformation,TheShockeyPrecastGroupwillworkwiththedesignteamto
achieveanoptimallayoutusingthe12doubleteesand48baysystem.Onthefollowing
pageisanexampleofowner-providedsketchestypicallyreceivedbyTheShockeyPrecast
Groupatthebeginningofthedesign-assistprocess:
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 21
-
22 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Usingtheowner-providedsketchesandbasicdeckrequirementsasaguide,TheShockey
PrecastGroupworkswiththeprojectdesignteamtodevelopacustomized48baysolution
thatmeetstheownersneedsandsatisfiesthedesignersvision.Specificsofthedeckare
listedbelow:
Deck Type12wide,30deeptees
48widebays
10-8floortofloorheight
7-0minfreeverticalclearance
192longrampwitha5.55%slope
177parkingspacespertypicallevel
Thefollowingpagesillustratethetypicalprecastcomponentsandconnectionsthatcomprise
TheShockeyPrecastGroups48baysystem.Thesedetailsareincludedtogivethedesigner
abetterunderstandingofthe48baymoduleasawhole,andtogiveinsightastonecessary
designconsiderationsspecifictoprecastconcreteparkingstructures.
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 23
results: Floor Framing Plans and Parking Layout Plans
-
24 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 25
-
26 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 27
-
28 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 29
South Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)
North Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)
-
30 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
East Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)
West Building Elevation (Highlightingproductdescription)
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 31
West Elevation at Stairwall (Highlightingstairwallcutaway)
Longitudinal Building Cross Section at Ramp walls
-
32 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Building Cut-Away Section Illustrating Building Assembly
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 33
Pocketed Shear Wall Details
-
34 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Horizontal Ramp Wall and Details
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 35
Vertical Ramp Wall Options
-
36 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
12 Wide Double Tee Profile W/6-0 Stem Spacing
-
12 Wide Double Tee Profile W/5-0 Stem Spacing
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 37
-
38 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Inverted Tee Beam Profile Detail
-
Deck Drain Details
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 39
-
40 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Stem Block-Out Details
-
Double Tee to Flange Chord Connections
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 41
-
42 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
Column to CIP Footing or Pier
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 43
-
44 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Double Tee to Spandrel Connection Details
-
Double Tee to Spandrel Details Corbel Detail
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 45
-
46 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Double Tee to Spandrel Connection Details Top Connection
-
Double Tee to Beam Connection Details
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 47
-
48 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Non-Load Bearing Spandrel to Column Connection
-
Load-Bearing Spandrel to Column Connection
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM 48 Bay 49
-
50 48 Bay The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Outboard Column Option
-
TheShockeyPrecastGroups48baymoduleoffersincomparableefficiencyand
cost-effectivenessfortheowner.Thefollowingchapterhighlightstheflexibilityand
freedomavailabletothedesignerthroughthe48baymodule.
PArkInG STrucTurE AESTHETIcSThedaysofplain,gray,box-likeparkingstructuresareover.Savvyownersanddesigners
aretakingadvantageofthenearlylimitlessdesignfreedomofferedbyprecastconcrete.At
Shockey,wehelpourcustomersrealizetheiruniqueprojectvisionswithindividualized
precastsolutionsthataredurable,costeffectiveandbeautiful.Inthischapter,wewill
explorethevarietyoffinishoptionsavailablewithprecastconcretefromShockey.
color, Textures and Applied FinishesThroughavarietyofaggregates,choiceofmatrixcolors,varyingdepthsofexposure,
andfinishingtechniques,precastcanmeetalmostanycolor,formortexturethatmay
bespecifiedbythedesigner.Additionally,thebeautyofnaturalaggregatesisgreatly
accentuatedwhentheaggregatesarefusedwiththecolorandtexturebenefitsofprecast.
colorTheShockeyPrecastGrouprecommendsthatcolorselectionsbemadeinthesameor
similarlightingconditionsasthefinal,in-placeconditions.Inordertomaintainmatrixcolor
uniformity,whitecementshouldalwaysbeusedalongwithcolorpigmentsconformingto
ASTMC979.Evenwhenthedesiredmatrixcolorisgray,theuseofwhitecementandgray
pigmentisstillhighlyrecommended.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 51
-
52 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Whenreviewingcostinselections,itisimportanttoconsiderthesourceofaggregateifdeep
exposureisrequired(localsourcesarealmostalwaysmorecosteffective);andtorealizethat
matrixcolorssuchasblueandgreenarehighercostselections.
Variationsincolorcanbeachievedwithinareasofthestructureorwithineachindividual
precastunit.Useofmultiplecolorsrequiresclearlydefinedcolorbreaks,whichcanbe
achievedwithreveals,jointsandprofilechangestoensurecrisptransitions.
Deepexposurefinishescanbeachievedeitherthroughtheuseofchemicalretardantsor
throughthesand-blastingprocess.Inbothcases,morethanjusttheextremesurfaceareaof
theaggregateisexposed,allowingthecoarsestoneaggregatetoprojectbeyondthecement
matrix.Theexposureshouldremainat40%ofthenarrowdiameterofthecoarseaggregate
inordertopreventtheoccurrenceofbaldspots.Bothtypesofsurfacetreatmentshighlight
thenaturalbeautyofthestonewhileprovidingatexturethatcannotbeobtainedthrough
theuseoflighterfinishingtechniques.
TextureTextureexpressesthenaturalbeautyofthematerialcomponentsandcanbeusedtodefine
oraccentuatespecificareasofthestructuresfaade.Texturetakesadvantageofitschanging
relationshiptolighttocreatearangeofsurfacedifferencesfromsubtletodramatic.When
changingtexturesorexposureswithinasingleprecastunit,clearandwell-definedbreak
pointsareneededsimilartothoseforcolor.Texturedsurfacesalsohavetheaddedbenefit
ofhidingtheeffectsofweatheringandhigh-volumeuseareassincetheirregularitiesinthe
surfacehelpdivertattentionfromlinestreakinganddiminishtrafficusemarks.
Texturecanbeachievedthroughavarietyofdifferenttechniques,andcanrangefromlight
exposuretodeepexposure.
Applied FinishesTheseareavarietyofpost-appliedtechniquesusedtoachievethedesiredappearance
andcharacterofthefaade.Thestructuresfinalappearanceisobtainedthroughthe
combinationofmixdesignselectionandthechoiceofappliedfinish.Althoughfinalfinishes
suchasbrickveneersarecastinnaturalstoneorformliners,andmayreceiveapost-casting
finish,theyareaddressedseparatelysincethecriticalelementsofobtainingthedesired
appearanceareachievedduringthepre-pouroperation.
Thedepthoftheappliedfinishshouldtakeintoaccountthesize,function,articulationand
configurationoftheunits.Finalselectionofthefinishgradationshouldbemadeduringthe
mock-upphaseandshouldincluderecommendationsfromTheShockeyPrecastGroup.
Variationofappliedfinisheswithintheindividualunitscanbeusedtoenhancetheoverall
appearanceofthestructure.Thiscanbeamorecost-effectivemeansofaccentuatingkey
componentsorareasofthefaadethantheuseofmultiplemixes.Whenmultipleapplied
finishesarepartofthedesign,thesamelogicregardingprofilechangesand/orrevealwork
toensurecleanbreaksshouldbeappliedasthatofmultiplemixes.
Acid Etch FinishAcidetchingisaprocessthatdissolvesthesurfacecementmatrixtoexposethesandand,
toalesserextent,thecoarseaggregate.Acidetchingistypicallyusedtoachievealight-
to-medium-lightexposure.Theendresultissimilartothatofnaturalproductssuchas
-
sandstoneorlimestone.Theetchingprocessleavesasugar-cubeappearance,whichis
enhancedbydirectsunlight.
Thedecisiontoincorporateanacid-etchfinishmustbemadepriortoorduringthemix
designprocesssinceonlyacid-resistancesiliceousaggregates(granite,quartz,etc.)shouldbe
used.Carbonateaggregatessuchasdolomiteandlimestone,suitableforsandblastingmixes,
willdissolveordiscolorthroughtheacid-etchingprocessduetotheircalciumcontent.
Complementaryaggregates(fineandcoarse)andcementpigmentsshouldalwaysbechosen
whenanacidetchfinishisselected.
Acidetchingisthecrucialsecond-stepprocesswhenthefaadeofthestructurewillinclude
clayproductssuchasthinbrickveneer.Thisprocessnotonlyhelpsremovesomeofthe
surfacelaitanceonthebrickduringthemanufacturingprocess,butalsoexposesthesand
betweenthethinbrickjointstomimicthatofhand-laidbrickmortar.Itisusedasasafe
finisharoundthebrickveneerforincorporatedprecastfeaturessuchaslintels,sills,bands,
andprojectionsthathaveallbeenintegratedwithinthesameprecastunit.
Sand-Blasted FinishSandblastisthegenerictermusedfortheabrasiveblastingprocess.Varyinggradationsof
blastmaterialareusedtochipawaytheprecastsurface.Selectionofaparticulargradation
dependsonthedesireddepthoffinish.Sandblastingallowsthedesignerthefullrange
ofdepthsobtainableinprecast(lighttoheavy).Onfinalexposedsurfaces,brushblasting
shouldbeavoidedbecauseofitsinabilitytouniformlyremoveallthesurfacelaitance.Light
blastingprovidesasimilarappearancetothatfoundinnaturallimestonewithoutthesugar
cubeappearancecreatedbyacidetching.
Incontrasttoacidetching,blastingtendstobebettersuitedtomutingorcamouflaging
minorvariationsthatoccurinthemanufacturingprocess.Thisisespeciallytruewhen
addressingdeepprofilearticulations.Deeperblastshaveanincreasedabilitytoensure
uniformity.However,onceblastingexceedsthelightleveloffinishandtexture,theend
resultismoredependentonthenaturalelementsofthemix(aggregates).Complementary
aggregatesandmatricesshouldalwaysbeconsideredwhenspecifyingdeeperlevelsof
exposure.Adeeperblastcanmimicothernaturalmaterialssuchasflamedgraniteandcan
createinterestingplaysoflightthroughitstexture.
Blastingcanalsobeamoreeconomicalmeansofachievingmultiplevariationswithinthe
sameunitthanincorporatingmultiplemixdesigns.Blastingcreatesmultiplevariations
byexposingdifferinglevelsofthecoarseaggregateinpre-definedareasoneachpanel.
Theoveralldesiredeffectoftextureisalsoinfluencedbythetypeandselectionofcoarse
aggregateinrelationtothepsiofthematrix.Softeraggregateswillbecomeconcaveduring
theblastingprocess,whileharderaggregateswillbecomeconvex,dependinguponthedepth
ofexposure.
Exposed AggregateThisprocessisachievedbychemicallyretardingthematrix,whichprovidesanon-abrasive
methodofexposingthenaturalbeautyofthecoarseaggregates.Unlikethesandblasting
process,thechemicalretarderdoesnotmuteordamagethecoarseaggregates.The
chemicalretarderisappliedtothemoldsurface,whichdelaysthecementpastefromsetting
up.Afterstrippingthepanel,theretardedoutersurfacelayerofcementisremovedwitha
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 53
-
54 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
high-pressurewasher.Avarietyofdepths,fromshallowtodeep,canbeachieveddepending
onthetypeofretarderused.Aswithotherfinishes,variationsofexposurewithinthesame
unitcanbeachievedwithchemicalretarders;however,aclearrevealorprofilechangeis
amustforthetransitionpointstopreventbleedingofexposure.Thechoiceofaggregate
sizeisessentialwhenchoosingdepthtopreventexcessiveaggregatelossbaldspots.Ifthe
ownerordesignersvisionistoenhancethebright,naturalcolorsoftheaggregates,chemical
retardersshouldbeused.Itisrecommendedthatcontrastingmatricesandaggregatesbe
avoidedtopreventapatchyappearance.
Form LinersFormlinersofferthedesignerawidearrayofpossibilitiesinshapes,patterns,textures,and
designs.Thelinermaterialuseddependsonthedesiredeffectandthenumberas-cast
required.Anycombinationofappliedfinishescanbeutilizedinconjunctionwithform
liners.Formlinerfinishescanbeimplementedeitherasthemainaestheticfeatureorasa
highlight,medallion,orlogo.Advancesinformlinertechnologieshavecreatedadesign
palettelimitedonlybytheimagination.Whenvastareasofprecastwilluseformliners,
limitationsoflinersizesshouldbeincorporatedwithrevealworktopreventlinerbuttjoints.
Formlinersprovidethehighestdegreeoftextureandwillenhancetheplayoflightand
shadows,creatingachangingappearanceofthefaadethroughouttheday.Keyplacement
ofnightilluminationcanalsocomplementtheeffectsoftheliner.
Formlinersareakeycomponentwhenimplementingathinbrickveneer.Thethreemain
typesofbrickliners(elastomeric,plasticgrids,andsnaps)eachhavetheirownpositive
attributes,dependingonprojectdesignandpanelconfiguration.Theselectionofaliner
shouldbemadewiththeguidanceofTheShockeyPrecastGroup.Whenadesignerchooses
touseaformliner,itisveryimportantthatthedesignerrecognizetheleadtimerequired
withformliners.Leadtimewillvarybytypeoflinerandpatternselected.Linersrequiring
uniqueartworkwillrequireadditionaltimefortheartisantocreatethemastermold.
Formlinerleadtimescanrangefrombetweenfourtoeightweeks.Whenelastomeric
linersareusedinconjunctionwiththinbrick,asamplerunoftheactualbrickbeingusedis
requiredinordertoobtainthecorrectfit.Thefirst100bricksfromarunaremeasuredand
theformlinerisbasedontheaveragebricksize.Inadditiontotheleadtimefortheform
liner,theleadtimerequiredonthebrickmustbeconsideredaswell.Brickmanufacturers
willusuallyfabricatethelightershadesinthebeginningofthemonthandthedarkershades
attheend(orviceversa).Dependingonthetimeofthemonthandthetypeandcolorof
thebrickselected,itistypicallyfourweeksminimumuntilthefirstrunofbricksisdelivered.
case StudiesInthissection,wefeaturecurrentexamplesofprojectsthatbenefitedfromTheShockey
PrecastGroupsdesign-buildcapabilities.Eachoftheseprojectsoffereditsownchallenges,
includingaggressiveschedule,complexdesign,tightbudget,andlimitedsiteaccess.Theuse
ofprecastconcretecontributedsignificantlytotheoverallsuccessofeachoftheseprojects.
-
calvert Street Parking Structure, Annapolis, Md
TheCalvertStreetParkingGarageinhistoricdowntownAnnapolis,Marylandisa
168,000SFparkingstructureownedbytheDepartmentofGeneralServicesoftheState
ofMaryland.Designofthestructurecalledforfourbaysoffourlevelsofelevatedprecast
framing,consistingoftworampedbaysandtwoflatbays,providing727parkingspaces.
Exterioraestheticswereofparamountconcerntotheownerthroughoutthedurationof
theprojectgiventhecloseproximityofthenewstructuretoseveralhistoricalbrick-clad
buildingsoftheStateCapitolcomplex.TheShockeyPrecastGroupmetthisdesiredintent
byprovidingastructuralgrayprecastframesurroundedbyaseparatefaadeofarchitectural
precastusingamixofhighlyarticulatedthin-brickandarchitecturalprecastelements.The
architecturalfaadewasessentiallyself-supportingwithregardtogravityload,withrequired
lateralsupportprovidedbytiebacktothestructuralframe.Inordertoensureasuccessful
project,thedesignteamhadtobevigilantindetailingthenumerousinterface/offset
conditionsandconnectionschemessuchthatrequirementsforconstructabilityandaccess
wereinconcurrencewithaestheticrequirements.
TheShockeyPrecastGroupsWinchesterproductionfacilityprovided554piecesof
structuralprecastfortheproject,includingdoubletees,beams,columns,spandrels,vertical
rampwalls,shearwalls,flatslabs,andstair/elevatorcorewalls.The223elementsof
thearchitecturalfaadewereprovidedbyTheShockeyPrecastGroupsFredericksburg
productionfacilityandconsistedofanarrayofspandrels,wallpanels,cornices,coping,and
columncovers.
Thedesignofthefaadespecifiedtwocolorsofthinbricktobeusedineitherstandard
runningorFlemishbondcoursingatspecificlocationsalongtheexteriorelevations.
Layoutanddetailingofthehorizontalandverticalcoursingofbrickpresentedaformidable
challengetoallmembersofthedesignandproductionteam,thusrequiringdiligent
attentiontoassureproperalignmentofbrickbetweenprecastelements.Thepresenceof
severalhighlyarticulated,ornatecorniceandsilldetailsofarchitecturalprecastpresented
achallengetobothdesignandproductionteams.Inordertoaccenttheprecastfaade,
numerouspiecesofdecorativesteelcolumns,channels,beams,grilles,andglazingwere
field-installed.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 55
-
56 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Erectionofthestructurewasextremelydifficultduetolimitedaccesstotheinterior
footprintofthestructure.Thearchitecturalfaadehadtobeerectedinconjunctionwiththe
structuralcomponentsoftheparkingstructure.Theaccessplanwaschangedtoeliminate
rampconstruction,andthelastphaseofconstructionwasmovedtothetopofBladenStreet
outofthefootprint.Thischangesavedtimeandexpenseforthegeneralcontractor,and
resultedinashorterandmorecontinuouserectionprocess.Erectionwascompletedon
scheduleinapproximately12weeks.
Project Timeline:Design July2005December2005
Construction December2005February2007
ProductionWinchester January9,2006May16,2006
ProductionFredericksburg January3,2006May17,2006
PrecastErectionStart April3,2006
ErectionComplete July21,2006
OpentoPublic January10,2007
-
d.c. nationals Parking Structures, Washington, dc
Thisprojectincludedtwoparkingstructuresthatwouldprovide1,250parkingspacesto
D.C.Nationalspatrons.Bothgarageswerescheduledtobebuiltduringconstructionof
thenewbaseballstadium,NationalsPark.Theoriginalconceptspecifiedanunderground
parkinggarage;however,complicationsinthedesignprocessmadethisconceptimpractical.
Withonly12monthsremainingintheprojectschedule,theprojectwasredesignedasa
precastparkingstructureandTheShockeyPrecastGroupwasrecruitedasadesign-build
partner.Shockeyassistedtheteamwithdevelopmentoftheoveralllayoutofthegarages
sothattheownersconstructioncompletiondeadlineofApril2008couldbemet.On-time
completionwasessential,asApril2008markedthestartofthe2008baseballseasonand
openingdayoftheNationalsnewstadium.
Thesiteitselfpresentedsignificantchallenges.TheDCNationalsBallparkissetbelow
gradeelevation,soitwasnecessarytoincludearetainingwallbetweentheballparkand
thegaragesinthedesignoftheparkingstructures.InordertomeetLEEDrequirements,
thedesignerhadtoallowforadditionalprogramfeatures,suchasbicycleparking,inthe
design.Parkingaccesscontrolswerealsoincludedtoaccommodatethefuturepossibilityof
commercialuseofthegaragesbytheowner.
TheShockeyPrecastGroupproducedatotalof308,000squarefeetofprecastdoubletees
fortheproject.Bothgaragesconsistofthreeframedlevelsandarethreebayswide.TheEast
garagefeatures170,000squarefeetofdoubleteesandtheWestgarageincludes138,000
squarefeetofdoubletees.DesigndevelopmentwasanongoingprocessandtheShockey
teamscoordinationeffortsincludeddevelopmentofthedrawingsandmatchingtheparking
structuresprecastfinishestothoseoftheballpark.TheShockeyPrecastGrouphadtoallow
forretailandticketsalesonthefirstfloorofbothparkingstructures.Sincetheseretailareas
hadcast-in-placeconcretearoundthem,itwasnecessaryforTheShockeyPrecastGroup
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 57
Er
ic A
. Tay
lor P
hoto
grap
hy
-
58 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
toincludecoordinationandinteractionwithCIPinitsplanninganddesign.Becauseof
thesurroundingretailareas,thefirstfloorofthegarageswasunusuallytall,addingtothe
coordinationconsiderationsincorporatedbythedesignteam.
Complexrevealsandtwodifferentsandblastpatternsincreasedtheoverallintensityofthe
project,buttheuseofarchitecturalprecastmadeitpossibleforthedesignersvisiontobe
realizedwellwithintheprojecttimelineandbudget.Anotheruniqueaspectoftheproject
forthedesignerandforTheShockeyPrecastGroupwasthattheprecastdesignhadto
accommodatethehangingofartworkontheexteriorofthegarages.Theprecastshearwalls
wereincorporatedintotheexteriorwindowdressing,andatowereffectwasaddedtothe
faadetocreatevisualinterest.
ErectionoftheparkingstructuresbeganinJuly2007andwascompletedon
November21,2007.ThefinishingofthestructureswascompletedonMarch1,2008.
Nationals Parking Structures Construction Timeline:June6,2007 Productionstart
July23,2007 Erectionstart
November21,2007 ErectionComplete
March1,2008 FinishingComplete
April15,2008 Walk-throughwitharchitect
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 59
Er
ic A
. Tay
lor P
hoto
grap
hy
Eric
A. T
aylo
r Pho
togr
aphy
-
60 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Gaylord national Harbor resort and convention center
ThePetersonNationalHarborCenterisa300-acresitelocatedona1milewaterfront
stretchofthePotomacRiverinPrinceGeorge,Maryland.NationalHarborishometo
7,000,000squarefeetofrestaurants,shopping,officespace,residencesandhotels,including
theGaylordNationalHarborResortandConventionCenter.TheGaylordNationalHarbor
Resortisthelargestnon-gaminghotelandconventioncenterontheeastcoastandthe
largesthotelinWashingtonD.C.
Anumberofdifferentparkingstructureconfigurationswereconsideredinorderto
maximizetheoptimalnumberofparkingspaces.Theapproveddesignspecifieda
247,700SF,six-levelstructuretoprovide1,933parkingspacesforstaffandvisitorstothe
GaylordNationalHarborResortandConventionCenter.Theupperfivelevelsofthe
parkingstructurewereconstructedofprecastcomponentsproducedbyShockeyatits
FredericksburgandWinchesterplants.Shockeymanufacturedanderected12x30double
teeswitha4flange,12x30doubleteeswitha4flange,8flatslabs,10thickwalls,
stairunits,columnswitharchitecturalfinish,L-beams,24x36inverted-teebeams,10
thickprestressedspandrelswithanarchitecturalfinishand10thickprestressedvertical
rampwallsfor6stems.
Theparkingstructuresarchitecturalprecastfeaturesincludehorizontalribsonspandrels
andexteriorelevatorwallpanels,columncoversandaplanteronthenorthendofthegarage
roof.Theexterioroftheparkingstructurerequiredarchitecturalmixdesignandfinishesbe
consistentwiththoseoftheHotelandConventionCenter.
Er
ic A
. Tay
lor P
hoto
grap
hy
-
TheuseofprecastratherthanCIPconcreteenabledthebuildingtobeconstructedwithin
itsownfootprint.TheproposedschedulewasveryrestrictiveregardingShockeysactivities
andscheduleduringtheconstructionprocess.Theuseofprecastallowedthemajorityof
theworktobeperformedatShockeysmanufacturingfacility,whichenabledShockeyto
meettheschedulesrestraints.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS 61
Products Used:12x30DTwith4flange
12x30DTwith4flange
ColumnCovers
8precastflatslabs
10thickwalls
PrecastStairUnits
ColumnswithArchitecturalFinish
LBeams
24x36PrestressedInvertedTeeBeam
10thickprestressedspandrelswitharchitecturalfinish
10thickprestressedverticalrampwallfor6stems
-
62 ParkIng Structure aeSthetIcS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Er
ic A
. Tay
lor P
hoto
grap
hy
Long&FosterParkingStructure,Chantilly,VA
-
THE ALTuSGrouPc-GrId reinforced double Tees for Parking StructuresTheShockeyPrecastGroupisamemberofAltusGroup,anationalpartnershipofprecast
concretemanufacturersandsuppliers.Committedtoinnovation,AltusGroupdevelops
andmarketsCarbonCastproductsmadeusingC-GRIDcarbonfibergridreinforcing
includingprecastwallpanels(architecturalcladdingpanelsandhighperformance
insulatedwallpanels)pretoppeddoubletees,andresidentialwallpanelsandstemdecks.
LEED-friendlyCarbonCastproductscanweighless,insulatebetterandlastlongerthan
competitivebuildingtechnologies.
In2008,ShockeyembarkedonitsfirstCarbonCastproject:the$7.68millionWinchester
ParkingStructure.The140,000square-foot,five-storyWinchesterParkingStructureis
situatedatacornerinWinchestershistoricdistrict.Theparkingstructurefeaturesabrick
faade,accentedwithprecastconcretefeaturesthatmimiclimestone.Anenclosed,elevated
pedestrianwalkwaywillconnecttheparkingstructurewiththeFrederickCountyOffice
Complex.TheWinchesterParkingStructurefeatures482precastcomponents,including
204precastdoubleteesreinforcedwithCarbonCastC-GRIDcarbonfiber.Theuseof
C-GRIDreinforceddoubleteesprovidedacost-effectivesolutionthatenabledtheproject
tostaywithinbudget,whiletheuseofprecastconcreteenabledtheteamtomeettheowners
veryaggressiveschedule.TheShockeyPrecastGroupsotherC-GRIDprojectsinclude
parkingstructuresforTheUniversityofMarylandatShadyGroveandWalterReed
MedicalCenter.
ShockeysmembershipintheAltusGroupenablesustobringknowledgeofandexperience
withtheindustryslatestinnovationsandtechnologytoeveryoneofourparkingstructure
projects.Notonlycanweoffereconomic,attractiveparkingstructuresolutions,wealsouse
materialsandsystemsthatcanresultingreaterparkingstructurelongevity,durability,and
overallstrength.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM the altuSgrouP 63
TheShockeyPrecastGroupsC-GRIDEmbedmentMachineplacesC-GRIDintoadouble
teefortheWinchesterParkingStructureproject.
-
64 the altuSgrouP The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM the altuSgrouP 65
These sections have been reprinted with permission from the Altus Groups Carbon Cast Pretopped Precast Double Tees brochure.
-
66 the altuSgrouP The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
Er
ic A
. Tay
lor P
hoto
grap
hy
WashingtonDCNationalsParkingStructures,Washington,DC
-
SEcTIon 03 41 00PrEcAST STrucTurAL concrETE
GuIdE SPEcIFIcATIon
General1.1 SuMMArYA. Section includes: 1. Structuralprecastconcretefor:
a. Columns
b. Beams
c. Spandrels
d. FloorandRoofDoubleTees
e. InvertedTeeBeam
f. StairRiserSections
g. WallPanels
h. FlatSlabs
i. ShearWalls
2. CaulkingandExpansionJoints
3. AccessoriesandSupportingDevices
B. Related Requirements: 1. Section034500-PrecastArchitecturalConcrete
2. Section079201JointSealants
1.2 rEFErEncESA. American Concrete Institute: 1. ACI301-SpecificationsforStructuralConcrete
2. ACI318-BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcrete
B. ASTM International: 1. ASTMC33StandardSpecificationforConcreteAggregates
2. ASTMA36/A36M-StandardSpecificationforCarbonStructuralSteel
3. ASTMC94StandardSpecificationforReady-MixedConcrete
4. ASTME119-StandardTestMethodsforFireTestsofBuilding
ConstructionandMaterials
T h e S h o c k e y P r e c a s t G r o u p
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS 67
-
5. ASTMC150-StandardSpecificationforPortlandCement
6. ASTMA153/A153M-StandardSpecificationforZincCoating(Hot-Dip)on
IronandSteelHardware
7. ASTMA185-StandardSpecificationforSteelWeldedWireFabric,Plain,for
ConcreteReinforcement
8. ASTMC260StandardSpecificationforAir-EntrainingAdmixturesforConcrete
9. ASTMA416/A416M-StandardSpecificationforSteelStrand,Uncoated
Seven-WireforPrestressedConcrete
10. ASTMC494StandardSpecificationforChemicalAdmixturesforConcrete
11. ASTMA497-StandardSpecificationforSteelWeldedWireFabric,Deformed,
forConcreteReinforcement
12. ASTMA615StandardSpecificationforDeformedandPlainBillet-SteelBars
forConcreteReinforcement
13. ASTMC618StandardSpecificationforCoalFlyAshandRaworCalcined
NaturalPozzolanforUseasaMineralAdmixtureinPortlandCementConcrete
14. ASTMA666-StandardSpecificationforAusteniticStainlessSteelSheet,Strip,
Plate,andFlatBar
15. ASTMA706/A706M-StandardSpecificationforLow-AlloySteelDeformed
andPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcement
16. ASTMC979StandardSpecificationforPigmentsforIntegrally
ColoredConcrete
17. ASTMC989StandardSpecificationforGroundGranulatedBlast-FurnaceSlag
forUseinConcreteandMortars
18. ASTMF1554Grade36AnchorBolts
C. American Welding Society: 1. AWSD1.1-StructuralWeldingCode-Steel
2. AWSD1.4-StructuralWeldingCode-ReinforcingSteel
3. AWSD1.6StructuralWeldingCodeStainlessSteel
D. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute: 1. PCIMNL-116-ManualforQualityControlforPlantsandProductionof
StructuralPrecastConcreteProducts
2. PCIMNL-120-PCIDesignHandbook-PrecastandPrestressedConcrete
3. PCIMNL-123-DesignandTypicalDetailsofConnectionsforPrecastand
PrestressedConcrete
4. PCIMNL-127PCICommitteeReportErectorsManualStandardsand
GuidelinesfortheErectionofPrecastConcreteProducts
5. PCIMNL135TolerancesforPrecastandPrestressedConcreteConstruction
68 ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
1.3 dEFInITIonS
A. Fabrication Drawings: Documentsusedbytheproductionfacilityto manufacturetheprecastcomponents.SometimesreferredtoasShop
Drawings.Informationincluded:
1. Requireddimensionalinformation
2. Descriptionandlocationonallinserts,bearingplates,anchorsand
reinforcementmaterialsrequiredtomanufacture,transport,anderectthe
precastcomponent
3. Finishrequirementsforeachcomponent
4. Handling,storageandshippinginstructions
5. Providedasaninformationalsubmittalonly
B. Erection Drawings:Documentsprovidingtheassemblyplacementofprecast componentsonthejobsite.ErectionDrawingsarereviewedandsealedbya
ProfessionalEngineer.Informationincluded:
1. Plansandelevationslocatinganddimensioningallprecastcomponents.
Eachprecastcomponentisindividuallyidentified.
2. Sectionsanddetailsshowingconnections,openings,blockouts,andcast-initems
andtheirrelationshiptothestructure.
3. Descriptionofalllooseandcast-inhardwareformakingconnections.
C. Construction Plan: Amanagementplanforthesequenceofassemblyoftheprecast componentsoftheproject.Thisplanincludes:
1. Accessplanforcraneandtransportofprecastcomponents.
2. Erectionsequencebyloadsbeingshipped.
3. Erectionblockplanoutliningthesequenceoferectionactivity.
4. Specificerectioncriteriarequiredfortheparticularproject.
5. Project-specificconstructionstabilityplanthatoutlinesanyadditionalerection
bracingthatmayberequired.
6. Technicaldatasheetongroutusedfortheproject.
7. Erectiontolerancesfortheproject.
D. Field-Use Erection Drawings: Theerectiondrawingswithanymodificationsmade duringtheapprovalprocessthataredistributedpriortoactualerectionoftheproject.
E. Control Number:Auniqueidentificationofeachprecastcomponentforaproject.
F. Piece Mark:Acomponentidentificationofaprecastelementonaproject.Similar piecescanhavethesamePieceMarkbuteachwillhaveauniqueControlNumber.
G. CIP: Cast-in-Place Concrete
H. Architectural Features: Wherefinalappearanceorformofprecastcomponents requiretheuseofcoloredaggregate,pigmentedconcretemixorsurfacetexturessuch
assandblasting,waterwash,etchedfinishesorthinbrick.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS 69
-
I. BIF:Bottominformindicatesthesurfaceofprecastthatwillbeinthebottomofthe formduringcasting.
J. SIF:Sideinformindicatesthesurfaceoftheprecastthatwillbeinthesideofthe formduringcastingbybuilt-uprails.
K. TIF:Topinformindicatesthetopexposedsurfaceduringcasting.
1.4 AdMInISTrATIVE rEQuIrEMEnTS
A. Coordination 1. CoordinatetheWorkofframingcomponentsnotpre-tensionedbutassociatedwith
theWorkofthissection.
2. Coordinatecutting,drillingorcoringinprecastmemberswiththemanufacturer.
3. Coordinateallprecastopeningorpenetrationgreaterthan10inchesinany
dimensionwiththemanufacturerpriortosubmittalofErectionDrawings.
B. Pre-installation meetings 1. Conveneminimumoneweekpriortocommencingtheonsiteworkofthissection.
2. Coordinatethesequenceofinstallationwithfoundationandsupportingelements
inplacewithprecastitemstobedelivered.
C. Site Survey:Provideasitesurveytoverifyfielddimensionsandtolerancesaminimum of2weekspriortodeliveryofprecastunitsforinstallation.
1.5 SuBMITTALS
A. Action Submittals:Provideforreviewandapproval. 1. ErectionDrawings:Indicatelayout,unitlocations,unitidentificationmarks,
connectiondetails,dimensions,openings,andrelationshiptoadjacentmaterials
andconformancewiththerequirementsoftheContractDocumentsandsealedby
professionalengineer.Providecoordinationinformationforitemsrequiredtobe
embeddedinadjacentmaterials.
2. DesignCalculations:Submitdesigndatareportsindicatingcalculationsfor
loadingsandstressesoffabricatedprecastcomponents,connections,and
reinforcement.CalculationsshallbepreparedbyProfessionalEngineer
experiencedinprecastconcretedesign.
3. Samples:Submitthreesamples12x12inch(304.8x304.8mm)insizeillustrating
surfacefinishtreatmentofarchitecturalfeaturedcomponent.
4. Mockup:Provideaccesstoamockuppanelattheprecastmanufacturingplantfor
approvalbytheArchitectforcolorandtexture.Theapprovedmockupshallbethe
controlstandardforcolorandtexture.
B. Informational Submittals 1. MixDesign:Providetheconcretedesignmixwithcertificationregarding
compliancewithrequirementsoftheContractDocuments.
2. FieldUseErectionDrawings:Submitfielduseerectiondrawingsincorporating
commentsfromapprovedErectionDrawings.
70 ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
3. ConstructionPlan:Submitpriortothepre-installationmeeting,aconstruction
plan,includingcalculationsanddetailsforguying,stayingandshoringprecast
elementstoassurestructuralstabilityduringtheerectionphase.Provideforthe
removal,replacement,andrelocationofguying,bracingandshoringrequired
untilallpermanentstructuralconnectionsarecompleted.
C. Closeout Submittals 1. ProvideManufacturersWarrantyletter.
1.6 QuALITY ASSurAncE
A. Perform Work in accordance with requirements of PCI MNL-116, PCI MNL-123, PCI MNL-120, PCI MNL 135.
B. Fire Rated Construction: Rating as indicated by construction type on contract documents.
C. Source Quality Performance Testing: Provide for tests for all precast concrete workinconformancewithPCIPlantCertificationrequirements.Usecertifiedtest
equipment,andunlessotherwisespecified,conformwith:
1. ManualForQualityControlForPlantsandProductionofPrecastand
PrestressedConcreteProducts,PCIMNL-116(latestedition)
2. PCIDesignHandbook,LatestEdition.
3. ACI318fortheBuildingCodeRequirementsforReinforcedConcrete
(latestedition)
D. Mockup Control Sample Unit:Provideamockuppanelattheplant,4feetby4feet insize,forqualitycomparisonoffinishedunittoanapprovedappearancesamplefor
colorandtexture.
E. The plant quality control records and inspection procedures for this project shall be available for review, verification and in-plant inspection by an independent testing agent or the Architect/Engineer.
1.7 QuALIFIcATIonS
A. Fabricator:CompanycertifiedbythePrestressedConcreteInstitute(PCI)Plant CertificationProgramwithanin-houseengineeringdepartmentmanagedbya
registeredprofessionalengineer.
B. Precast Engineer: Designprecastconcretemembersunderdirectsupervision ofProfessionalEngineerexperiencedinprecastdesignandlicensedinthestateof
theproject.
C. Erector: Companywithexperienceintheerectionofprecastunitssimilartothose requiredforthisprojectandshallbeaQualifiedorCertifiedErectorunderthePCI
FieldCertificationProgram.
D. Welder: QualifiedinaccordancewithAWSD1.1,AWSD1.4,andAWSD1.6
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS 71
-
1.8 dELIVErY, STorAGE, And HAndLInG
A. Lift and support precast concrete members during manufacturing, yarding, transporting and erection operations only from identified support points with suitable lifting and handling devices.
B. Lifting inserts will have a minimum safety factor of 4. Reusable lifting hardware and rigging will have a minimum safety factor of 5.
C. Lifting or Handling Devices: Capable of supporting member in positions anticipated during manufacture, storage, transportation, and erection.
D. Storage: 1. Protectmemberstopreventstaining,chipping,orspallingofconcrete.Store
membersoffthegroundondunnagematerialsasrecommendedbyfabricator.
2. Placeallunitssothatidentificationmarksarereadable.
3. Stacksothatliftingdevicesareaccessibleandundamaged.
E. Mark each member with date of production, job number, control number, and piece mark referenced from Erection Drawings.
1.9 WArrAnTY
A. Provide Manufacturers Warranty for a 1-year period.
ProducTS2.1 FABrIcATorS
A. Fabricators: 1. TheShockeyPrecastGroup,WinchesterVirginia,Tel:(540)667-7700,
www.shockeyprecast.com.
2.2 dESIGn rEQuIrEMEnTS
A. General: Theproject,asshownonthedrawings,includingcomponentdimensionsandconnectionconfigurations,providestherequirementsforthedevelopmentof
thedesigndocuments.Designshallincludeconsiderationforcustomarystresses
incurredinfactoryprecasting,transporting,anderecting.Thedesign,manufacturing,
transportationanderectionprocessshallbecompatiblewiththerequirementsofthe
ContractDocuments.
B. Design Criteria: 1. Designallledges,haunches,bearingareas,andconnectionsasrecommendedin
PCIDesignHandbook.Haunches,dappedendbearingsandconnectionswithout
redundantmeansofloadtransferareconsideredcritical.
2. Minimumreinforcingforallprecastprestressedconcreteandprecastreinforced
concreteshallbeinaccordancewithACI318.Analysisofprestressedcomponents
willincludeacheckoftheshearreinforcingrequirementsat.1L,.2L,.25Land.3L,
whereListhecomponentlength.
72 ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
C. Modifications:Submitallproposedmodificationstotheprojectdesignsrepresented onthedrawingswithcompletedesigncalculationsanddrawings,preparedandsigned
byalicensedprofessionalengineerforreviewandapproval.
D. Maximum Allowable Deflection:PerACI318-9.5-ControlofDeflections
E. Seismic Design: Design and detail elements and connections to resist seismic force in accordance with code requirements and ACI 318 for the following:
1. As specified by contract documents.
F. Design members exposed to weather to allow movement of components without damage, failure of joint seals, undue stress on fasteners or other detrimental effects, when subject to seasonal or cyclic day/night temperature ranges.
G. Design system to accommodate construction tolerances, deflection of other building structural members and clearances of intended openings.
H. Calculate structural properties of framing members in accordance with ACI 318.
2.3 MATErIALS
A. Concrete Materials:AsappropriatetodesignrequirementsandPCIMNL-116. 1. Cement:GrayPortland,conformingtoASTMC150TypeIorIII.
2. Cement:WhitePortland,conformingtoASTMC150TypeI
(forarchitecturalmixes).
3. FlyAshAdmixture:ASTMC618ClassCorF--25%maximum.
4. GroundGranulatedBlast-FurnaceSlag:ASTMC989Grade100or
12040%maximum.
5. Aggregates:ASTMC33exceptasmodifiedbyPCIMNL116.
6. Air-entrainingadmixtures:ASTMC260
7. Water-reducing,Retarding,AcceleratingAdmixtures:ASTMC494
8. Pigments:Non-fading,lime-resistantpigments:ASTMC979
B. Concrete Mix Design: ACI318,Chapter5,usingstandarddeviationcalculationsinaccordancewithsection5.3.1.1or5.3.1.2.
1. Theconcretemixdesignswillconformtothefollowingrequirements:
Structuralconcrete:Columns,Walls,Stairs,SpandrelBeams
StrengthofConcrete5000psiminimum
Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.42
AirContent5.5%+/-1.5%
Structuralconcrete:DoubleTees,Beams
StrengthofConcrete6000psiminimum
Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.40
Aircontent5.5%+/-1.5%
Self-ConsolidatingConcrete(SCC)
StrengthofConcrete6000psiminimum
Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.38
Aircontent5.5%+/-1.5%
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS 73
-
Architecturalconcrete:
StrengthofConcrete5000psiminimum
Water-cementitiousmaterialsratiomaximum0.44
Aircontent5.5%+/-1.5%
C. Batching concrete: 1. TheconcretebatchingplantwillbeinconformancewithASTMC94andwillbe
certifiedbytheNationalReadyMixedConcreteAssociation.Volumetricbatching
ofconcretewillnotbepermitted.Allmeasurementsofthevariouscomponents
willbebyweightandwillbeaccurate(withinthemostrecenttolerancelimitsof
ASTMC94).
2. Theuseofcalciumchlorideoradmixturescontainingchlorideionsorothersaltsis
notmorethan0.15%chlorideionsorothersaltsbyweightofadmixture.
2.4 rEInForcInG And connEcTIon MATErIALS
A. General:Provideallreinforcement,accessoryandconnectionmaterialsrequiredforacompleteinstallationasindicatedontheapproveddrawings.Pourstripreinforcement
tobesuppliedandinstalledbyothersunlessspecified.ProvideGroutingasrequiredfor
designbearing.
B. Reinforcing Bars:ASTMA615,Grade60.ReinforcingusedtofabricateembeddedpartsorconnectionsbyweldingwillbeASTMA706.
C. Welded anchor studs:AWSD1.1
D. Prestressing Strand:ASTMA416,270,000psiminimumultimatestrength,uncoated,7-wire,lowrelaxation.
E. Anchor Bolts:ASTMF1554Grade36
F. Welded Wire Fabric:ASTMA185(plainsteel)orASTMA497(deformedsteel);inflatsheets;unfinished
G. Carbon Fiber Reinforcement:C-GRIDasmanufacturedbyChomarat
H. Tensioning Steel Tendons:ASTMA416/A416MGrade270Kofsufficientstrengthcommensuratewithmemberdesign.
I. Rod Anchor bars: Dayton/Superior High Strength Coil Rod, or approved equal.
J. Supports for Reinforcement for Exposed-to-View Concrete: CRSI Class 1,
plastic protected legs
2.5 AccESSorIES
A. Connecting and Supporting Devices: 1. ASTMA36/A36Mcarbonsteel,Plates,angles,itemscastintoconcrete[or]
[itemsconnectedtosteelframingmembers,]insertsconformingtoPCIMNL-123;
hot-dipgalvanizedinaccordancewithASTMA153/A153M.Surfacesrequiring
fieldweldingshallbeZRCpainted.
74 ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM
-
2. ASTMA666Type201LN,302or304stainlesssteel,Tee-to-Teeflange
connectionsconformingtoPCIMNL-123.
3. AnchorBolts:ASTMF1554Grade36
B. Grout:Non-shrink,non-staining,minimumyieldstrengthof5,000psiat28days.
C. Bearing Pads: 1. StandardBearingPad:Rubberpadcomposedofhomogeneousblendof
ozone-resistantrubberelastomerandhighstrengthrandomsyntheticfibercords;
Surfacehardnessof75ShoreAdurometer+/-5percent;Compression,8000psi;
MASTICORDasmanufacturedbyJVIInc.orapprovedequal.
2. LaminatedFabric-rubberPads:Preformed,unusedsyntheticfibersandnew
unvulcanizedrubber.Surfacehardnessof80ShoreAdurometer+/-10%.
(Capralonorapprovedequal).
3. ExpansionBearingPads:Assembliesconsistingofloweranduppercomponents.
Dynalonorapprovedequal.
a. Theuppercomponent:Anassemblyofasheetofstainless(14gage
minimum)withaminimum2Bmillfinish.Sizedlargerthanthelower
elementbyaminimumof1/2inchineachdirection.
b. Thelowerelement:AnassemblyofaStandardBearingpad,withastainless
steelsupportplateandabondedcontactlayerofPTFE(Teflon).
D. Shims:Steel,ASTMA36;orengineeredmultipolymerplasticmaterial,compressive strengthof8000psi;Korolath,oranapprovedequal.
E. Mechanical Splice for Future Expansion Column and Wall Reinforcing
Anchorage: Erico Lenton or NMB Splice Sleeve.
F. Double Tee Flange-to-Flange Shear Connectors:JVIVectorConnector,or approvedequal,manufacturedfromASTMA666Type201LNor304Lstainless
steel,or,wherestainlesssteelisnotrequired,ASTMA36steelwithJ-Finish
corrosionprotection.
G. Bolts, Nuts and Washers:ASTMA307High-strengthsteeltyperecommendedfor structuralsteeljoints;Corrosionresistantchromium-nickeltype.
H. Prime Paint: (ZRC) Zinc rich alkyd type coating.
2.6 FABrIcATIon
A. Fabrication procedure to conform to PCI MNL-116 and ACI 318.
B. Maintain plant records and quality control program during production of precast members. Make records available upon request.
C. Ensure reinforcing steel, anchors, inserts, plates, angles, and other cast-in items are embedded and located as indicated on erection drawings. Clean surfaces of all embedded items of rust, scale, grease, and foreign matter.
D. Hardware supplied by other trades shall be furnished to the fabricator fully assembled and tagged for location a minimum of 30 days prior to scheduled production.
The Shockey PrecaST GrouP, WincheSTer, Va WWW.ShockeyPrecaST.coM ParkIng Structure SPecIfIcatIonS 75
-
E. Fabricate required openings with dimension larger than 10 inches (250 mm) in d