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The Olympic Park – a Biodiversity Action Plan in actionAbstract

The preparation of the London 2012 Olympic Park site included land clearance across 246 hectares in East London. The authors explore how biodiversity, the diversity of wild plants and animals, is being taken into account in this project. Planning permission was granted in 2008, and a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) was produced for the Olympic Park in the same year. A scheme-specific BAP is not justified in many small development projects, but for the Olympic Park the BAP was critical to ensure commitments made in the project’s Environmental Statement are delivered on the ground.

Examples of the measures to protect and create wildlife-rich habitat are given in this paper. Overall, an impressive list of habitats will be created, and the Park is one of the largest new urban parks created in Europe for over a century. The production of the BAP has helped ensure that the project will create an end product that provides genuine benefits for the wildlife and people of East London.

Claire WansburyPrincipal Ecologist

Water & Environment

Atkins

Richard JacksonPrincipal Sustainable Development & Regeneration Manager

Olympic Development Agency

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The London 2012 Games are styled as ‘the green games’, aiming to be the most sustainable Games ever held. The preparation of the Olympic Park site included clearance of large areas of industrial, and often contaminated, land across 246 hectares in East London. Figure 1 shows the indicative map of the Olympic Park at Games time. When working on such a vast project, with a non-negotiable deadline, there could always have been a risk that the promises made when planning permission was granted could have gradually fallen by the wayside as site clearance and construction progressed. This article, based on one published in IEEM’s In Practice, explores the history of the project to date, and shows how the production of a scheme-specific Biodiversity Action Plan has helped ensure that the opportunities provided by the transformation of the site were not missed.

Before site clearance began, the area that is being transformed into the Olympic Park was dominated by industrial development. Despite this, it was not an area devoid of biodiversity; a series of inter-linked waterways flows through the Park, see Figure 2, eventually joining the Thames to the south, while patches of wetland, scrub, trees and brownfield habitat formed a series of wildlife ‘islands’ surrounded by urban landscape, see

Figure 3. Whilst the intrinsic biodiversity of each patch may not have been of particular note in a different context, their urban setting increased their effective value. Some of the areas were covered by non-statutory designations, including water courses within two Sites of Metropolitan Importance, and wetland, woodland and wasteland within four Sites of Borough Importance (Grade I) and one Site of Borough Importance (Grade II).

The site spreads across the boundaries of four London Boroughs: Hackney, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. In 2006 a new area-specific planning authority was created, the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA). This body was created under the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 and works in close consultation with the Local Planning Authorities and statutory and non-statutory consultees. The outline planning application for the Olympic Park was submitted in 2007.

It is difficult to envisage the Environmental Statement that would be required to assess the impacts of redevelopment across almost 250 hectares of land. In order to provide a meaningful assessment, the Park was divided into a series of fifteen ‘Delivery Zones’ so that baselines and

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impacts could be described for a series of individual areas, and then viewed cumulatively. Permission was granted in 2008. However, at that stage the detailed design of individual buildings, bridges, roads and parkland areas had not been prepared. The planning permission was therefore granted subject to numerous conditions, and the planning decision notice itself totals 168 pages in length. The conditions included one specifically for biodiversity:

Biodiversity Action PlanOD.0.11 Before 30 September 2008, the Biodiversity Action Plan, which shall be based on the Biodiversity Action Plan Framework submitted with the application, shall be submitted to the Local Planning Authority for approval. This shall clearly identify the areas of recognised wildlife habitat to be provided and the means by which these will be maintained.

Reason: To help achieve biodiversity objectives and protect habitats and species.

The production of a scheme-specific Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) may not be justified in many small development projects, but for the Olympic Park the BAP was critical to ensure commitments made in the Environmental Statement are delivered on the ground. As detailed design progressed, the BAP, and supplementary guidance, provided clear targets, such as a specific number of bird and bat boxes to be incorporated into the design of individual bridges.

During site clearance, the requirements of the BAP meant that measures to protect wildlife were not limited to the familiar ‘headline’ legally protected species. For example:

• Four thousand smooth newts were translocated to new and existing ponds off site;

• Where existing habitat could be retained, clearly labelled fencing was used to demarcate protected areas. These protected areas were identified on a map as a requirement of a planning condition, so works could not impinge on them unless the ODA had given prior approval;

• At the start of site clearance a log wall was created in the north of the Park, helping to provide some temporal connectivity for the invertebrates displaced during the subsequent habitat clearance elsewhere across the site. These invertebrates should be able to spread again to colonise newly created habitat as the site matures;

• Experimental translocation of brownfield habitat was also undertaken at Thornton’s Field railway sidings. Pre-clearance site surveys revealed a variety of invertebrates, such as the toadflax brocade moth. Ballast, soil and timber sleepers were carefully moved from this area to a part of the Park where they would not be disturbed;

• Across the site, a ‘permit to clear’ system was used, so that no area of habitat would be removed until site ecologists had confirmed in writing that any issues had been resolved.

The BAP set out commitments that had to be met as the detailed design of parkland areas evolved. It also ensured that key works were programmed in correctly, so that opportunities were not missed. One example is provided by the planting

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Figure 1. Indicative map of the Olympic Park at games time © London 2012

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trials on the challenging riverside areas, described by Ian Morrissey of Atkins, London 2012’s official engineering design provider, in another paper. Among the terrestrial habitats, seed collection and sapling translocation were undertaken. The areas of wetland being created should be suitable for reintroduction of water voles once the habitats are well established; to prepare for this, mink monitoring is already being undertaken. As the range of otters continues to expand, occasional records are made in the London area. In order to help ensure that they can colonise the Lower Lea Valley if and when they spread that far, two artificial holts are being installed in the north of the Park.

Overall, an impressive list of habitats will be created. The Park is one of the largest

to be created in Europe for over a century with large areas, totalling 45 hectares, planned to support BAP priority habitats. The south park will be dominated by more ornamental planting, while the north park will have more ‘natural’ native planting, incorporating habitats that would once have been widespread in the Lower Thames Basin. The Park will include 10 hectares of native trees and shrubs, nearly two hectares of reedbeds and ponds and over 20 hectares of species-rich grassland. Room has been found for brownfield habitats, such as the extensive log walls created at East Marsh, resisting the temptation to only create ‘tidy’-looking habitats. This habitat creation will be supplemented by other activities, such as the creation of living roofs on some buildings and the installation of 675 bird and bat boxes to provide roosting and nesting opportunities as the vegetation matures.

The success of these measures is not taken for granted. A BAP monitoring programme is ongoing during construction and the Games time phase of the site. After the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the ‘transformation’ phase will convert the Park into the ‘Legacy’ site. Monitoring will then continue under a 10 year Maintenance and Management

Plan for the Parkland and Public Realm. The overall target of the BAP for habitat creation is 45 hectares of BAP priority habitat. This will be monitored, with management adapted if needed. The aim is to reach a point where the habitats’ quality is such that the 45 hectares is worthy of designation as at least a site of Borough Importance (Grade I) within the Greater London designation system.

In conclusion, while the client’s and contractors’ commitment to following biodiversity guidance is essential to the success of any project, another important factor is the mundane process of getting the paperwork right. On a large and complex scheme like the Olympic Park, a site-specific Biodiversity Action Plan can provide a consistent point of reference to guide design and site works. In this case, the production of the BAP has helped to ensure that the project will create an end product that provides genuine biodiversity benefits.

AcknowledgementThis paper was first published in ‘In Practice’ Bulletin of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management Number70•December2010

Figure 2. Aerial view of Olympic Park © London 2012

Figure 3. New brownfield habitat provided by log wall

117 The Olympic Park – a Biodiversity Action Planin action