Clara A. Rosalie D. Liavy D. Sabita D.

Encomiendas System

1492

English planters found Jamestown colony and complain about lack of laborers. Indentured servitude begins.1607 1619

Slaves from Africa first imported to colonies

1664

First slavery codes begin trend of making African servants slaves for life

1676

Bacon’s Rebellion of servants and slaves in Virginia

1770British troops kill

five dock workers in Boston Massacre

1773

Laborers protest royal taxation in the Boston tea Party

1775American Revolution

begins

1808

Slave importation prohibited

1834

First turnout of “mill girls” in Lowell, Mass., to protect wage cuts 1835

General strike for 10 hour day in Philadelphia

1847

New Hampshire enacts first state 10 hour day law

1848

Seneca Falls women’s rights convention

1861

Abraham Lincoln takes office as president and Civil War begins

1863President Lincoln

issues Emancipation Proclamation

1865

13th Amendment to the Constitution abolishes slavery

Slavery

Erdman Act prohibits discrimination against railroad workers because of union membership and provides for mediation of railway labor disputes

1866National

Labor Union founded

1867

Congress begins reconstruction policy in former slave states

1869Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor and Colored National Labor Union formed

1870

15th Amendment to the Constitution adopted; states the right to vote may not be abrogated by color

1881Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions formed

1886

American Federation of Labor founded

1890

Carpenters President P.J. McGuire and the union strike and win the eight-hour day for some 28,000 members

1892Iron and steel workers union defeated in lockout at Homestead, Pa.

1898

Indentured Servitude until its decline because of slavery

Encomienda SystemUnder this system, Spaniards were put in control of certain lands. In exchange for labor and loyalty, Spanish gave protection and education. This was very similar to slavery.

Indentured Servitude ● Europe wanted to colonize

America but they had no one willing to do it○ They took advantage of the

poor and offered a free trip and land for a few years of service

● Some indentured servants went willingly but then the English Government began shipping criminals and undesirables to the New World.

● The ones who mainly populated the New World

● Headright System: For every indentured slave and if you moved to Virginia you’d get 50 acres of land

Slavery ❏ When the indentured servants

finished their service slaves became a big part of the New World.

❏ Vast majority of slaves in the South because of large plantations

❏ 2:1 slaves vs. freemen❏ 66% slave population

❏ Due to the difficult conditions of rice cultivation, the use of slaves became more frequent.❏ Many diseases spread like

Malaria because of the muddy waters.

❏ There was a high death rate for slaves.

❏ ¾ of slaves lived on plantations❏ slaves endured harsh

punishments and some were often lynched

❏ Slavery consisted of day by day labor on the field.

❏ Some slaves tried to work for their freedom

Market Revolution (1800-1860)

● During this time the United States experienced both growth and transformation in it’s economy

● This period is also known as the first industrial revolution ● Many innovations in agriculture, transportation, and industry contributed to

this economic growth○ Cotton Gin: a device which helped with cleaning cotton especially short

staple cotton which was very hard to clean but very profitable because it could be grown everywhere

○ Telegraph: wired system which allowed communication○ Steamboat: allowed for use of rivers both ways

● Impacts: conditions for factory workers worsened. Workers endured ten hour workdays, no breaks, corporal punishment, and the windows couldn’t open.

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming & the 13th Amendment

Tenant Farming: Tenant Farmers mainly paid the landlord rent for the land and a house but they were allowed to keep their crops and do what they want with it. Most would sell their crops and use the money earned to pay the rent.

Sharecropping: Sharecropper didn’t own anything. They borrowed not only the house and land but also the tools, animals, supplies, and food. They often couldn’t control what crops to grow or how it would be sold.

The 13th Amendment freed all slaves as of 1865. As the now freedmen looked for work and shelter. Many white farmers were kicked off their land while plantation owners could not afford to hire workers. Instead they would divide their land rented them to people. This created the Tenant system.

Lowell System v. Immigrant Workers

As industrial America expanded many young women began searching for jobs; mainly in factories. Conditions in factories were horrid, especially for women. They, like men, would frequently get injured on the jobs

● Lowell System: o recruited young unmarried womeno lived in clean boarding houses and

dormitorieso well fed and carefully supervised and good

wages o had curfews and had to attend church

regularlyo New industries emerged and the factory

workers found it difficult to maintain the high living standards and great working conditions

o women complained of low wages and long hours and eventually after failed protests, left the system to pursue other occupations

● Immigrant Workers: ○ large and inexpensive workforce ○ due to the fact that they weren’t

familiar with America they endured horrible working conditions

○ wages were so low they didn’t have enough to support their families

○ overworked and taken advantage of

○ lived in grim conditions that endangered the health of their families

Gilded Age and Industrialization

Gilded Age: (1865-1900)During this time in America there were:

o tremendous economic growth

o westward expansiono immigration

Industrialization: (18th - 19th century)

➢ Some Americans became very rich during the Gilded Age. This time period is called the “gilded” age because gilded means covered in gold and from the outside, this time period looks great due to all of the economic progress but in reality, a vast majority of Americans dealt with poverty.

Industrialization in America broke up into two parts:1. The First Industrial Revolution (The Market

Revolution)2. The Second Industrial Revolution (After the Civil

War)

Westward Expansion: Job Opportunities

Ranching:This included the

taking care of many animals

Mining: Mined in harsh

conditions often caused growth stunt

and many deaths

Farming: Required labor to

grow crops in order to feed the growing

industrial economy

Factory Life Conditions in the factories were horrendous. The windows didn’t open, there were no breaks, and working around the equipment was extremely dangerous. Factory workers also dealt with: ● Ten hour workdays● Low wages ● Tight quarters ● Punishments (ex. whippings with

cowskin)● Terrible accidents (ex. loss of

fingers or arms and sometimes death)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

This is an example of the lack of safety regulations and conditions for factory workers. At the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory mainly women and children died after a fire broke out and they couldn’t escape due to the fact that they were locked in and the windows didn’t open.

Both women and children also worked in these dangerous conditions. As people began to see the dangers that children endured in these factories they passed Child Labor Laws which prohibited the employment of children and young teenagers.

Urbanization and Tenements

● Due to the fact that the government payed more attention to the business owners, housing was not a top priority

● Small housings called tenements were built to fit the immigrants and workers where needed

● These tenements were often too cramped in space, didn't have running water, and were dangerous for the large families living in them.

● Along with labor conditions these housings were also bad for the workers and because of low wages, there wasn’t much to do about it.

Era of the Great Strikes

● Haymarket Affair of 1886● Great Railroad Strike of

1887● Homestead Strike of

1892● Pullman Strike of 1894● Anthracite Strike of 1902● Ludlow Strike of 1914

● Most, if not all, strikes arose because of similar demands:o Shorter Hourso Better Conditionso Higher Wageso Union Recognitions

● Failure was inevitable because of similar forces.

○ Bad Reputation○ Disorganizatio

n○ Lack of

government support

Labor Unions: AFL and Knights of Labor

Knights Of Labor (1869): This was the first labor union in America.

o “all who toiled” which means all who worked were allowed to join

o fought for shorter hours and higher wageso Used strikes and boycotts to pressure employers into

changingo Believed that if the government was involved and on

their side they would be able to fix anythingo came to an end because they were unorganized

American Federation of Labor (1886): o was also a labor union but unlike the the Knights of Labor

they only allowed skilled workers to join o they didn’t represent blacks or womeno wanted to achieve shorter hours and higher wageso also did strikes to try and get the support of others and

bring change