ECPY 204ECPY 204

MIDTERM REVIEWMIDTERM REVIEW

10 - 11 - 12

Teasing apart the terms...

✦ CAREER

• The integration of one’s personality with work activities; a cumulative reference to one’s work experiences over time

✦ OCCUPATION

• One’s business, profession or trade

✦ JOB

• Series of tasks or activities that are performed within an occupation

CAREER DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

✦ Become aware and committed

✦ Study your environment

✦ Study yourself

✦ Generate alternatives

✦ Gather information

✦ Make the decision

✦ Implement the decision

✦ Get feedback

CAREER CHOICE THEORIES

✦Rational/Systematic Approach

✦Sociocultural Determinant Approach

✦Accidental Approach

GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES

• GEN Y (Millenials)• GEN X • BABY BOOMERS• MATURES/TRADITIONALS

HOLLAND’s THEORY

• Each person has a HOLLAND CODE

• Each work environment has a HOLLAND CODE

• Holland’s theory matches you to compatible work environments based on which professions correspond with your HOLLAND CODE

Holland Personality Types

✦ Realistic✦ Investigative✦ Artistic✦ Social✦ Enterprising✦ Conventional

Holland Hexagon

SUPER’s SELF-CONCEPT THEORY

✦ Growth

✦ Exploration

✦ Establishment

✦ Maintenance

✦ Disengagement

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

✦VALUES

• Anything to which a person ascribes worth, merit, or usefulness

• Deeply held convictions that influence your thinking when you are faced with choices

Teasing apart the terms...Teasing apart the terms...

✦VALUES vs. NEEDS

• Values

Important or significant

• Needs

Necessary or required

VALUESVALUES✦ Why are they important?

• Studying our values can give direction to life• Satisfying our values leads to personal fulfillment and happiness

✦ Where do we get them?

• People + environment• Usually not taught consciously

Culture vs. SubcultureCulture vs. Subculture

✦ Culture

• Ways of thinking and living that are built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from generation to generation

✦ Subculture

• A group with social/economic/ethnic and other characteristics distinctive enough to set it apart from other groups within the same culture

Cultural ValuesCultural Values

✦ Cultural Values

• What is considered to be right or wrong, important or unimportant in a culture

Work-Life BalanceWork-Life Balance

✦ The ability to include all top priorities and values in your career and life plan

✦ Balanced individuals work harder

✦ Work-Life Balance = Career Satisfaction

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Where you direct your attention

Extroversion----------------------------Introversion

How you gather information

Sensing---------------------------------------Intuition

How you make decisions

Thinking----------------------------------------Feeling

How you relate to the external environment

Judging--------------------------------------Perceiving

Definitions✦ Ability:

✦ The capacity to act with competence in an activity or occupation

✦ Aptitude: ✦ The ability to learn; potential

✦ Skill:✦ A competency developed from learning and

practice

Abilities✦ Where do they come from?

➡ Partly heredity➡ Partly environment

✦ Types of abilities➡ physical➡ intellectual➡ artistic➡ organizational➡ relational➡ special knowledge abilities...

Aptitudes

✦The ability or capacity to learn➡ “I don’t have the skill yet, but I have the

potential to acquire it”

SCANS Report

✦ Secretary’s Commission on AchievingNecessary Skills by the U.S. Dept. of Labor

➡ Outlines essential skills of solid job performance in the 21st century job market

SCANS: Foundations

✦ FOUNDATIONS➡ Basic Skills: Reading, writing, arithmetic, speaking,

listening

➡ Thinking Skills: Creative thinking, decision making, problem solving, reasoning, knowing how to learn

➡ Personal Qualities: Individual responsibility, self-esteem, sociability,self-management, integrity

✦ The absence of any one of the foundations can disqualify any job seeker at any level!

SCANS: Foundations and Competencies

✦ COMPETENCIES➡Resources: The ability to identify, organize, plan, and

allocate resources

➡Interpersonal: The ability to work well with others

➡Information: The ability to acquire and use information

➡Systems: The ability to understand complex interrelationships

➡Technology: The ability to work with a variety of technologies

Skills

✦3 TYPES:➡ Functional (Transferable) Skills

➡ Content Skills

➡ Adaptive Skills

Functional Skills✦ Skills you carry from one job to another✦ TRANSFERABLE✦ Can be used in many occupations✦ Convey action

➡ Expressed as verbs✦ Naturally developed from all aspects of life

Content Skills✦ Skills involving learned subject matter

➡ Expressed as nouns✦ Require:

➡ conscious, deliberate training➡ the use of memory to master a particular

vocabulary, procedure or subject matter

Adaptable Skills

✦ AKA Self-management skills

✦ Describe or characterize people

➡ Expressed as adjectives and adverbs

✦ Not really recognized as skills at all... typically thought of as ‘personal traits’

Gathering Information

✦ Important things to know when considering a particular career:

➡ 1. Nature of the work?➡ 2. Education, training or experience?➡ 3. Personal qualifications/skills/ abilities?

Gathering Information

✦ Important things to know (cont.):

➡ 4. Earnings, salary range, benefits?➡ 5. Working conditions?➡ 6. Location of employment?

Gathering Information

✦ Important things to know (cont.):

➡ 7. Personality characteristics of typical people in this profession?

➡ 8. Employment and advancement outlook?

➡ 9. Personal satisfaction?

Gathering Information

✦ Important things to know (cont.):

➡ 10. Advantages and disadvantages➡ 11. Related occupations

Online Resources✦ Occupational Information Network (O*Net)

➡ online.onetcenter.org

✦ Career Info Net (fast-growing jobs): ➡ www.Careerinfonet.org

✦ Occupational Outlook Handbook (includes salary ranges): ➡ www.bls.gov/oco

Common Decision-making Styles

✦ Planning (Rational/Linear)✦ Intuitive✦ Impulsive✦ Compliant✦ Delaying✦ Fatalistic✦ Agonizing✦ Paralytic✦ Defaulting

Factors adversely affecting decisions

✦ External, e.g.:➡ family expectations➡ family responsibilities➡ cultural stereotypes➡ gender stereotypes➡ survival needs

✦ Internal, e.g.:➡ lack of self-confidence➡ fear of change➡ fear of making the wrong decision➡ fear of failure➡ fear of ridicule

3 Conditions Needed for Change

✦ Dissatisfaction with current condition✦ Concept of something better waiting in future✦ Belief that there is a way to get there

Premise: The benefits of a change outweigh the costs of making that change.

Strategies and Risks in Decision Making

✦ Gelatt, Varenhorst,Carey, & Miller (1973)

➡ OPTION A: Wish strategy

➡ OPTION B: Safe strategy

➡ OPTION C: Escape strategy

➡ OPTION D: Combination strategy

Career Decision-Making:MATRIX

MONEY4

INTELLECTUAL

STIMULATION

5

INTERACTION WITH

OTHERS2

FLEXIBILITY3

LOW STRESS 5 TOTAL

DETECTIVE2 (4)

FOOD CRITIC2 (4)

RESEARCHER2 (4)

CHEF 1 (4)

DOLPHIN TRAINER

1 (4)

MARINE BIOLOGIST

3 (4)

GOALS VS OBJECTIVES

✦ GOALS

➡ Broad statements of purpose➡ General and long-range➡ Ongoing process

✦ OBJECTIVES

➡ Specific and practical steps toward goals➡ Short-term

DEFINE GOAL

ASSESS ALTERNATIVES

GATHER INFORMATION

ASSESS OUTCOME

PROBABILITY/DESIRABILITY

TAKE ACTION

REFINE GOAL

Informational Interview

✦ Definition?➡ A brief meeting between a person who wants to

investigate an occupation and a person working in that occupation

✦ Main goal?➡ To obtain advice and information about what people

do in their occupations and what the industry is like as a whole

“Trying on Jobs”

➡ Can get direct information about the job and its work environment

➡ Can check on the accuracy of information gathered from other sources

➡ Can ask questions you won’t find the answers to elsewhere

➡ Can afford networking opportunities

Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation (related to Maslow’s Needs)

Text

Learn on the job, use skills in

challenging + interestingwork

Autonomy + recognition

Relationships with colleagues, supervisors

Company policies, work environment

Job security, salary, benefits

Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation