Class 26: Pius IX and Vatican I

29 March 2006

Introduction

Pius IX (cont.) Labor Movements and Revolutions of 1848 Vatican I Anti-Semitism

Pius IX (1846-1878)

Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848

Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats)

Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought

Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church Convenes Vatican I in 1869 Loses Papal States in 1870 Beatified along with John XXIII in 2000

Background to Revolutions of 1848 Industrial Revolution had created a class of urban poor laborers

Barely able to survive on subsistence wages Disruption of family (child labor in industry very different from

working family farm) Survival of the fittest (Malthus, Essay on Principle of Population,

1789) Disruption in basic social patterns leads to disillusionment with

society, including established religions Efforts to change conditions for laborers often united with

atheism Religious response

YMCA Salvation Army St. Vincent de Paul

Reread Charles Dickens

Socialism and Communism

Associated with ‘free thinkers’ Specifically targeted economic and social

models (unlike philosophes a century earlier who attacked political models) Opposed to private property

Criticized religious response as basically one of keeping the laborer in his place

Friedrich Engels, Conditions of Working Class in England (1844)

Gustav Dore Scripture Reader in a Night Shelter groups.msn.com/HOMELESSinbaltimoremd/gustavedore.msnw?action=ShowPhoto&PhotoID=13

Prolog Communist Manifest 1848www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/61/61.txtA spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of communism. All the powers of old

Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.

Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?

Two things result from this fact: I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a

power. II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world,

publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself.

To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.

Revolutions of 1848

In 1848, revolt started in Italy, spread to France Pius IX forced to flee Italy

In 1849 labor revolutions in Prussia, Austria, Hungary, Southern Italy

Eventually revolutions are crushed and strong rulers come to power in France (Louis Napoleon) and Prussia (Bismarck) But strong rulers who supported economic

liberalism; not supportive of Church

Vatican I

Pius IX announced intention to call a Council in 1864 just before publication of Syllabus of Errors

Bull of Convocation, Aeterni Patris was promulgated on Dec 8, 1868 Definition of Papal Infallibility Hostile reaction in England, Germany, France

First Session 8 Dec. 1869, Council ended in 1870 Council affirmed infallibility in First Dogmatic Constitution of

Church of Christ (Session 4) Franco-Prussian War of 1870; Council not officially closed

Reflections on Vatican I

Epistemology Major issues in early Enlightenment: how do we know Vatican I says we know the faith because we can trust in

Magisterium of Church; Pope is uniquely guarantor of what is in the Magisterium

Method of knowing the truth: Thomism; theological empiricism; most like a mathematical proof

Society and Politics Stability in religion and society critical Church (Pope) provides that stability The document is a Constitution

Three Types of Anti-Semitism 19th C Religious

From Second Century onwards conflict between synagogue and Church

Economic and Social Middle class and wealthy Jews adept at moving and taking

advantage of free market economies because of roots in banking business

Several intellectual leaders of radical social reforms and revolution to implement them were Jewish

Both of these lead to fear of Jews by non-Jewish middle class

Cultural Development of nations; what does it mean to be German

or Italian or French?

Pius IX and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara Remember, Pius IX opened the Jewish ghetto in

Rome In 1858 a Jewish boy who may have been Baptized

by a family servant was ‘kidnapped’ by Catholic authorities in Bologna an placed in a monastery

Pope Pius IX affirms this action and takes a special interest in the boy

Fuels flames of Italian nationalism against Pope and Papal States

International outrage over this incident also contributes to downfall of Papal states in 1870

What Happened to Edgardo?

In his early teens, he was given the opportunity to return to his family and Judaism; he refused

He joined Canon Regulars; ordained at age 21 Canon Regulars follow Augustine’s Rule All are ordained (unlike monks) Dedicated to service to Church, often in world

Lived in Belgium He felt a special link to spirituality of Lourdes Died in 1940, just two months before the Nazis

invaded Belgium

Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and Dreyfus Affair France lost the Franco Prussian War of 1870 in a disastrous

series of battles; Forced to relinquish Rhine valley, Alsace-Loraine to Prussia Defeat created social and political tensions within France and the

military: who was to blame French military had been very open to Jewish officers

In 1880s the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt, causing one of the first capitalist depressions in France Owners of company were Jews

Cries of ‘France for the French’ were raised ‘Scientific’ definition and stereotyping of races

Dreyfus arrest as a spy for Germans in 1890; convicted and spent 12 years on penal colony; exonerated in 1906

Timeline of Pius IX

1846: Elected Pope 1848: Revolutions of 1848, forced to flee Rome,

returned by French 1854: Dogma of Immaculate Conception 1858: Lourdes and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara 1864: Syllabus of Errors 1869-1870: Vatican I 1870: Franco-Prussian War 1878: Pope Pius IX dies 1985: Declared blessed along with John XXIII by

Pope John Paul II