MADE BY= CHITRANSHI . HARI . DAS

RESPIRATION, TERM WITH DUAL MEANING IN BIOLOGY: FIRST, THE PHYSICAL PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING THINGS (ORGANISMS) TAKE IN OXYGEN FROM THE SURROUNDING MEDIUM AND EMIT WASTE CARBON DIOXIDE—IN THIS SENSE IT IS VARIOUSLY KNOWN AS PHYSICAL RESPIRATION, BREATHING, VENTILATION OR GAS EXCHANGE; SECOND, THE CHEMICAL PROCESS BY WHICH FUEL MOLECULES SUCH AS SUGARS (SEE SUGAR METABOLISM) AND FATS ARE BROKEN DOWN WITHIN A CELL TO LIBERATE ENERGY FOR CELLULAR LIFE PROCESSES—IN THIS SENSE IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS CHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, OR CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

Cellular respiration is similar in most organisms, from simple one-celled bacteria, amoebas, and diatoms to complex plants

like trees, and large animals such as elephants, whales, and

human beings (see also Metabolism; Photosynthesis). In

most organisms apart from prokaryotes (chiefly bacteria and blue-green algae) cellular respiration takes place in the

tiny sausage-shaped organelles within the cell called

mitochondria

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

In fact there are two versions of cellular respiration (both described in more detail in their separate articles, Aerobic Respiration, and Anaerobic

Respiration). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to break down high-energy fuel molecules—typically a

simple sugar such as glucose (blood sugar)—through a series of chemical

stages. The results are carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of

molecules of ATP—the cell’s standard energy-carrier. The biochemical stages

in the breakdown of glucose form a circular pathway or cycle known as the

Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle.

Anaerobic respiration involves the breakdown of high-energy

molecules, again typically glucose, but without the need for oxygen

and therefore without the need for physical respiration (breathing).

This version incorporates the chemical pathway termed

glycolysis and results in lactic acid (see Fermentation). It occurs as a

matter of course in certain bacteria and other microbes called obligate anaerobes. It is also used as a reserve or emergency form of

obtaining energy in other organisms, usually when oxygen is

in short supply.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION AEROBIC

RESPIRATION,  BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS IN LIVING THINGS WHEREBY SUGARS AND

SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, RESULTING FROM THE DIGESTION OF FOOD, ARE BROKEN DOWN IN

THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN TO PRODUCE WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND ENERGY. "AEROBIC" MEANS "WITH OXYGEN". THE REACTION CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THE

GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATION

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

THE WHOLE PROCESS OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION CONTAINS MORE THAN 20 CHEMICAL STEPS OR STAGES. THE FIRST SERIES OF STAGES IS KNOWN AS GLYCOLYSIS. THIS OCCURS IN THE JELLY-LIKE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL,

AND IT IS ANAEROBIC—THAT IS, IT DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN. IT RELEASES ONLY A SMALL PROPORTION OF

THE TOTAL ENERGY AVAILABLE FROM A FUEL MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE OR A SIMILAR SUGAR. (THE SECOND SERIES

OF STAGES IS KNOWN AS THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE, TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE, OR KREBS CYCLE. IT IS

AEROBIC—THAT IS, IT REQUIRES OXYGEN. IT RELEASES FAR MORE ENERGY, COMPARED TO GLYCOLYSIS, FROM

THE REMAINDER OF EACH SUGAR MOLECULE. THIS SERIES OF STAGES HAPPENS INSIDE THE TINY

ORGANELLES (PARTS INSIDE THE CELL) CALLED MITOCHONDRIA. THE FOOD MOLECULE IS BROKEN DOWN

IN A STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS THAT PRODUCES ATP MOLECULES AT ALMOST EVERY STAGE.

Anaerobic Respiration, also called anaerobiosis, biochemical process in living things whereby sugars and similar substances, resulting from

the digestion of food, are broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen.

"Anaerobic" means "without oxygen". It thus differs from the allied process of aerobic

respiration, which requires the presence of oxygen. Life processes such as growth and repair of tissues require energy, and this is

obtained by the chemical breaking of bonds in organic molecules such as sugars and other carbohydrates present in digested food. The chemical energy released by this process in

cells is transferred to molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which become converted to

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), forming the energy “bank” for the cell.

PRODUCTS OF ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION

The process of anaerobic respiration

contains three main chemical

steps or stages. The starting

substance or "fuel molecule" is

usually the six-carbon sugar, glucose. The

chemical process by which this is broken down is

termed glycolysis. The results are

usually substances such as lactic acid (lactate), pyruvic acid (pyruvate) or

ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The

reaction can be represented by the general chemical

equation:

C6H12O6 → 2C3H4O3 + 2H2 + energy

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL AND RELEASES

ONLY A SMALL PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONTAINED IN THE FUEL

MOLECULES SUCH AS GLUCOSE SUGAR, YIELDING UP TO 8 MOLECULES OF THE HIGH-ENERGY ATP. IF OXYGEN IS AVAILABLE, THE PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS CAN BE USED

FURTHER IN THE OXYGEN-REQUIRING BREAKDOWN PROCESS OF THE CITRIC ACID OR KREBS CYCLE, TO YIELD UP TO ANOTHER 30 MOLECULES OF HIGH-ENERGY ATP. IN THIS WAY, GLYCOLYSIS BECOMES THE FIRST STAGE

OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION.

BREATHING, THE PROCESS WHERE BY AN ORGANISM (LIVING THING) OBTAINS OXYGEN FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS, TO TAKE PART IN

INTERNAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHICH BREAK DOWN FOOD TO RELEASE ENERGY. BREATHING

ALSO USUALLY GIVES OUT WASTE CARBON DIOXIDE AS AN UNWANTED BY-PRODUCT OF

THESE REACTIONS. BREATHING IS ONE ASPECT OF RESPIRATION, WHICH IS A TERM THAT

INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICALLY OBTAINING OXYGEN, AND ALSO USING IT IN CHEMICAL PATHWAYS

INSIDE CELLS TO RELEASE ENERGY—THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION (SEE

RESPIRATION; AEROBIC RESPIRATION; ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION).

Euglena

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PLANT CELL

PARTS OF SHARK

RESPIRATION IN FISHES

ANIMAL CELL

Circulatory System Circulatory System, in anatomy and physiology,

the course taken by the blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins and back to the

heart. In humans and the higher vertebrates the heart is made up of four chambers: the right and

left auricles, or atria, and the right and left ventricles. The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood from the cells of the body

back to the lungs for new oxygen; the left side of the heart receives blood rich in oxygen from the lungs and pumps it through the arteries to the

various parts of the body. Circulation begins early in foetal life. It is estimated that a given portion

of the blood completes its course of circulation in approximately 30 seconds.

CAPILLARY NETWORK

PORTAL CIRCULATIONIN ADDITION TO THE PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATIONS DESCRIBED ABOVE, A SUBSIDIARY TO THE VENOUS SYSTEM EXISTS, KNOWN AS PORTAL CIRCULATION. A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF BLOOD FROM THE INTESTINE IS COLLECTED INTO THE PORTAL VEIN AND CARRIED TO THE LIVER. THERE IT ENTERS INTO THE OPEN SPACES CALLED SINUSOIDS, WHERE IT COMES INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE LIVER CELLS. IN THE LIVER IMPORTANT CHANGES OCCUR IN THE BLOOD, WHICH IS CARRYING THE PRODUCTS OF THE DIGESTION OF FOOD RECENTLY ABSORBED THROUGH THE INTESTINAL CAPILLARIES. THE BLOOD IS COLLECTED A SECOND TIME INTO VEINS, WHERE IT AGAIN JOINS THE GENERAL CIRCULATION THROUGH THE RIGHT AURICLE. IN ITS PASSAGE THROUGH OTHER ORGANS, THE BLOOD IS FURTHER MODIFIED.

BLOOD FLUKES

ERYTHROCYTES

HAEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

HUMAN HEART

Heart Tissue

HEART VALVE

ARTERIAL PLAQUE

TRANSPIRATION

STOMATA

CHESTNUT BUD

BUDBud, undeveloped or embryonic shoot of a plant. Buds contain the undeveloped leaves, stems, or flowers, and according to the mature structure into which they develop, are classified as either vegetative or flower buds. A bud growing at the end of a twig or shoot is called a terminal bud, and a bud that grows along the stem is known as a lateral bud. Although most lateral buds occur in the axils of leaves, they can appear elsewhere; they are then called adventitious.

PARTS OF FLOWER

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