Class Notes1865-1920 Foreign

Affairs

See Unit VII parts 1,2,3For detailed explanations

Imperialism Post 1850

New Markets Natural Resources Business profits (labor) World Power Status Spread Democracy Was the campaign issue in 1900 after

Spanish-American War McKinley v Bryan

Justification for Imperialism

Manifest Destiny Social Darwinism Mahon’s The Influence of Sea Power

upon History

Midway Wake Samoa…Pago Pago…Tripartite

Methods of obtaining land

Purchase (Louisiana v Alaska)– Seward’s Folly

Annexation (Texas v Hawaii)– Cleveland, McKinley

War (Mex.-Am. v Sp.-Am and treaties)– Treaty of Paris: Philippines, Puerto Rico,

Guam, Cuba

Philippines the farthest and least likely to become part of

the U.S. War 1898-1902 Emilio Aquinaldo Taft…1st civilian governor

Jones Act July 4, 1946 independence

Cuba

The Teller Amendment…a problem Platt Amendment in Cuba’s

constitution– Could not get into impossible debt to

other countries– Could not lease, sell part of itself to

other countries– Must accept U.S. intervention– Must lease or sell harbors to U.S.

Puerto Rico

The Foraker Act 1901 Downes v Bidwell

By 1917: U.S. Citizenship, no tariff, no passport required.

1952: Operation Bootstrap: federal funds for Puerto Rico

Latin America

1895 Boundary dispute: British Guinea v Venequela…Gold

Cleveland sent an American Boundary commission to settle the issue

Pan-American Union

Blaine’s claim to fame Sec. of State (Garfield, Arthur)

U.S. a leader in the Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

When a Latin American country is guilty of wrongdoing, the U.S. would intervene to make it right

Dominican Republic Haiti Nicaragua Caused much L.A. resentment

Mexico

During U.S. Civil War Mexico acquired debt to France

France occupied Mexico (Napoleon III sent French troops and Maximillian as emperor

U.S. Monroe Doctrine and troops

U.S. Investments in Mexico

Diaz (Taft) Madero (Wilson) Huerta (Wilson) Caranza (Wilson) Poncho Villa (Wilson)

Issue with Huerta

He murdered Madero and Wilson would not be friendly

So..Incident: USS Dolphin and apologies

Fighting at Tampico Bay

Settled by ABC Powers

Carranza

Snubbed Wilson (U.S. not popular with Mexican people)

Poncho Villa …talks with Bryan

British needed Mexican oil but did not want to offend U.S.

Finally U.S. recognized Carranza

BUT

Trouble with Poncho Villa

Panama Canal

Necessary for the efficiency of the U.S. Navy

The Oregon in Sp.-Am. War Chose Panama for low grade Needed locks for water levels Took 7 years Then U.S. fixated on securing canal

Treaties

1850 Clayton- Bulwar with Brits 1901 Hay Poncefote with Brits

Deal with Lesseps Co. (French) Then Hay-Herran Treaty (with

Columbia)

Then Columbians reneged

Panama Revolution and Independence

The U.S. Nashville and help from Lesseps

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama:– 10 million up front– 250,000 each year for 99 years

Panama Canal

Much LA resentment re Columbian rights

British mad as U.S. ships did not have to pay toll

Gorgas mosquito problem Goethal chief engineer

Black workers Vital to the defense of W. Hem.

China

1844 U.S. special trading privileges Then Europeans too Europeans: Spheres of Influence

– Manchuria: Russia and Japan– Brits: port cities (Hong Kong)– French: IndoChina

Open Door Policy

John Hay and Open Door Notes

A radical departure from traditional (isolationist) U.S. Foreign Policy

Boxer Rebellion 1901

Herbert Hoover Reparations

Japan

1854 U.S. sent guns and gifts Japan opened ports to U.S. Then to other Europeans

Then Menji Restoration

War 1894-95Japan v China

Japan got Formosa Korea gained independence

War Japan v Russia 1904-05

Over Manchuria Treaty of Portsmouth (TR)

Japan wanted: Manchuria, Korea, Money, Sakhalin Island

Japan got Korea and Manchuria (sphere of influence and ½ of Sakhalin Island

Bad Blood

Anti-American riots in Tokyo U.S. Press “Yellow Peril” San Francisco School Board

With TR: Gentleman’s Agreement With TR: Root-Tahira Agreemen Taft: Dollar Diplomacy

Causes WWI

Primary: Nationalism and Imperialism

Secondary: France and revenge, Russia and warm water port, Arms Race, Balkans a Powder keg, System of Alliances

System of Alliances

Triple Alliance (or Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (satellites: Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria)

Triple Entente (or Allied Powers) Britain, France and Russia (satellite Serbia)

Direct Cause

Austrian heir, Archduke Ferdinand and wife were touring Sarajevo (recently annexed into Austro-Hungarian Empire)

was assassinated by a Serbian student, Gavrillo Princip

Then What Happened?

Austria went after Serbia Russia mobilized to protect ally,

Serbia Germany declared war on Russia and

its ally, France German troops marched through

neutral Belgium England declared war on Gemany

and Austria-Hungary

Others

Italy, Japan, Ottomans, Bulgaria, etc

U.S. entered late in the war Russia will drop out to continue

revolution Italy dropped out of triple Alliance

early and joined Triple Entente later

WWI and the U.S.

Proclamation of neutrality and violations

German Uboats and neutrals:– 1915 The Lusitania– 1916 The Sussex

England’s blockade awfully close to U.S.

Scandinavian countries

Belgium

Herbert Hoover and the Committee for the Relief of Belgium

The Great Humanitarian

Trade = Economic Prosperity

Trade with allies = economic prosperity

1914 $824 million 1916 $3.2 Billion

Shut off from trade with Central powers but England and France were essential

Bryan (Sec. of State) Resigned

After Wilson urged Congress to increase military spending

Peace and Preparedness TR “Weasel Words”

Election 1916

Wilson gave an implied promise to stay out of the war “Peace and Preparedness”TR: Weasel Words

Vote for Wilson. He kept up out of the war Election 1916: (Dem) Wilson 277

(Reps) Hughes 254One of the smallest margins in history to

that point

Wilson’s 14 Points

Points 1-5 Elimination of the general causes of war

Points 6-13 Self-determination for nations

Point 14: League of Nations

Wilson wanted the above to be incorporated into the treaty ending the war

Leading the U.S. into War

February 1917 German minister warned that U-Boats would sink all ships (neutrals too) in a broad zone around England without warning

Late February 1917 Zimmerman Cable Germany to Mexico “If the U.S. entered the European war and IF Mexico would go to war with U.S. THEN Mexico would gain lost lands to the North (SW U.S…Treaty of G.H.)

April 1917

Wilson to Congress: – Lusitania – Sussex – Zimmerman cable

Use the war as a lasting vehicle to world peace

March 1917

Russian Revolution Saved the U.S. embarrassment of

alliance with despot Kerensky government was more

republican (Menshvik) But civil war in Russia continued Oct 1918 Romanov’s killed…

Bolshevik takeover and Russia dropped out

Brits in trouble

Chief service of the U.S. navy: to guard ships transporting troops

U.S. and Brits: anti-sub mines in North Sea

Invention of depth charge

German U-Boats DID NOT prevent U.S. from taking an active part in the war

US Mobilization Awesome

May 1917 Selective Service Act: All men 21-30 subject to the draft…later 18-45

6 months training 3 million drafted 2 million volunteers

Sgt. York: most decorated man in war (US)

The End of the War

By October 1918 Germany pushed back to won borders

By end of Oct, Germany asked for peace terms (based on 14 Points)

War ended 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month 1918

The War at Home

War funded by: Bonds & taxesLuxury taxes for the first time

War cost $10 Billion (1915 federal budget $1 billion)

Salaried classes benefitted least Women stepped in to fill men’s jobs

and were rewarded later with the vote

Federal Agencies to run the War

War Industries Board Fuel Administration RR Administration War Labor Board Food Administration

Controls of Amendment I

1917 Espionage Act severe punishments to prevent spying and disloyalty

Up to $10,000 fine and 20 years in jail for aiding the enemy or obstructing recruiting or the post master

Controls of Amendment 1

1918 Sedition Act could not utter, print, write or publish anything disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive about the government, constitution or army and navy uniforms

Also included criticism of YMCA and Red Cross

Debs got 10 years for anti-war speech Goldman The Spirit of ‘76

Other Stuff

Popular Songs: Over There, Pack up Your Troubles

Civil Liberty violations: Hyphenated AmericansSpecifically, German-Americans SufferedLiberty Cabbage, etc

Peace Conference at Versailles

Wilson: No Republicans, Not a seasoned diplomat

Did not get points 1-13 due to earlier secret treaties. Did get League of Nations

England: Lloyd George France: Clemenceau Italy: Orlando Left early, furious

The Treaty and Problems

Britain and France wanted harsh terms

U.S. refused reparations

Germany lost territory, colonies, paid reparations

Austria-Hungary lost 2/3 of land Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland…

German) Poland Independent and divided

Germany

End of the War

At Home: Republicans Isolationist: would not ratify Treaty of Versailles. Did not want to belong to the League of Nations (Lodge)

Liberals were disillusioned with the Treaty and with Wilson

Wilson was arrogant, stubborn and had a stroke

The Human Cost of the War

10 Million lives lost:– Russia 1,700,000– France 1,357,000– Brits 908,000– Germany 1,800,000– Austria 1,200,000– Turkey 325,000– U.S. 112,000

The Spanish Flu

20,000,000 additional lives 1918-1919

Pandemic