class slides set 32 food production: a biocultural revolution – the neolithic
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Class Slides Set 32 Food Production: A Biocultural Revolution – The Neolithic. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed. , pp. 421, 424. Chapter 16 Food Production: A Biocultural Revolution. Neolithic. Time line for Ch. 16 Food Production. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Class Slides Set 32
Food Production: A Biocultural Revolution – The Neolithic
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., pp. 421, 424.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 410.
Time line for Ch. 16 Food Production.
Neolithic
Chapter 16 Food Production:
A Biocultural Revolution
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 410.
Time line for Ch. 16 Food Production.
Chapter 17 The First Civilizations
Chapter 18 New World Civilizations
Neolithic
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution
– neo, meaning "new”
– lith, meaning "stone“
“New Stone Age”
period of farmers
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The Three Great Agesof Prehistoric Time
3. Iron Age
2. Bronze Age
1. Stone Age
Jurgensen Thomsen, 1807
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The Three Great Agesof Prehistoric Time
3. Iron Age
2. Bronze Age
1. Stone Age
Jurgensen Thomsen, 1807
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“Stone Age”Neolithic
“The New Stone Age”
Mesolithic“The Middle Stone Age”
Paleolithic “The Old Stone Age”
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22 November 2002
The First Time Chart
for Prehistoric
Europe(After Sophus Müller, 1905)
Alfred Louis Kroeber, Anthropology. NY: Harcourt,Brace & World, 1948, p. 703.
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Paleolithic
“The Old Stone Age”
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22 November 2002
The First Time Chart
for Prehistoric
Europe(After Sophus Müller, 1905)
Alfred Louis Kroeber, Anthropology. NY: Harcourt,Brace & World, 1948, p. 703.
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Mesolithic“The Middle Stone Age”
• Post-Paleolithic period of intensive foraging and experimentation with new food resources
• Post-Pleistocene (since ca. 8,000 B.C.), but before the local appearance of domesticated plants and animals
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Mesolithic
“The Middle Stone Age”
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22 November 2002
Neolithic
“The New Stone Age”
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Neolithic“The New Stone Age”
• the first era of village farmers in any region
• stage marked by the appearance of ground stone tools and/or the domestication of plants and animals
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In many parts of the world prehistoric times become historic times – with the appearance of writing
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Major area focus shifts to looking at various regions of the world
• for example, instead of looking at Africa anthropologists look at individual sites and regions
• e.g., Mesoamerica and Tehuacán, Mexico
In many parts of the world prehistoric times become historic times – with the appearance of writing
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Mesoamerica
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.
Tehuacán
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“Neolithic Revolution”V. Gordon Childe's term for the far-reaching
consequences of food production
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 410.
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V. Gordon Child
Ten Classic Characteristicsof
Early Civilization
After V. Gordon Childe
Man Makes Himself (Rev. Ed). NY: New American Library, 1951.
What Happened in History. Baltimore: Pelican Books, 1957.
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Ten Classic Characteristicsof
Early CivilizationAfter V. Gordon Childe
1. Great enlargement of an organized population
• including a wider level of social integration
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Great enlargement of an organized population
Indus Valley Civilization at Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed. , p. 467.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
2. Social means of collecting “surplus” production
Small Sumerian clay table is a 4,000-year-old tax receipt
with cuneiform impressions on both sides.Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed. , p. 460.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
3. Specialized production of goods, and development of systems of distribution and exchange of goods
• economic system allows individuals to devote full time to certain occupations
• “specialization”
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economic system allows individuals to devote full time to occupations like
pottery making basket making metalworking
Classic Maya cylindrical jar with bird motif and glyphs, p. 486.
Prehistoric basketry techniques
(Jean Connor) Mycenaean Royal death mask
of hammered gold, p. 472.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
4. Specialization and exchange expanded beyond the city
• far-reaching trade developed
Trade routes (in red) of
village farming cultures
of the American Southwest,
p. 434.
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http://www.si.edu/scmre/learning/obsidian_trade.htm
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diffusion– the spread of something from one group to
another through contact or exchange
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.
Early farmingin the Americas,showing the spreadof maize agriculture(purple).
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
5. Construction of monumental public works
Reconstructed lower stage of the late Sumerian ziggurat at Ur, Iraq.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed. , p. 459.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
6. Highly developed art forms begin
• people symbolically identify with art forms
Mother Goddess Hagar Qim, Malta Olmec Head, La Venta, Mexico, p. 482.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
7. Writing develops
• initially to facilitate state organization and management
Mixtec Codex, Mitla, Mexico Sumerian tax receipt, p. 460.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
8. Arithmetic, geometry and astronomy develop as rational thinking techniques
Mayan Mathematics, p. 487.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
9. Well-structured political organization, with membership based on residence, replaces political identification based on kinship
Machu Picchu, Peru, p. 499.
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Ten Classic Characteristics of Early Civilization
10. A privileged ruling class of religious, political, and military leaders organizes and directs the entire system
Hieroglyphic inscription of a royal Egyptian hunting marsh birds from a
papyrus boat,p. 463. King Tut
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Ten Classic Characteristicsof
Early Civilization
criticisms
A. “. . . Childe’s recitation of material cultural inventions and equipment somehow failed to capture this central reality: A civilization is more than the sum of its parts.”
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Ten Classic Characteristicsof
Early Civilization
functionalists
structuralists
configurationalists
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Ten Classic Characteristicsof
Early Civilization
B. “. . . Childe’s trait list was not universally applicable. Though characterizing the Near-Eastern civilizations with which he was most familiar, it did not describe American Indian societies such as the Maya and the Inka, which were clearly civilizations, but had no use of sailing boats, animal traction, wheeled carts, and so on.”
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Neolithic Revolution
Consequences of Neolithic activities
– new settlement patterns
– new technologies
– profound biocultural effects
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution
Why and how did domestication and agriculture occur?
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Domestication and Agriculture
agriculture
– the propagation and exploitation of domesticated plants and/or animals by humans
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agriculture
– a cultural activity
– a cultural activity associated with planting, herding, and processing domesticated species
Domestication and Agriculture
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domestication– a state of interdependence between humans
and selected plant or animal species
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., pp. 421, 424.
pearl millet South American llama
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domestication
– an evolutionary process that requires genetic transformation of a wild species
Domestication and Agriculture
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Domestication: Dogs
– dogs were the first domesticated animals
– first role was to help with hunting
– as other animals were domesticated, dogs were used to herd
– the burial of a puppy with a Natufian who died 10,000 y.a. suggests dogs earned the role of pet very early
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22 November 2002
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2498669.stm
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From Collecting to Cultivating
as favorable plant traits developed, foragers would collect more of the plants with the favorable traits
– this stimulated genetic changes in the plants and eventually produced a cultigen
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cultigen– a plant that is wholly dependent on
humans
– a domesticate
cultivars– wild plants fostered by human efforts to
make them more productive
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From Collecting to Cultivating
as favorable plant traits developed, foragers would collect more of them
– stimulated genetic changes in the plants and eventually produced a cultigen
– as selection and isolation from other plants continued, plants became dependent on humans to disperse seeds
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horticulture
– farming method in which only hand tools are used
– typical of most early Neolithic societies
Mississippian flint hoe blade, p. 437.
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution, The Evidence
Archaeological Evidence for Domestication and Agriculture
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Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 417.
rice
7,000 ybp
manioc
4,200 ybp
maize
4,200 ybp
wheat
10,500 ybp
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution, The Evidence
Archaeological Evidence for Domestication and Agriculture
– excellent example: Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico
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Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.
maize4,200 ybp
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology (8th ed), p. 417.Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
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Pollen
microscopic male gametesproduced byflowering plants.
Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
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Wild corn
wildpod-popvariety
TeosinteTripsacum
Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
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5,000 B.C.
3,000 B.C.
1,000 B.C.
4,000 B.C.
A.D. 0
Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
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Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
= 100%
“seriation”
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Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
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Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
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Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964.
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What Archaeologists canLearn from Dead Plants
(Archaeobotany)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 419.
carbonized grain ofdomesticated barleyfrom the Nile valley.
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Early farming in the Americas, showing the spread of maize agriculture (purple)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural RevolutionOther Early Farmers in the Americas
– Pueblos
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Pueblos– Spanish term for "town" referring to multiroom
residence structures built by village farmers in the American Southwest
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 435.
Pueblo Bonito,Chaco Canyon,New Mexico
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural RevolutionOther Early Farmers in the Americas
– Hopewell
– Mississippian
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HopewellA culture centered in southern Ohio between 2,100 and 1,700 y.a. but influencing a much wider region through trade and the spread of a cult centered on burial ritualism
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 437.
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MississippianA southeastern United States mound-building culture that flourished from 1,100 to 500 y.a.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 438.
Monks Mound, Cahokia, East St. Louis, Illinois
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Cahokia Mounds State Historic SiteCollinsville, Illinois
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"Community Life" by Michael Hampshire
Courtesy of Cahokia Mounds State Historic SiteCollinsville, Illinois
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Mississippian– flint hoe blade used by Mississippian farmers
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 437.
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution
Agricultural Societies of the Old World
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution
Near Eastern Farmers– Jericho, Palestine– Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, Turkey– Jarmo, Iraq– Ali Kosh, Iran
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Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 423.
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Jericho
– early Neolithic community in Palestine
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 410.
Time line for Ch. 16 Food Production.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 449.
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http://faculty.smu.edu/dbinder/jericho.html
Jericho
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Jerichohttp://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Jericho_Tell_Sultan.html
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Early Neolithic sites
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 423.
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Çatalhöyük
– early Neolithic community in southern Anatolia, Turkey
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 449.
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Shane, Orrin C. III, and Mine Küçuk. "The World's First City."
Archaeology 51.2 (1998): 43-47.
Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, or Turkey
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Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, or TurkeyÇatalhöyük, Anatolia, or Turkeyhttp://www.ccny.cuny.edu/architecture/archprog/slide-232/pages/002%20Catal%20Huyuk%20Map.htm
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Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, or Turkeyhttp://www.ccny.cuny.edu/architecture/archprog/slide-232/pages/001%20Catal%20Huyuk.htm
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http://www.telesterion.com/catal2.htm
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Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 423.
More on Çatal Hüyük in the video"Wisdom of the Stones: Life in the Neolithic Age"
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Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 423.
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Early Neolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 423.
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Pottery types from Deh Luran, Iran.Hole, Flannery and Neely, “Prehistory and Human Ecology
Of the Deh Luran Plain: An Early Village Sequence from
Khuzistan, Iran.” Ann Arbor: 1969, fig. 69.
“seriation”
= 100%
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Malta
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 427.
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Malta
Video: "Wisdom of the Stones: Life in the Neolithic Age“(The Oldest Buildings in Europe are found in Malta)
Mnjandra Neolithic Temple.
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Malta
Hagar Qim
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Malta
Also note information on Malta in the video"Wisdom of the Stones: Life in the Neolithic Age“
(The Oldest Buildings in Europe are found in Malta)
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution
Asian Farmers– Mehrgarh
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MehrgarhOne of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 426.
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Mehrgarh– One of the earliest Neolithic settlements
of southern Asia, Pakistan
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 449.
• includesone of the earliest examples of dentistry
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5,000-year-old figurine from Mehrgarh
Department of Archaeology and Museums, Pakistan
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution
European Farmers– Stonehenge, England
– Carnac, France
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Early Neolithic sites of Europe
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 423.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 410.
Time line for Ch. 16 Food Production.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 428.
Stonehenge, England, was built in several stages
between 4,800 and 3,300 y.a.
megaliths
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megaliths– monumental structures made of very large stones,
characteristic of western Europe during the early Neolithic
Stonehenge, England.Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 429.
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Early Neolithic sites of Europe
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 423.
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http://pages.infinit.net/celte/chateau.html
Carnac, France
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Chapter 16, Food Production:A Biocultural Revolution
Biocultural Consequences of Food Production
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Biocultural Consequences: Population
population size and density increased
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world population growth
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 439.
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demographic increase
– pertaining to the size or rate of increase of human populations
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carrying capacity
– population the environment can sustain
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Biocultural Consequences: Population
people clustered into villages
women had more children
even early settlements quickly reached considerable size
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Biocultural Consequences: Technology
basket and skin containers were replaced with ceramic vessels
pottery made it easier to boil grains into digestible foods
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Pottery types from Deh Luran, Iran.Hole, Flannery and Neely, “Prehistory and Human Ecology
Of the Deh Luran Plain: An Early Village Sequence from
Khuzistan, Iran.” Ann Arbor: 1969, fig. 69.
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bandkeramic– “lined pottery," referring to a Neolithic ceramic
ware widely encountered in central Europe and to the culture that produced it
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 427.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 410.
Time line for Ch. 16 Food Production.
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prehistoric decorated pottery vessel from Arizona
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 440.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 410.
Time line for Ch. 16 Food Production.
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Biocultural Consequences: Technology
non-farmers could engage in specialized crafts
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economic system allows individuals to devote full time to occupations like
pottery making basket making metalworking
Classic Maya cylindrical jar with bird motif and glyphs, p. 486.
Prehistoric basketry techniques
(Jean Connor) Mycenaean Royal death mask
of hammered gold, p. 472.
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Biocultural Consequences: Social Relations and Economics
food surplus could be used in times of shortages
excess production served as capital that fostered new socioeconomic transactions
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Biocultural Consequences: Social Relations and Economics
barter and exchange flourished
new social order distinguished landowners and tenant farmers
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Biocultural Consequences: Environment
soil erosion due to plowing, terracing, clear-cutting of forests, and animal grazing
intensive agriculture depleted soil nutrients
many areas remain unproductive thousands of years later
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Biocultural Consequences: Environment
in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, salts carried by irrigation waters slowly poisoned fields
in North Africa, herders allowed animals to overgraze the Sahara grasslands, furthering the development of the world's largest desert
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Biocultural Consequences: Diversity
humans still rely on the seeds of a few grasses, several root crops and a few domesticated fowl and mammals
agricultural scientists are attempting to reestablish some genetic diversity through the introduction of "wild" strains
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Biocultural Consequences: Diet and Health
early food producers faced health risks due to close proximity to domesticated animals– dogs carry rabies– horses carry tetanus– pigs and poultry carry influenza– AIDs was derived from chimpanzees
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Other Important Terms
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symbiosis
– mutually advantageous association of two different organisms
– also known as “mutualism”
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loess– fine-grained soil composed of glacially
pulverized rock, deposited by the wind
http://members.tripod.com/IS335/loess.html
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alluvial– deposited by streams, usually during flood stages
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/deva/galfan.html
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El Niño
– periodic climatic instability, related to temporary warming of Pacific Ocean waters, which may influence storm patterns and precipitation for several years
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To Class Slides Set 33
Next: The First Civilizations
Royal Mycenanean Death Mask