class work watch the video clip and answer the following questions: 1. how did we know about the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Class Work
• Watch the video clip and answer the following questions:1. How did we know about the earth’s interior for so
long?
2. What did scientists begin to use to understand the center of the earth?
3. What do seismic waves measure?
4. What is the inner core made up of?
5. What does the inner core generate for planet Earth?
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What is a Mineral?
• Naturally-formed solid substance with a specific chemical & crystal structure
Pyromorphite
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What do all minerals have in common?
All:1. Are inorganic. Are NOT alive and NEVER were
alive
2. Are formed by natural processes.
3. A crystalline solid that has a definite volume and shape. Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL)
4. Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup
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Groups of Minerals
• Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of.
Amethyst
Beryl (Emerald) Calcite
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Silicates
Contain oxygen & silicaThe most abundant group of minerals
Quartz (SiO2), mica
MICA Quartz
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Non-Silicates
Make up only 4-5% of the Earth’s crustInclude some of the most important minerals
iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies
Silver
GoldRuby Iron
Copper
Diamond
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Carbonates Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium
Calcite (CaCO3)
Calcite with Duftite inclusions
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Oxides Metallic ion and oxygen
Hematite (Fe2)O3
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Sulfides Sulfur and a metallic ion
Galena (PbS)
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Halides Chlorine & fluorine combined with sodium, potassium or calcium
Halite (NaCl)Fluorite (CaF2)
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Sulfates Metallic ion, Sulfur & oxygen
Barite (BaSO4)
Barite on Calcite BaSo4 / CaCO3
BariteBaSo4
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Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Native Elements
Single elements
Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)
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How do minerals form?
• 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle))– Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids)–Medium Cooling = small crystals– Slow Cooling = large crystals
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How do minerals form? Evaporites
• 2) form when elements & compounds remain behind when water evaporates. Dissolved in liquids: usually water. (Think of rock candy.)
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Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Color• Can be misleading• Can vary with the type of impurities
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Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Luster• Surface reflection • metallic = shiny like
metal• non-metallic = dull,
earthy, virteous, non-shiny surface
Pyrite has a metallic luster
Calcite has a non-metallic luster
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Luster Characteristics• Adamantine - very gemmy crystals • Dull - just a non-reflective surface of any kind • Earthy - the look of dirt or dried mud • Fibrous - the look of fibers • Greasy - the look of grease• Gumdrop - the look a sucked on hard candy• Metallic - the look of metals • Pearly - the look of a pearl• Pitchy - the look of tar • Resinous - the look of resins such as dried glue or chewing gum Silky - the
look of silk, similar to fibrous but more compact Submetallic - a poor metallic luster, opaque but reflecting little light
• Vitreous - the most common luster, it simply means the look of glass • Waxy - the look of wax
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Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Streak• The color of the powdered form of
the mineral• The color of the streak can be
different than the mineral• Minerals must be softer than the
streak plate
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Streak…can help identify quartz
http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html
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Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Hardness• How easily a mineral scratches materials• Mohs Hardness Scale
• Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)• Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different
objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)
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Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Cleavage & Fracture– The way the mineral breaks– Cleavage—minerals break along
smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape
– Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges
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Cleavage or Fracture?
1.
4.
3.
2.
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Minerals: More Characteristics
• Taste (ex. Halite)• Fluorescence (ex. Fluorite)• Phosphorescence (ex. Willemite)• Radioactivity (ex. Uraninite)• Double refraction (ex. Calcite)• Magnetism (ex. Magnetite)• Reactivity to acids (ex. Calcite)
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Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Other Properties– Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s
identity)– Attraction to magnets– Bending of light– Reaction with hydrochloric acid– Smell & taste
http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b4.html
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Giant Crystal Caves
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgUFb_l4DLE
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Watch Identifying Minerals Clip
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Answer the following questions in your notebook…
1. How many minerals have scientists discovered?
2. Of them only _______ are the most common minerals.
3. What is the composition of the rock Basalt? (This makes up the dense oceanic crust.)
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