class x ch-2 nelson mandela: long walk to freedom
TRANSCRIPT
1
-Nelson Mandela
ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5
December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary,
political leader and philanthropist who served as President of South
Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state
and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.
Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received
more than 250 honours—including the Nobel Peace Prize—and became
the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within
South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name,
Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation".
SUMMARY:
The Inauguration: 10th May was the day when Nelson Mandela sworn in
as the first black Head of State, South Africa. It was after years of struggle
that his anti-racist party came into power. Until then, the seat had always
been occupied by white Presidents. The ceremony took place in an open
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
2
circular building made of sandstone consisting of Union buildings in the
Pretoria city.
The Swearing-in Ceremony of Nelson Mandela: He was accompanied by
his daughter, Zenani on his big day. First, the two Deputy-Presidents took
oath. Then, when his turn came, he committed to respect, protect and
abide by the Constitution and to devote his entire self into the welfare of
the country.
Display of the Military Power by South African Jets: Just after the newly
elected President‘s address to the audience, an impressive arrangement
of fighter jets, helicopter and soldier transporters raised everyone‘s
heads up in the sky. It symbolised perfection as well as military‘s respect
and obedience towards the free country. Mandela mentions that he was
well aware that these commanders, who were now saluting him, would
have arrested him under the previous rule as during the oppressive white
supremacy, he was considered to be a criminal. The author remembers
the day as the playing of two National Anthems of the country; one of the
whites and the other, that of the blacks. On that day, no one knew the
words of the anthem of the blacks but Mandela was confident that
everyone would soon learn this anthem that they once hated.
Apartheid and South Africa: On the day of the inaugural ceremony, the
author reminisces the days of past when this whole system of apartheid
emerged. The dark-skinned people were deprived of their basic
fundamental rights. This system created an atmosphere of extreme
cruelty and injustice for a particular part of the community. Now he along
with countless others has changed this entire system that treats humans
as humans irrespective of their colour, caste, gender, or age.
Regret and Remembering Freedom Fighters: Nelson Mandela gained his
strength to stand against the wrong from all the great nationalists who
even risked their lives for freedom and tolerated ill treatment, but never
stopped fighting. He learned that ”courage” didn‘t mean the absence of
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
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fear, but the ability to overcome fear. The man who overcomes his fear is
called brave. South Africa, he says, is rich in minerals and gems but its
greatest strength lies in its people. This equal and free country was a
result of sacrifices of countless other men and women who have fought
all their lives for this day. The author wishes if he could thank them all but
unfortunately, they didn‘t live to see the result of their courage. Nelson
Mandela gathered his courage and power from all these people and thus,
wishes to make them proud.
Goodness and Duties of a Man: One is taught by his society to hate
humans because of their skin, colour, age, gender and religion. No one is
inborn with hatred. The author‘s idea is that if people can be taught
hatred, they can also be taught love and brotherhood. In their most
testing times in prison when they were being treated brutally, Mandela
would see a pinch of humanity and kindness in one of the guards and that
was enough to keep him going. He believes that goodness in human
beings can be suppressed but never eliminated.
According to the author, every human being has its responsibility towards
the family and as well as the society. Generally, under normal
circumstances, a person can maintain the balance between the two but in
countries like South Africa, it was never so easy. When a person of colour
would come up for his society, he would be arrested and taken away
from his family, thus keeping them from fulfilling responsibilities. In the
beginning, Mandela did not put his people over his family, but it was only
later when he realised that in order to be there for his people, he was
compromising his duties towards his own family.
Meaning of Freedom by Mandela: Nelson Mandela joined the African
National Congress (ANC) when he realised it is not only him whose basic
rights were snatched away but of all those who looked like him. It was the
knowledge that he and his people had restricted freedom that made him
into a selfless man as opposed to before. According to him, freedom
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
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cannot be divided. Snatching it away from some was equivalent to taking
it away from everyone and that meant taking it away from the author.
He mentions that the need to free the oppressor is as high as that of the
oppressed because the oppressor is bounded by the shackles of hatred.
He has the weight of all the people who he has tormented, for he carries
the curses of all of their families. For taking away someone else‘s freedom
and making him a prisoner, he becomes a prisoner of biasness. Thus, he is
robbed of his humanity and needs to be freed too.
SAMPLE QUESTION:
1. Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:
In life, every man has twin obligations- obligations to his family, to his
parents, to his wife and children; and he has an obligation to his people,
his community, his country. In a civil and humane society, each man is
able to fulfil those obligations according to his own inclinations and
abilities. But in a country like South Africa, it was almost impossible for a
man of my birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligations. In South
Africa, a man of colour who attempted to live as a human being was
punished and isolated. [CBSE 2014]
(a) What are the obligations that every man has in life?
(b) Why was it impossible for a coloured man to discharge his
obligations?
(c) Find the word in the passage which has same meaning as duty‘.
(d) A word synonymous with intentions‘ is ……… in the passage.
1. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all
those African patriots” who had gone before him?
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
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2. Would you agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of
character”? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own
examples to this argument?
ASSIGNMENT:
1. It was not only a display of pinpoint precision and military force, but a
demonstration of military‘s loyalty to democracy, to a new government
that had been freely and fairly elected. Only moments before, the highest
generals of South African defence force and police, their chests bedecked
with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted me and pledged their
loyalty. I was not unmindful of the fact that not so many years before they
would not have saluted but arrested me. Finally a chevron of Impala jets
left a smoke Trail of the black, red, green, blue and gold of the new South
African flag.
(a) What did the highest generals do in the event?
(b) What did the smoke trail of Impala symbolise?
(c) Pick out the word from the passage that means the same as adorned.
(d) ________ is a line or pattern in the shape of V‘ signifying victory.
3. What did Mandela realise about his brothers and sisters? [CBSE 2012]
4. How did Mandela‘s hunger for freedom‘ change his life?
5. What did freedom mean to him in his childhood? [CBSE 2015]
6. What does Mandela mean to say that the oppressor and the oppressed
alike are robbed of their humanity?
7. What did Mandela think for the oppressor and the oppressed? [CBSE
2011]
6
8. Describe the value of freedom for the human beings and how it is
important for the growth of civilisation and humanism as described in the
lesson Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom‘. [CBSE2014]
9. Describe the obligations which the author is talking about and also
describe his feelings for them?
Life Processes Worksheet
2. What are the types of respiration?
3. Explain the process of respiration in roots.
4. Explain the process of respiration in stems.
5. _________ are the sites of aerobic respiration in the cells.
_____.
9. Match the column
10. The deficiency of _______ in the blood of a person reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
resulting in breathing problems, tiredness and lack of energy.
WORKSHEET
Answer the following questions 1.what do you mean by the term electric potential?
2.which device helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor?
3.why are metals good conductor of electricity whereas glass is a bad conductor of electricity?
4.find the amount of work done in moving a charge of 2C across two points having a potential difference 12V.
5.how much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6v battery?
6.what is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1V?
7.Define potential difference.
8.what potential difference is required to do 100J of work to carry a charge of 10C between two points?
10
,
Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/683275#readmore
CBSE Class 10 Syllabus for Social Science – Project Work NoteKindly complete your project work during the lock down periods
1. Every student has to compulsorily undertake any one project on the
following topics:
OR
4- Ozone layer depletion
5- Forms of sustainability
6-Approach to economic planning
10- Sustainability in India
11-Ecological Stability
12Chipko Movement
2. Objective: The overall objective of the project work is to help students
gain insight and pragmatic understanding of the theme and see all the
Social Sc
Science disciplines from an interdisciplinary perspective. It should also
help in enhancing the Life Skills of the students. Students are expected
to apply the Social Science concepts that they have learnt over the years
in order to prepare the project report. If required, students may go out
for collecting data and use different primary and secondary resources to
prepare the project. If possible, various forms of art may be integrated
into the project work.
3. The distribution of marks over different aspects relating to Project
Work is as follows:
S. No. Aspects Marks
analysis
c. Viva Voce 1
4. The projects carried out by the students in different topics should
subsequently be shared among themselves through interactive sessions
such as exhibitions, panel discussions, etc.
5. All documents pertaining to assessment under this activity should be
meticulously maintained by concerned schools. The Project Report
should be handwritten by the students themselves.
6. Records pertaining to projects (internal assessment) of the students
will be maintained for a period of three months from the date of
declaration of result for verification at the discretion of the Board.
Subjudiced cases, if any, or those involving RTI / Grievances may,
however, be retained beyond three months.
PREPARATION AD SUBMISSION OF PROJECT REPORT
At the end of the stipulated term each student will prepare and submit her/his project report. Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission 1. The total length of the project report will be 1520 pages. 2. The project report will be handwritten and credit will be awarded to original drawings, illustrations and creative use of materials. 3. The project report will be presented in a neatly bound simple folder. 4. The project report will be developed in this sequence
- • Cover page showing project title, student information, school and year • List of contents • Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, offices and libraries visited and person who have helped). • Introduction.
• Chapters with suitable headings. • Planning and activities to be done during the project, if any.
7TEACHERS’ REMARKS
b.Aesthetic presentation, visual appeal, expression and neatness____________
c.Content accuracy, creativity, originality, analysis of different perception, performance in the oral/ written tests.________________________________
d.Date of submission_________________________________________ e.Total marks_______________________________________________ f.Overall remarks____________________________________________ g.Teacher’s signature______________________
FEW RESOURCES AND TIPS
Check the link For video of project file on consumer awareness
File 1 https://youtu.be/PbEO0-EdFdw File 2 https://youtu.be/qBeXvRtwjG8
FORMAT OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Name of the teacher) as well as our principal (Name of the principal)who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic (Write the topic name), which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Sample Certificate
CERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT (STUDENT'S NAME) OF CLASS X HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER/HIS SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT ON THE TOPIC "(NAME OF THE PROJECT)" AS PRESCRIBED BY Mr./Mrs. (TEACHERS NAME) Sir/Ma'am, DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2019- 2020 AS PER THE GUIDELINES ISSUES BY CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION - CBSE.
ADD AN INDEX. --------------------------------------------------------------
Project on inflation
Meaning of inflation What is inflation?
Inflation is defined as a rise in the general price level. In other words, prices of many goods and services such as housing, apparel, food, transportation, and fuel must be increasing in order for inflation to occur in the overall economy. If prices of just a few types of goods or services are rising, there isn’t necessarily inflation.
TYPES/FORMS OF INFLATION
https://www.toppr.com/guides/fundamen...
https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.ph...
1. Increase in Money Supply
2. Deficit Financing
8. Indirect Tax
9. Credit Expansion
10. Black Money Effect of Inflation or Problems related to inflation
1. Inflation Hinders the process of growth
2. Adverse effect on the people with fixed Income
3. Increase in the cost of Projects
4. Adverse Impact on Balance of Payments
5. Wage-Price spiral
8. Impact on FDI
9. Speculation and Hoarding Government Policies to check Inflation Price Policy
1. Price Control of Essential Goods.
2. Procurement Price and Support Price Monetary Policy
1. A Check on the supply of Money
3. Decrease in the supply of Credit Fiscal Policy
1. A check on public Expenditure
2. Public Debt
4. Surplus Budget Policy Some General Suggestions to Control Inflation
1. Check on Supply of Money
2. Check on Deficit Financing
3. Increase in agricultural Output
4. Tax on Agricultural Income
5. Distribution through fair Price Shops) --------------------------------------------------------------
Project on UNEMPLOYMENT
Meaning of unemployment
NCERT ECONOMICS BOOK https://iasexamportal.com/ncert-books...
*MOST EXPECTED QUESTIONS OF ECONOMICS FOR CLASS 10* *Chapter one* *Development*
https://youtu.be/RwD68ZVHLT4 *Chapter two* *Sectors of Indian economy*
https://youtu.be/7M7EmqRRsQo *Chapter three* *Money and credit*
https://youtu.be/TEInp88QdzA *Chapter four* *Globalisation* https://youtu.be/QYCPmivyth8
SubjectHistory Ch1The Rise of Nationalism In Europe
NOTES
Napolean
• Gained absolute powers in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.
Civil Code of 1804 / Napoleonic Code
• Equality before the law was established
• Secured the right to property
• Simplified administrative measures
• Abolished feudal system
• Guild restrictions were removed
Napoleon took away political freedom, increased taxes, imposed censorship and forced people to join French army.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
No Nation states were in Europe because of not common identity or culture.
• People residing in different areas spoke different languages.
Example: Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar other half spoke variety → of dialects and in Galicia people spoke Polish.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
• Aristocracy
Numerically a small group.→
• Middle class
New Social class emerged with the growth of towns and emergence of commercial → classes.
Educated class where ideas of nationality gained popularity.→
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all before the law
The end of autocracy and clerical privileges→
A constitution and representative government through parliament.→
• In the economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of stateimposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced the number of currencies to two, and promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.
A New Conservatism after 1815
• Believed that established institutions of state and society should be preserved, with the changes initiated by Napoleon.
Treaty of Vienna (1815)
• Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France
• A series of states created on the French boundary for preventing French expansion in future.
• German confederation was left untouched.
• Main intentions was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.
The Revolutionaries
Acommitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
Giuseppe Mazzini
• A member of the secret society of Carbonari
• Founded Young Italy in Marseellies, Young Europe in Berne.
• Believed in the unification of Italy into a republic.
The Age of Revolutions: 18301848
• In July 1830, Bourbon kings of France were overthrown and a constitutional monarchy was established.
• Belgium broke away from the United kingdoms of the Netherlands.
• Greece which had been a part of the Ottomon Empire since the fifteenth century, struggled for independence.
Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.→
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
• A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
• German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder tried to discovered culture among common people, through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
• In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
• In 1848, the Population of Paris came out on the roads and Louis Philippe was forced to flee and National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
• In 1845, weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
• The revolution was led by educated middle classes who combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
Frankfurt Parliament
• On 18 May 1848, members of political association’s elected 831 representatives who took their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul and drafted a Constitution for the German nation.
• It was opposed by King of Prussia and also lost its social basis as no no rights were given to workers and women.
• It forced the autocratic monarchs to introduce some changes – serfdom and bonded labour was abolished
• Hungarians were granted more autonomy.
Some solved questions 1Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer
Culture also played an important role in the development of nationalism alongwith wars and territorial expansion:
• Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
• The effort of romantic artists and poets was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
• It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
7. Why were 1830s called the years of great economic hardship in Europe ? Give any three reasons. OR "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe". Support the statement with arguments.
Answer
• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
• In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
(Para – 3, Page No. 15)
8. How was the ideology of liberalism allied with National Unity in early 19th century in Europe? Explain in three points.
Answer
The ideology of liberalism allied with Nationalism:
• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law.
• It emphasized on the concept of government by consent.
• It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
• It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
• It emphasized the inviolability of private property.
. Explain the conditions which were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes. How did it end in 1834?
Answer
• There was absence of freedom of markets.
• State imposed various restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Presence of large numbers of states created problems as each had its own currency, and weights and measures.
• Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this involved timeconsuming calculation.
• In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(Para – 4, Page No. 9| Para – 1 and 2, Page No. 10)
2. What happened during the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground? Explain.
Answer
• Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress and to fight for liberty and freedom.
• Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nationstates as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
• Giuseppe Mazzini, a Italian revolutionary founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were likeminded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
• Following his model, secret societies were Setup in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
WORKSHEET5 1Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”.
2Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s.
1Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. (2016 D) 4Name the event that mobalised national feelings among the educated elites across Europe in 1830? 5Who was the following countries who did not attened the congress of Vienna? aBriatain bRussia cPrussia dSwitzerland 6Which congress was held in 1815 ? By whom was it hosted ? 7What was the result of July 1830 revolution in France ? 8Who was Lord Byron ? What was his contribution in the Greek war of independence? 9What was Romanticism ? 10What was contribution of Karol Kurpinski in the freedom struggle of Poland ? 11Give one reason for the great economic hardship in Europe in the 1830s. 12Who were Grimm brothers ? Why did they collect folktales
13What happened in 1848 revolution in France?
14What was zollverein ? Why was it introduced ? Describe its advantages ? How did it strengthen nationalist sentiments in German states ?
ASSIGNMENT COMPILE ALL YOUR NOTES AND WORKSHEET TOPIC WISE GIVEN IN EACH CLASS .
IT SHOULD BE NEATLY WRITTEN..
TAKE SCREEN SHOT OF YOUR COMPLETED WORK AND MAIL ME TO THE LINK BELOW.
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40
Geography Lesson No. 1
Resources and Development Summary : 1. Resource Planning in India : It involves :
1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. 2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up far implementing resource development plans. 3. Matching the resources development plans with over all national development
plans. 2. Land use Pattern in India :
- Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km. - Land use data however is available only for 93% of the total area because the
land use reporting far most of the North-East States except Assam has not been done fully.
- Some area of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.
- The land under permanent pasture has also decreased. - Fallow land - left without cultivation far one or less than one agricultural year. - Net sown area total -total area sown in an agricultural year. - More net sown area in Punjab and Haryana. - Less net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman
Nicobar Islands. - National Forest Policy in India in 1952. - Waste land includes rocky, Arid and desert area and land put to other non
agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. - Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate
measures to conserve and manage it. Answer the following questions : 1. What are the three stages of resource planning? Describe it. 2. Why land use data is not available for whole country? 3. Why land is decreasing under permanent pastures? 4. What is net sown area? Which areas of India has more net sown area? 5. Describe waste land. 6. Describe two major causes of land degradation in India?
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Chapter-2
Civics
Stay home stay safe
(iv) Concept of purchasing power parity.
What Development Promises – Different Peoples, Different Goals
1. Different people can have different developmental goals
2. What may be development for one may not be development for the other person. It may
even be destructive for the other.
For example-a girl from a rich urban family gets as much freedom as her brother and is
able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
Income and Other Goals
People want more income. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. However, the quality of our life also depends on non-
material things such as equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. For
development, people look at a mix of goals. The developmental goals are not only about
better income but also about other important things in life.
Some companies provide less salary but offer regular employment which enhances sense
of securities.
In other cases, some companies provide high salary but offer no job securities. They
reduce sense of securities.
National Development
Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s
development.
National development refers to ability of a nation to improve standard of living of its
citizens.
Standards of living of citizens depend upon per capita income, Gross Domestic Product,
literacy rate and availability of health etc.These factors are also consider as measure of
improvement.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. As different
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average
person earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.
Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also called
per capita income.
Average Income = Total Income of Country / Total Population of Country
In World Development Reports, per capita income is used in classifying countries.
1. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are
called rich countries.
2. Countries with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. Eg:
India.
Income and Other Criteria
When we think of a nation or a region, besides average income, public facilities are equally
significant attributes.
→ For achieving development goal of people, people not only want better income, they also wan
non-material thing like, freedom, security, and respect of others.
→ For development of a nation average income or per capital income is needed.
Per Capita income of selected states
As per table, Maharashtra had got top most position with 1, 01,314 per capital income. Whereas,
Bihar got bottom position with 23,435 per capital income. It means a person in Maharashtra
earned Rs 1, 01,314 in one year. Whereas, a person in Bihar earned only Rs 23,435 in one year.
So, Maharashtra is more developed country than Bihar with 1, 01,314 per capital income.
State
→ Development of a nation is also depended upon literacy rate.
• In this table, the first columns shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 12 died before
completing one year of age but in Maharashtra , out of 1000 children born, 25 died before
completing one year of age and in Bihar out of 1000 children born, 44 died before completing
one year of age. The last columns shows that in Kerala, 78 children out of 100 aged 14-15 are
not attending school beyond Class 8.Which is greater than Maharashtra and Bihar.
Public Facilities
→ Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facility like schools,
hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.
State Per Capita Income for 2011-12(in Rs.)
Maharashtra
Kerala
Bihar
1,01,314
83,725
23,435
→ As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but Kerala has a
low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution System which
provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
→ We need public facility because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We cannot
able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations. Scientists have been warning that
the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable. Some of the examples
are:
Overuse of ground water
Exhaustion of natural resources
For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon
based originally designed fuel for the quantity how much we needed.
Some renewable resources like groundwater will take long time for replenished. So,
we should u that resource in finite quantity.
Infant Mortality Ratio: Infant Mortality Ratio indicates the number of children who die
before the age of one year, as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular
year.
Literacy Rate: Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and
above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years
who attend school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
NCERT Solved Questions/Answers
Page No 16
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by
a. its per capita income
b. its average literacy level
c. health status of its people
d. all the above
Answer: d. all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms
of human development than India?
a. Bangladesh
Answer: b. Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of
these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and
Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
a. Rs 7500
b. Rs 3000
c. Rs 2000
d. Rs 6000
14000+x = 5000 × 4
x = 20000-14000
x = 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer: World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different countries.
The per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by
the population of the country. For the year 2017, the countries with per capita
income of US $12,056 per annum were declared rich countries and the countries
with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
The limitations of the criterion are:
1. Other important factors including literacy rate, infant mortality rate,
healthcare are ignored while classifying the countries.
2. Information about the unequal distribution of income is not mentioned by
The World Bank
3. The economy of the country cannot determine the development of the
country.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development
different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World
Bank because
UNDP compares countries based on the educational level of the people, their
health status and per capita income. This is in contrast with the method used by the
World Bank because the World Bank only calculates the per capita income for
measuring development.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with
your own examples related to development.
Answer: Different countries have a different population, so calculating the average
helps in getting an estimated answer which can be used to compare different things
at different levels. There are limitations of calculating averages because we cannot
know the difference in the income of the people and the unfair distribution of
income in a country or state.
For example, if we calculate the per capita income of two countries A and B with 5
people each, the salary of five people in country A is Rs.23,000, Rs.22,000,
Rs.23,500, Rs.28,000 and Rs.25,000 and the income of people living in country B
are Rs.1,50,000, Rs. 22,000, Rs.50,000, Rs.4000, Rs.2500. The average income of
country A will be Rs.24,300 and that of country B will be Rs.45,700. This proves
that the average of country B is higher than that of country A, and yet there is a
disparity in the income distribution of country B and the income is evenly
distributed in country A.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking
than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should
not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer: Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development
ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and
should not be used to compare states. This is true because the literacy rate, infant
mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc are better in Kerala in comparison to
Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average
income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What
could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer: The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood,
coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. The other possibilities fifty years from
now can be using solar energy and wind energy as a source for various energy
forms. This is because the current usage of sources of energy may result in loss of
these resources for future generations.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer: Sustainable development refers to using natural resources in a manner so
that they can be used by the present and future generations. The issue of
sustainability is important for development because if the natural resources are not
used carefully, they may not be available for future generations. The depleting
resources of a country may ultimately result in a lack of development of the
country.
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to
satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the
discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer: Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country, but
is also dependent on resources that are available for the people of a country to use.
The statement: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person” is completely relevant in terms of
the development of a country because natural resources are non-renewable
resources and it is the responsibility of the people to use them only meet their
needs and to satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used wisely now, the
future generations may not be able to use them for their needs, which will result in
the downfall of development of a country.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around you.
Answer: A few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe
around us are:
1. Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles.
2. Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water
bodies
5. Soil Erosion
The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming and
depletion of glaciers and the atmospheric conditions.
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top
and which is at the bottom.
Answer: As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all the four categories. It has the
highest Gross National Income, Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling
of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world. Nepal has the lowest
Gross National Income among the given countries. Pakistan has the least Life
Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world among the given
countries. Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above is the lowest for
Myanmar and Nepal.
13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose
BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of
various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following
questions.
All States 20 23
(i)Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Answer: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional
level of people in Madhya Pradesh.
(ii)Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are
undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country?
Describe in your own words.
Answer: One-fifth of the population in the country are undernourished even
though it is argued that there is enough food in the country because of the
following reasons:
1. The disparity in the distribution of food grains by Public Distribution
System (PDS)
2. Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
3. Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of
which people cannot afford the basic necessity of food.
4. There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed price stores.
Important Links
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Q1. Why do different persons have different notions of development ?
Q2. What is average income of a country ?
Q3. How is the development of a country determined ?
Q4 Why is for comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful
measure?
II. Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Why is literacy essential for economic development ? Explain.
Q2. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of
development?
Q3. Write the importance of human development index in three points.
III. Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. What do you mean by public facilities ? Why are they important ? Name two
public facilities available in India.
Q2. What is Sustainable Development? Why is the issue of sustainability important
for development? Explain.
Q3. What are the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
ICT WORKSHEET
Worksheet:
1. What is the difference between 3G and 4G? 2. Write the full form of SIM. 3. What do you mean by GPRS? 4. Define video conferencing. 5. Rashmi has to send an email to Raees. She also wants to send the
same e-mail to Vandana but does not want Raees to know about it. Which option out of ‘cc’ or ‘bcc’ should Rashmi use to enter the email address of Vandana?
6. Write any one application each of e-Governance and e-commerce.
CBSE Class 10 Syllabus for Social Science – Project Work
-Nelson Mandela
ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5
December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary,
political leader and philanthropist who served as President of South
Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state
and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.
Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received
more than 250 honours—including the Nobel Peace Prize—and became
the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within
South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name,
Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation".
SUMMARY:
The Inauguration: 10th May was the day when Nelson Mandela sworn in
as the first black Head of State, South Africa. It was after years of struggle
that his anti-racist party came into power. Until then, the seat had always
been occupied by white Presidents. The ceremony took place in an open
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
2
circular building made of sandstone consisting of Union buildings in the
Pretoria city.
The Swearing-in Ceremony of Nelson Mandela: He was accompanied by
his daughter, Zenani on his big day. First, the two Deputy-Presidents took
oath. Then, when his turn came, he committed to respect, protect and
abide by the Constitution and to devote his entire self into the welfare of
the country.
Display of the Military Power by South African Jets: Just after the newly
elected President‘s address to the audience, an impressive arrangement
of fighter jets, helicopter and soldier transporters raised everyone‘s
heads up in the sky. It symbolised perfection as well as military‘s respect
and obedience towards the free country. Mandela mentions that he was
well aware that these commanders, who were now saluting him, would
have arrested him under the previous rule as during the oppressive white
supremacy, he was considered to be a criminal. The author remembers
the day as the playing of two National Anthems of the country; one of the
whites and the other, that of the blacks. On that day, no one knew the
words of the anthem of the blacks but Mandela was confident that
everyone would soon learn this anthem that they once hated.
Apartheid and South Africa: On the day of the inaugural ceremony, the
author reminisces the days of past when this whole system of apartheid
emerged. The dark-skinned people were deprived of their basic
fundamental rights. This system created an atmosphere of extreme
cruelty and injustice for a particular part of the community. Now he along
with countless others has changed this entire system that treats humans
as humans irrespective of their colour, caste, gender, or age.
Regret and Remembering Freedom Fighters: Nelson Mandela gained his
strength to stand against the wrong from all the great nationalists who
even risked their lives for freedom and tolerated ill treatment, but never
stopped fighting. He learned that ”courage” didn‘t mean the absence of
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
3
fear, but the ability to overcome fear. The man who overcomes his fear is
called brave. South Africa, he says, is rich in minerals and gems but its
greatest strength lies in its people. This equal and free country was a
result of sacrifices of countless other men and women who have fought
all their lives for this day. The author wishes if he could thank them all but
unfortunately, they didn‘t live to see the result of their courage. Nelson
Mandela gathered his courage and power from all these people and thus,
wishes to make them proud.
Goodness and Duties of a Man: One is taught by his society to hate
humans because of their skin, colour, age, gender and religion. No one is
inborn with hatred. The author‘s idea is that if people can be taught
hatred, they can also be taught love and brotherhood. In their most
testing times in prison when they were being treated brutally, Mandela
would see a pinch of humanity and kindness in one of the guards and that
was enough to keep him going. He believes that goodness in human
beings can be suppressed but never eliminated.
According to the author, every human being has its responsibility towards
the family and as well as the society. Generally, under normal
circumstances, a person can maintain the balance between the two but in
countries like South Africa, it was never so easy. When a person of colour
would come up for his society, he would be arrested and taken away
from his family, thus keeping them from fulfilling responsibilities. In the
beginning, Mandela did not put his people over his family, but it was only
later when he realised that in order to be there for his people, he was
compromising his duties towards his own family.
Meaning of Freedom by Mandela: Nelson Mandela joined the African
National Congress (ANC) when he realised it is not only him whose basic
rights were snatched away but of all those who looked like him. It was the
knowledge that he and his people had restricted freedom that made him
into a selfless man as opposed to before. According to him, freedom
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
4
cannot be divided. Snatching it away from some was equivalent to taking
it away from everyone and that meant taking it away from the author.
He mentions that the need to free the oppressor is as high as that of the
oppressed because the oppressor is bounded by the shackles of hatred.
He has the weight of all the people who he has tormented, for he carries
the curses of all of their families. For taking away someone else‘s freedom
and making him a prisoner, he becomes a prisoner of biasness. Thus, he is
robbed of his humanity and needs to be freed too.
SAMPLE QUESTION:
1. Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:
In life, every man has twin obligations- obligations to his family, to his
parents, to his wife and children; and he has an obligation to his people,
his community, his country. In a civil and humane society, each man is
able to fulfil those obligations according to his own inclinations and
abilities. But in a country like South Africa, it was almost impossible for a
man of my birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligations. In South
Africa, a man of colour who attempted to live as a human being was
punished and isolated. [CBSE 2014]
(a) What are the obligations that every man has in life?
(b) Why was it impossible for a coloured man to discharge his
obligations?
(c) Find the word in the passage which has same meaning as duty‘.
(d) A word synonymous with intentions‘ is ……… in the passage.
1. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all
those African patriots” who had gone before him?
Class X Ch-2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
5
2. Would you agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of
character”? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own
examples to this argument?
ASSIGNMENT:
1. It was not only a display of pinpoint precision and military force, but a
demonstration of military‘s loyalty to democracy, to a new government
that had been freely and fairly elected. Only moments before, the highest
generals of South African defence force and police, their chests bedecked
with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted me and pledged their
loyalty. I was not unmindful of the fact that not so many years before they
would not have saluted but arrested me. Finally a chevron of Impala jets
left a smoke Trail of the black, red, green, blue and gold of the new South
African flag.
(a) What did the highest generals do in the event?
(b) What did the smoke trail of Impala symbolise?
(c) Pick out the word from the passage that means the same as adorned.
(d) ________ is a line or pattern in the shape of V‘ signifying victory.
3. What did Mandela realise about his brothers and sisters? [CBSE 2012]
4. How did Mandela‘s hunger for freedom‘ change his life?
5. What did freedom mean to him in his childhood? [CBSE 2015]
6. What does Mandela mean to say that the oppressor and the oppressed
alike are robbed of their humanity?
7. What did Mandela think for the oppressor and the oppressed? [CBSE
2011]
6
8. Describe the value of freedom for the human beings and how it is
important for the growth of civilisation and humanism as described in the
lesson Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom‘. [CBSE2014]
9. Describe the obligations which the author is talking about and also
describe his feelings for them?
Life Processes Worksheet
2. What are the types of respiration?
3. Explain the process of respiration in roots.
4. Explain the process of respiration in stems.
5. _________ are the sites of aerobic respiration in the cells.
_____.
9. Match the column
10. The deficiency of _______ in the blood of a person reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
resulting in breathing problems, tiredness and lack of energy.
WORKSHEET
Answer the following questions 1.what do you mean by the term electric potential?
2.which device helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor?
3.why are metals good conductor of electricity whereas glass is a bad conductor of electricity?
4.find the amount of work done in moving a charge of 2C across two points having a potential difference 12V.
5.how much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6v battery?
6.what is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1V?
7.Define potential difference.
8.what potential difference is required to do 100J of work to carry a charge of 10C between two points?
10
,
Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/683275#readmore
CBSE Class 10 Syllabus for Social Science – Project Work NoteKindly complete your project work during the lock down periods
1. Every student has to compulsorily undertake any one project on the
following topics:
OR
4- Ozone layer depletion
5- Forms of sustainability
6-Approach to economic planning
10- Sustainability in India
11-Ecological Stability
12Chipko Movement
2. Objective: The overall objective of the project work is to help students
gain insight and pragmatic understanding of the theme and see all the
Social Sc
Science disciplines from an interdisciplinary perspective. It should also
help in enhancing the Life Skills of the students. Students are expected
to apply the Social Science concepts that they have learnt over the years
in order to prepare the project report. If required, students may go out
for collecting data and use different primary and secondary resources to
prepare the project. If possible, various forms of art may be integrated
into the project work.
3. The distribution of marks over different aspects relating to Project
Work is as follows:
S. No. Aspects Marks
analysis
c. Viva Voce 1
4. The projects carried out by the students in different topics should
subsequently be shared among themselves through interactive sessions
such as exhibitions, panel discussions, etc.
5. All documents pertaining to assessment under this activity should be
meticulously maintained by concerned schools. The Project Report
should be handwritten by the students themselves.
6. Records pertaining to projects (internal assessment) of the students
will be maintained for a period of three months from the date of
declaration of result for verification at the discretion of the Board.
Subjudiced cases, if any, or those involving RTI / Grievances may,
however, be retained beyond three months.
PREPARATION AD SUBMISSION OF PROJECT REPORT
At the end of the stipulated term each student will prepare and submit her/his project report. Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission 1. The total length of the project report will be 1520 pages. 2. The project report will be handwritten and credit will be awarded to original drawings, illustrations and creative use of materials. 3. The project report will be presented in a neatly bound simple folder. 4. The project report will be developed in this sequence
- • Cover page showing project title, student information, school and year • List of contents • Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, offices and libraries visited and person who have helped). • Introduction.
• Chapters with suitable headings. • Planning and activities to be done during the project, if any.
7TEACHERS’ REMARKS
b.Aesthetic presentation, visual appeal, expression and neatness____________
c.Content accuracy, creativity, originality, analysis of different perception, performance in the oral/ written tests.________________________________
d.Date of submission_________________________________________ e.Total marks_______________________________________________ f.Overall remarks____________________________________________ g.Teacher’s signature______________________
FEW RESOURCES AND TIPS
Check the link For video of project file on consumer awareness
File 1 https://youtu.be/PbEO0-EdFdw File 2 https://youtu.be/qBeXvRtwjG8
FORMAT OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Name of the teacher) as well as our principal (Name of the principal)who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic (Write the topic name), which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Sample Certificate
CERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT (STUDENT'S NAME) OF CLASS X HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER/HIS SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT ON THE TOPIC "(NAME OF THE PROJECT)" AS PRESCRIBED BY Mr./Mrs. (TEACHERS NAME) Sir/Ma'am, DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2019- 2020 AS PER THE GUIDELINES ISSUES BY CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION - CBSE.
ADD AN INDEX. --------------------------------------------------------------
Project on inflation
Meaning of inflation What is inflation?
Inflation is defined as a rise in the general price level. In other words, prices of many goods and services such as housing, apparel, food, transportation, and fuel must be increasing in order for inflation to occur in the overall economy. If prices of just a few types of goods or services are rising, there isn’t necessarily inflation.
TYPES/FORMS OF INFLATION
https://www.toppr.com/guides/fundamen...
https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.ph...
1. Increase in Money Supply
2. Deficit Financing
8. Indirect Tax
9. Credit Expansion
10. Black Money Effect of Inflation or Problems related to inflation
1. Inflation Hinders the process of growth
2. Adverse effect on the people with fixed Income
3. Increase in the cost of Projects
4. Adverse Impact on Balance of Payments
5. Wage-Price spiral
8. Impact on FDI
9. Speculation and Hoarding Government Policies to check Inflation Price Policy
1. Price Control of Essential Goods.
2. Procurement Price and Support Price Monetary Policy
1. A Check on the supply of Money
3. Decrease in the supply of Credit Fiscal Policy
1. A check on public Expenditure
2. Public Debt
4. Surplus Budget Policy Some General Suggestions to Control Inflation
1. Check on Supply of Money
2. Check on Deficit Financing
3. Increase in agricultural Output
4. Tax on Agricultural Income
5. Distribution through fair Price Shops) --------------------------------------------------------------
Project on UNEMPLOYMENT
Meaning of unemployment
NCERT ECONOMICS BOOK https://iasexamportal.com/ncert-books...
*MOST EXPECTED QUESTIONS OF ECONOMICS FOR CLASS 10* *Chapter one* *Development*
https://youtu.be/RwD68ZVHLT4 *Chapter two* *Sectors of Indian economy*
https://youtu.be/7M7EmqRRsQo *Chapter three* *Money and credit*
https://youtu.be/TEInp88QdzA *Chapter four* *Globalisation* https://youtu.be/QYCPmivyth8
SubjectHistory Ch1The Rise of Nationalism In Europe
NOTES
Napolean
• Gained absolute powers in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.
Civil Code of 1804 / Napoleonic Code
• Equality before the law was established
• Secured the right to property
• Simplified administrative measures
• Abolished feudal system
• Guild restrictions were removed
Napoleon took away political freedom, increased taxes, imposed censorship and forced people to join French army.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
No Nation states were in Europe because of not common identity or culture.
• People residing in different areas spoke different languages.
Example: Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar other half spoke variety → of dialects and in Galicia people spoke Polish.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
• Aristocracy
Numerically a small group.→
• Middle class
New Social class emerged with the growth of towns and emergence of commercial → classes.
Educated class where ideas of nationality gained popularity.→
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all before the law
The end of autocracy and clerical privileges→
A constitution and representative government through parliament.→
• In the economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of stateimposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced the number of currencies to two, and promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.
A New Conservatism after 1815
• Believed that established institutions of state and society should be preserved, with the changes initiated by Napoleon.
Treaty of Vienna (1815)
• Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France
• A series of states created on the French boundary for preventing French expansion in future.
• German confederation was left untouched.
• Main intentions was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.
The Revolutionaries
Acommitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
Giuseppe Mazzini
• A member of the secret society of Carbonari
• Founded Young Italy in Marseellies, Young Europe in Berne.
• Believed in the unification of Italy into a republic.
The Age of Revolutions: 18301848
• In July 1830, Bourbon kings of France were overthrown and a constitutional monarchy was established.
• Belgium broke away from the United kingdoms of the Netherlands.
• Greece which had been a part of the Ottomon Empire since the fifteenth century, struggled for independence.
Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.→
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
• A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
• German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder tried to discovered culture among common people, through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
• In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
• In 1848, the Population of Paris came out on the roads and Louis Philippe was forced to flee and National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
• In 1845, weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
• The revolution was led by educated middle classes who combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
Frankfurt Parliament
• On 18 May 1848, members of political association’s elected 831 representatives who took their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul and drafted a Constitution for the German nation.
• It was opposed by King of Prussia and also lost its social basis as no no rights were given to workers and women.
• It forced the autocratic monarchs to introduce some changes – serfdom and bonded labour was abolished
• Hungarians were granted more autonomy.
Some solved questions 1Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer
Culture also played an important role in the development of nationalism alongwith wars and territorial expansion:
• Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
• The effort of romantic artists and poets was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
• It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
7. Why were 1830s called the years of great economic hardship in Europe ? Give any three reasons. OR "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe". Support the statement with arguments.
Answer
• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
• In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
(Para – 3, Page No. 15)
8. How was the ideology of liberalism allied with National Unity in early 19th century in Europe? Explain in three points.
Answer
The ideology of liberalism allied with Nationalism:
• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law.
• It emphasized on the concept of government by consent.
• It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
• It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
• It emphasized the inviolability of private property.
. Explain the conditions which were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes. How did it end in 1834?
Answer
• There was absence of freedom of markets.
• State imposed various restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Presence of large numbers of states created problems as each had its own currency, and weights and measures.
• Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this involved timeconsuming calculation.
• In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
(Para – 4, Page No. 9| Para – 1 and 2, Page No. 10)
2. What happened during the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground? Explain.
Answer
• Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress and to fight for liberty and freedom.
• Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nationstates as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
• Giuseppe Mazzini, a Italian revolutionary founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were likeminded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
• Following his model, secret societies were Setup in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
WORKSHEET5 1Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”.
2Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s.
1Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. (2016 D) 4Name the event that mobalised national feelings among the educated elites across Europe in 1830? 5Who was the following countries who did not attened the congress of Vienna? aBriatain bRussia cPrussia dSwitzerland 6Which congress was held in 1815 ? By whom was it hosted ? 7What was the result of July 1830 revolution in France ? 8Who was Lord Byron ? What was his contribution in the Greek war of independence? 9What was Romanticism ? 10What was contribution of Karol Kurpinski in the freedom struggle of Poland ? 11Give one reason for the great economic hardship in Europe in the 1830s. 12Who were Grimm brothers ? Why did they collect folktales
13What happened in 1848 revolution in France?
14What was zollverein ? Why was it introduced ? Describe its advantages ? How did it strengthen nationalist sentiments in German states ?
ASSIGNMENT COMPILE ALL YOUR NOTES AND WORKSHEET TOPIC WISE GIVEN IN EACH CLASS .
IT SHOULD BE NEATLY WRITTEN..
TAKE SCREEN SHOT OF YOUR COMPLETED WORK AND MAIL ME TO THE LINK BELOW.
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40
Geography Lesson No. 1
Resources and Development Summary : 1. Resource Planning in India : It involves :
1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. 2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up far implementing resource development plans. 3. Matching the resources development plans with over all national development
plans. 2. Land use Pattern in India :
- Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km. - Land use data however is available only for 93% of the total area because the
land use reporting far most of the North-East States except Assam has not been done fully.
- Some area of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.
- The land under permanent pasture has also decreased. - Fallow land - left without cultivation far one or less than one agricultural year. - Net sown area total -total area sown in an agricultural year. - More net sown area in Punjab and Haryana. - Less net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman
Nicobar Islands. - National Forest Policy in India in 1952. - Waste land includes rocky, Arid and desert area and land put to other non
agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. - Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate
measures to conserve and manage it. Answer the following questions : 1. What are the three stages of resource planning? Describe it. 2. Why land use data is not available for whole country? 3. Why land is decreasing under permanent pastures? 4. What is net sown area? Which areas of India has more net sown area? 5. Describe waste land. 6. Describe two major causes of land degradation in India?
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Chapter-2
Civics
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(iv) Concept of purchasing power parity.
What Development Promises – Different Peoples, Different Goals
1. Different people can have different developmental goals
2. What may be development for one may not be development for the other person. It may
even be destructive for the other.
For example-a girl from a rich urban family gets as much freedom as her brother and is
able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
Income and Other Goals
People want more income. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. However, the quality of our life also depends on non-
material things such as equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. For
development, people look at a mix of goals. The developmental goals are not only about
better income but also about other important things in life.
Some companies provide less salary but offer regular employment which enhances sense
of securities.
In other cases, some companies provide high salary but offer no job securities. They
reduce sense of securities.
National Development
Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s
development.
National development refers to ability of a nation to improve standard of living of its
citizens.
Standards of living of citizens depend upon per capita income, Gross Domestic Product,
literacy rate and availability of health etc.These factors are also consider as measure of
improvement.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. As different
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average
person earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.
Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also called
per capita income.
Average Income = Total Income of Country / Total Population of Country
In World Development Reports, per capita income is used in classifying countries.
1. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are
called rich countries.
2. Countries with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. Eg:
India.
Income and Other Criteria
When we think of a nation or a region, besides average income, public facilities are equally
significant attributes.
→ For achieving development goal of people, people not only want better income, they also wan
non-material thing like, freedom, security, and respect of others.
→ For development of a nation average income or per capital income is needed.
Per Capita income of selected states
As per table, Maharashtra had got top most position with 1, 01,314 per capital income. Whereas,
Bihar got bottom position with 23,435 per capital income. It means a person in Maharashtra
earned Rs 1, 01,314 in one year. Whereas, a person in Bihar earned only Rs 23,435 in one year.
So, Maharashtra is more developed country than Bihar with 1, 01,314 per capital income.
State
→ Development of a nation is also depended upon literacy rate.
• In this table, the first columns shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 12 died before
completing one year of age but in Maharashtra , out of 1000 children born, 25 died before
completing one year of age and in Bihar out of 1000 children born, 44 died before completing
one year of age. The last columns shows that in Kerala, 78 children out of 100 aged 14-15 are
not attending school beyond Class 8.Which is greater than Maharashtra and Bihar.
Public Facilities
→ Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facility like schools,
hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.
State Per Capita Income for 2011-12(in Rs.)
Maharashtra
Kerala
Bihar
1,01,314
83,725
23,435
→ As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but Kerala has a
low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution System which
provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
→ We need public facility because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We cannot
able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations. Scientists have been warning that
the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable. Some of the examples
are:
Overuse of ground water
Exhaustion of natural resources
For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon
based originally designed fuel for the quantity how much we needed.
Some renewable resources like groundwater will take long time for replenished. So,
we should u that resource in finite quantity.
Infant Mortality Ratio: Infant Mortality Ratio indicates the number of children who die
before the age of one year, as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular
year.
Literacy Rate: Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and
above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years
who attend school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
NCERT Solved Questions/Answers
Page No 16
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by
a. its per capita income
b. its average literacy level
c. health status of its people
d. all the above
Answer: d. all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms
of human development than India?
a. Bangladesh
Answer: b. Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of
these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and
Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
a. Rs 7500
b. Rs 3000
c. Rs 2000
d. Rs 6000
14000+x = 5000 × 4
x = 20000-14000
x = 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer: World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different countries.
The per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by
the population of the country. For the year 2017, the countries with per capita
income of US $12,056 per annum were declared rich countries and the countries
with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
The limitations of the criterion are:
1. Other important factors including literacy rate, infant mortality rate,
healthcare are ignored while classifying the countries.
2. Information about the unequal distribution of income is not mentioned by
The World Bank
3. The economy of the country cannot determine the development of the
country.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development
different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World
Bank because
UNDP compares countries based on the educational level of the people, their
health status and per capita income. This is in contrast with the method used by the
World Bank because the World Bank only calculates the per capita income for
measuring development.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with
your own examples related to development.
Answer: Different countries have a different population, so calculating the average
helps in getting an estimated answer which can be used to compare different things
at different levels. There are limitations of calculating averages because we cannot
know the difference in the income of the people and the unfair distribution of
income in a country or state.
For example, if we calculate the per capita income of two countries A and B with 5
people each, the salary of five people in country A is Rs.23,000, Rs.22,000,
Rs.23,500, Rs.28,000 and Rs.25,000 and the income of people living in country B
are Rs.1,50,000, Rs. 22,000, Rs.50,000, Rs.4000, Rs.2500. The average income of
country A will be Rs.24,300 and that of country B will be Rs.45,700. This proves
that the average of country B is higher than that of country A, and yet there is a
disparity in the income distribution of country B and the income is evenly
distributed in country A.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking
than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should
not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer: Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development
ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and
should not be used to compare states. This is true because the literacy rate, infant
mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc are better in Kerala in comparison to
Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average
income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What
could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer: The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood,
coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. The other possibilities fifty years from
now can be using solar energy and wind energy as a source for various energy
forms. This is because the current usage of sources of energy may result in loss of
these resources for future generations.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer: Sustainable development refers to using natural resources in a manner so
that they can be used by the present and future generations. The issue of
sustainability is important for development because if the natural resources are not
used carefully, they may not be available for future generations. The depleting
resources of a country may ultimately result in a lack of development of the
country.
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to
satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the
discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer: Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country, but
is also dependent on resources that are available for the people of a country to use.
The statement: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person” is completely relevant in terms of
the development of a country because natural resources are non-renewable
resources and it is the responsibility of the people to use them only meet their
needs and to satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used wisely now, the
future generations may not be able to use them for their needs, which will result in
the downfall of development of a country.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around you.
Answer: A few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe
around us are:
1. Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles.
2. Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water
bodies
5. Soil Erosion
The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming and
depletion of glaciers and the atmospheric conditions.
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top
and which is at the bottom.
Answer: As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all the four categories. It has the
highest Gross National Income, Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling
of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world. Nepal has the lowest
Gross National Income among the given countries. Pakistan has the least Life
Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world among the given
countries. Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above is the lowest for
Myanmar and Nepal.
13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose
BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of
various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following
questions.
All States 20 23
(i)Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Answer: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional
level of people in Madhya Pradesh.
(ii)Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are
undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country?
Describe in your own words.
Answer: One-fifth of the population in the country are undernourished even
though it is argued that there is enough food in the country because of the
following reasons:
1. The disparity in the distribution of food grains by Public Distribution
System (PDS)
2. Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
3. Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of
which people cannot afford the basic necessity of food.
4. There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed price stores.
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Q1. Why do different persons have different notions of development ?
Q2. What is average income of a country ?
Q3. How is the development of a country determined ?
Q4 Why is for comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful
measure?
II. Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Why is literacy essential for economic development ? Explain.
Q2. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of
development?
Q3. Write the importance of human development index in three points.
III. Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. What do you mean by public facilities ? Why are they important ? Name two
public facilities available in India.
Q2. What is Sustainable Development? Why is the issue of sustainability important
for development? Explain.
Q3. What are the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
ICT WORKSHEET
Worksheet:
1. What is the difference between 3G and 4G? 2. Write the full form of SIM. 3. What do you mean by GPRS? 4. Define video conferencing. 5. Rashmi has to send an email to Raees. She also wants to send the
same e-mail to Vandana but does not want Raees to know about it. Which option out of ‘cc’ or ‘bcc’ should Rashmi use to enter the email address of Vandana?
6. Write any one application each of e-Governance and e-commerce.
CBSE Class 10 Syllabus for Social Science – Project Work