class%4%currentweather%paoc.mit.edu/synoptic/courses/12.310/assign4/... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Class 4 Current Weather
Intro to Satellites
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There are two main types of weather satellites… Polar orbi5ng • Orbit longitudinally • Pass over the poles • Al;tude ~ 850km
• Great detail of meteorological and non-‐met. features
• Only capture a few images of a par;cular loca;on per day
Geosta5onary • Orbit directly over equator; sta;onary w.r.t. Earth • More images/day
• 36,000 km al;tude – less detail • US has two: GOES-‐E and GEOS-‐W
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There are two main types of weather satellites… Polar orbi5ng • Orbit longitudinally • Pass directly over the poles • Al;tude ~ 850km
• Great detail of meteorological and non-‐met. Features
• Only capture a few images of a par;cular loca;on per day
Geosta5onary • Orbit directly over equator; sta;onary w.r.t. Earth • More images/day
• 36,000 km al;tude – less detail • US has two: GOES-‐E and GOES-‐W
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(Polar-‐orbi;ng) (Geosta;onary)
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In meteorology, the 3 channels of GOES we use the most are:
1. Visible (VIS)
2. Infrared (IR)
3. Water vapor (WV)
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Visible satellite imagery… …senses reflected solar radia;on (visible light) …approximates the albedo (reflec;vity) of objects • shiny things " bright white (thick clouds, ice sheets)
• less shiny things " not as white/light grays (wispy clouds)
• not shiny things " dark grays (land, water)
…can’t be used at night
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Blowing desert sand: link Smoke from forest fires: link Fog: link Developing thunderstorms: link Clouds or snow?: link
Cool things to see on visible satellite imagery…
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Infrared Satellite Imagery
• Senses infrared energy emibed upward by ground, clouds, etc.
• Objects emit infrared energy according to their temperature – Higher in the atmosphere = colder – Closer to the surface = warmer
• Brightest whites = high clouds • White or light gray = clouds, snow • Dark gray or black = land, water
Images may be colorized to show more detail
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Things to see on IR satellite imagery…
Thunderstorm development: link Arc;c airmass moving over snow-‐covered ground: link Hurricanes vs. midla;tude cyclones: link In this class, we’ll mostly just use this to look for clouds: link " Feb. 2013 Nor’easter
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Remnants of subtropical storm Andrea (May 11, 2007)
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Visible Infrared
22 November, 2011
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Water Vapor Satellite Imagery
• Water vapor absorbs and reradiates preferen;ally at a par;cular infrared band (6-‐7 microns) – WV imagery shows this band
• Detects WV in the middle and upper levels of the troposphere – Why not LL? Because ML/UL usually have enough moisture to obscure LL moisture signal
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Water vapor satellite imagery can help us see dry slots.
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Water vapor satellite imagery can help visualize moisture advec5on.
July 2-‐6, 2013: This plume of deep moisture contributed to heavy flooding in the FL panhandle and southeast AL!
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Water vapor satellite imagery can even help us see turbulence.
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Most importantly for us, water vapor satellite imagery allows us to visualize the large-‐scale flow (even when there are few/no clouds).
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