D I C TAT O R S H I P S A N D “D I C T O C RAC I E S ”

MILITARY NATIONALISM

TIMELINE

• 1810-1824: Wars of Independence• 1824-1899: A Century of “Caudillos”• 1836-1839: Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation• 1879-1881: War of the Pacific• 1930-1954: Gétulio Vargas in Brazil• 1931-1979: Military Dictatorship in El Salvador• 1936-1979: The Somoza Dynasty in Nicaragua• 1943-1955: Juan Domingo Perón• 1944-1986: Military Regimes in Guatemala• 1945-1958: Military Rule in Venezuela• 1952-1959: Fulgencio Batista in Cuba• 1953-1957: Gustavo Rojas Pinilla in Colombia• 1954-1989: Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay• 1964-1985: Brazilian Military Government• 1964-1982: Bolivian Military Government• 1968-1980: Revolutionary Government in Peru• 1972-1976: Guillermo Rodríguez Lara in Ecuador• 1973-1990: Pinochet’s Dictatorship• 1973-1985: Uruguayan Dictatorship• 1976-1983: Argentine Military Junta

THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE

THE CAUDILLO

THE LEGITIMACY OF THE MILITARY

THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF ARMIES

DOCTRINES OF NATIONAL SECURITY

TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF MILITARISMS (I)

• Dictatorial Militarisms: The military attempt to impose a political position impossible to reach through civilian consensus. • Straightening Militarisms: The military aim to

“correct” excesses of civilian – and particularly populist – administrations. “Bonapartist” regimes.• Reforming Militarisms: The military pave the way

for new political configurations to arise, which are remarkably different from those of the past.

THE PINOCHET REGIME, 1973-1990

GÉTULIO VARGAS IN BRAZIL, 1930-1954

JUAN DOMINGO PERÓN, 1943-1955

TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF MILITARISMS (II)

• Provisional Military Dictatorships: Followed the meltdown of a civilian administration, take over power only to survey the transition.• Constituent Military Dictatorships: Also transitory,

followed a meltdown, but are grounded on some form of legal framework. • Reiterative Military Dictatorships: There is an

alternation of civilian administration and military regimes, nurtured by the politicization of the latter.

GUSTAVO ROJAS PINILLA, 1953-1957

THE BRAZILIAN MILITARY DICTATORSHIP, 1964-1985

THE GUATEMALAN REGIMES, 1944-1986

TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF MILITARISMS (II)

• Patrimonial Military Dictatorships: Typically linked with a clan or family, no major socioeconomic project besides their benefit.

• Top-bottom Reformist Dictatorships: Military believe they are politically entitled to conduct major reforms that benefit lower sectors of society.

• Bureaucratic Developmentalist Dictatorships: Regimes attempt to marginalize the question on foreign capital and development from social pressures.

• Terrorist Neoliberal Dictatorships: Alliance between unseen levels of violence and orthodox neoliberalism, aiming to build a permanent counterrevolutionary order.

THE SOMOZAS, 1936-1979

BOLIVIAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT, 1964-1982

VIDELA AND THE ARGENTINA JUNTA, 1976-183