Classical Approaches to

Organizational Communication

John Orman

Comm 168

The Machine Metaphor

Organizations functioned much like a machine

3 Aspects: Specialization

Standardization or Replaceability

Predictability

Specialization

Every part has a specific function

Standardization

Parts in one machine, are the same as those in a similar machine

Predictability

Rules govern the way a machine is built

When broken, only a finite number of solutions

Should always be fixable

Fayol’s Theory of Classical Management

Elements (5)Planning

Organizing

Command

Coordination

Control

Classical Management

Scalar Chain – Strict vertical hierarchy

Unity of Command – Receive orders from only one supervisor

Unity of Direction – Similar goals for single supervisor

Division of Labor – Limited tasks for employees

Order – Appointed place for each employee

Span of Control – Limited power for managers

Relationships in Organizations

Organizational Power

Organizational Reward

Organizational Attitude

Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy

Function of AuthorityTraditional – based on long standing beliefs

Function of Authority

Charismatic Authority – power based on personality and ability to attract and interact with followers

Functions of Authority

Rational-Legal Authority – based on rules developed through a reliance on information and expertise

Every leader has power made legitimate by the system of rational norms

Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management

One best way to do every job

Proper selection of workers for the job

Importance of training workers

Classical Management in

Modern OrganizationsEach modern system has classic values