classical conditioning. a. definitions 1.classical conditioning: learning that takes place when...
TRANSCRIPT
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Classical Conditioning
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A. Definitions1. Classical conditioning: learning that takes
place when originally neutral stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response because of its association with an unconditioned stimulus
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2. An unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US) reflexively produces an unconditioned response (UCR or UR), even in the absence of previous training
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3. A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a stimulus that has come to elicit a conditioned response (CR) because the organism associates the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
- Initially called the “neutral stimulus”
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So let’s go back to Jaws…
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Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning: Pavlovian Response or “Psychic Reflex”
• accidental psychologist: studying digestion initially
• theory links to emotion, temperament, neuroses, and language
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Pavlov’s Experiment
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Unconditioned vs. Conditioned Responses
• In Pavlov’s demonstration UR = CR– Salivation
• Although UR and CR consist of same behavior, there are subtle differences– CR usually weaker or less intense
• Sometimes UR and CR are different but related– Animal given a shock, UR = pain, CR = fear
of imminent pain
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Conditioned Reflex
• Classically conditioned responses described as reflexes – Involuntary and automatic
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Trials• How long does it take to learn something?
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Classical Conditioning Applications
1. Conditioned Fear and Anxiety• Phobias• Irrational fear due to classical conditioning
• Fear of dentist drill
• Careful though – susceptibility of irrational fear is mostly based on genetics… how?
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2. Emotional Responses– Arousal
• Smell of first love’s cologne/perfume
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3. Physiological Responses
• Sexual arousal in quails– Conditioned to become aroused by nonsexual
stimuli– Conditioned to elicit increased sperm release– Fetishes for inanimate objects
• Difficult to test connections to human sexual fetishes
What’s up, girl?
Nah, it’s cool, I’m going to
chill with my boot… what’s
up, girl?
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4. Evaluative Conditioning of Attitudes (evaluative conditioning)
• Changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli– MARKETING
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfvq2Gf6UE8
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B. Acquisition: initial stage of learning something1. Involves repeated pairings of the CS and
the UCS/US
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2. Acquisition Paradigms (patterns)
• What are the different ways in which the initial learning can take place?
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a. Trace Conditioning– CS is presented and terminated BEFORE presentation of
the UCS/US– Conditioning often effective when the interval BETWEEN
presentation of the CS and the UCS/US is about a half second
– Fear studies; dependent on usage of hippocampus– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsGjh6ul7mE
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b. Delay Conditioning– Occurs when CS is presented and continues at
least until the UCS/US is presented– Often times paired with trace conditioning in studies– Hippocampus-independent– Fear expression
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Fear Expression in Rats
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c. Simultaneous Conditioning– Occurs when CS and the UCS/US are
presented and terminated at the same time– Anti-smoking ads
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d. Backward conditioning – Occurs when the UCS/US is presented before
the CS– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fT6IWAIf580
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e. Temporal conditioning– Occurs when the nominal CS is a fixed period
of time between presentations of the UCS/US– Combined with trace conditioning based on a
period of time• i.e. dog starts to salivate at 7:59am because s/he
is fed at 8am everyday
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C. Extinction
1. A procedure that leads to gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of CR
2. Involves repeatedly presenting CS without pairing it with UCS/US
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D. Spontaneous Recovery
1. Occurs when previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after a period of training
2. Renewal effect• If a response is extinguished in a different
environment than where it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where the acquisition took place
• Proves that extinction is a suppression not an erasure (unlearning)
• Explains drug abuse and relapse and difficulty getting rid of phobias permanently
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