classical greece outcome: alexander the great & hellenistic culture
TRANSCRIPT
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Classical GreeceOutcome: Alexander the Great & Hellenistic Culture
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Alexander the Great 1. Setting the Stage: Macedonia
a. Located north of Greece, Macedonia had a rough terrain and cold climate
b. People lived in mountain villages instead of city-states
c. Many Macedonians though of themselves as Greeks, however…
d. The Greeks looked down upon them as uncivilized foreigners
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Philip II of Macedonia
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Philip II2. Philip II of Macedonia
a. Philip II became king of Macedonia in 359 B.C. at age 23
b. Trained rugged peasants into a professional army which consisted of:
i. Phalanx (16 x 16 men)ii. Each soldier carried an 18 foot pikeiii. Fast moving cavalry (soldiers on horseback)
c. Philip invades Greece, but not to destroy or enslave the Greeks
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Philip IId. Battle of Chaeronea:
i. Athens & Thebes joined forces to fight Philip’s army
ii. Philip’s army is too powerful and defeats the Greeks
iii. Ends Greek independence; Philip controls Greece
iv. Philip next sets out to defeat the mighty Persian Empire but won’t…
v. Philip stabbed to death in 336 B.C. at his daughter’s wedding
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Oliver Stone’s Alexander
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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great 3. Alexander the Great
a. Backgroundi. Takes over at age 20 after the death of his
father Philip IIii. Taught by Aristotle: learned science, geography
& literatureiii. Enjoyed Homer’s description of the heroic deeds
of Achilles during the Trojan Warsiv. Killed 6,000 Thebans in a rebellion; cruelty
frightened Greeks into accepting Alexander as their leader
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Alexander the Great b. How Alexander defeats the Persians
i. Philip wanted to conquer Persia, never had the chance
ii. Alexander leads 35,000 troops into Anatolia (Turkey)
iii. Met 40,000 Persians at Granicus River, Alexander’s army attacks first and is victorious
iv. Darius III responds with army of 50,000-75,000
v. Macedonians break through weak point, Darius III flees
vi. Result: Alexander has control of Anatolia
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Alexander the Great c. Persia: Egypt
i. 332 B.C. Alexander marches into Persian controlled Egypt
ii. Welcomed by the Egyptians as a liberator, crowned pharaoh
iii. Result: Alexander has control of Egypt
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Alexander the Great d. Persia: Mesopotamia
i. Battle of Gaugamela: 250,000 Persians under Darius III
ii. Alexander launched a massive phalanx attack followed by a cavalry charge and the Persian lines crumbled
iii. Again Darius III flees in battleiv. Result: Alexander has control of all of the
Persian Empire!!
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Alexander’s Empire
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Alexander the Great e. Other Conquests
i. Travels east to India- finds out Darius III was murdered
ii. Soldiers exhausted- 11 years, 11,000 miles- turn back home
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Alexander the Great iii. Alexander dies from illness at age of
32, very young
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Alexander the Great 4. Legacy
a. Now what? i. Empire broken into 3 main territoriesii. Would last for centuries
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Hellenismb. Hellenism
i. Hellenistic Culture: blending of Egyptian, Persian, Greek and Indian influences
ii. Would forever transform Greece and Asia
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The Economy of the Hellenistic World
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
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Hellenismc. Alexandria
i. Center for tradeii. 350 ft light house- first everiii. Library with 250,000 scrolls; learning becomes a
commodity
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Hellenismd. Science and Technology
i. Euclid: book The Elements became basis for geometry
ii. Archimedes: accurately estimated Pi (3.14)iii. Hero: used steam power
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Alexander the Great Result: Through Philip II’s and Alexander’s conquests of the Greeks, Egyptians, & Persians, ideas would spread and cultures would combine in a way that had never been seen before. After Alexander’s death, the Greek Civilization would gradually decline until many of their achievements and ideas would be absorbed into perhaps the greatest example of Hellenism in history: The Roman Empire.
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Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions &
avoid luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided.
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Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of
divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found ingreat achievements.
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Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
$ Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric theory.
Euclid geometry
Archimedes pulley
$ Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than
Hellenic art.
Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!
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The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire