classical theorists (karl marx+emile durkheim+max weber)
TRANSCRIPT
Classical Theorists
Max Weber
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Presented by:
Muhammad Faizan Jamil
Karl Hienrich MarxBorn in Trier-Germany (1818)
Main Intrests: Politics, economics, philosophy, sociology, labour, history and class struggle.
Notable Ideas: Surplus value, Alienation, chass struggle etc.
Influenced by Hegal’s philosophy.
The Dialectic approach:
Relationship between Explanation of Ideas in various things the Material world
Human potential and its components
• In capitalistic societies it is too hard to realize their potentials.
• According to Marx communism can provide better opportunities for people to express their potentials.
• The Idea of Power and need.
Capitalism vs Communism
• Objectification:Human produce objects that means, the actual potential is in the labor class that manufacture any product.
• Sociability:Participation of people and nature to express humaness and capabilities.
Alienation
Distortion of Human Nature caused by the Capitalist Structure.
A way to exploite labor class. Breakdown production process. People get separated from each other. An individual can not select any other productive activity
by their own Individual will. Labor has no practical value. Capitalists decide what to produce and how to produce. Labor is un aware of their contributions.
Capatalism - A two class structure
Bourgeois Proletariats
Surplus Value
The structures of Capitalist society
• Social Structures also support the will of Capitalists e.g Politics, Education, Religion etc..
o Commodities:– Labor make products not for their selves, but for
the capitalist class.o fetishism of commodities:
– Social relationships involved in production, not as relationships among people.
e.g. Name of the product matters.
Reification
• A type of falseness thinking, that:– Social form are natural, Universal and abslute.– They think, social structures are beyond their
control and un-changeable.
• The concept of private property in Capitalist system.• Drived from the labor of the workers.• To control labor class.
Division of Labor• Seperation of skilled force.• Separate Individuals from commodities.• Labor process is breaken down.• Small contributions to final product.• Workers lose control over
»Products»Market
Cultural aspects of Society
False consciences: Propagating and making the lower, marginalize class believe that, laws and policies were created to protect the rights of all, when in reality they are the very instrument of exploitation through which the poor are controlled.
E.g. Political speeches
Scientific sociology:
The study of social factsStudying social facts as thingsThe nature of societySelf-interest vs Collective-interestAn army of one
Societal transformation and social cohesion
1. Traditional society2. Modern society
Characteristics of traditional society:oSamenessoSocial ties and relationshipsoCollective conscienceoLittle individualismoMechanical solidarity
Characteristics of modern society:
o Diversityo Individualismo Specialized division of laboro Social interdependenceo The density of social interactiono Organic solidarity
Suicide:Suicide: A social fact
Types of suicides:
oAltruistic suicideoEgoistic suicideoAnomie suicide
Constraining forcesoFamily
Types of suicides:Altruistic suicide:
o Social expectationso Fail to meet those expectationso Collective conscience
Egoistic suicide:o Self-orientedo Loosely bound to individuals
Anomie suicide:o Societal upheavalo Rapid social change and crisis
Religious and the sacred:
Religion: a social fact or social phenomenon; concern with the sacred in society
Religion as institutionalizedSacred thingsCollective feeling of people are attached to
every sacred thing.Soccer in England and Brazil
Religion and science:
Science and religion have independent functions
Science provides knowledge
Religion provides action- the moral remaking
MAX WEBER
Sociology:
Verstehen
Historical and comparative research
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
(link between religion and economics)
The protestant-capitalism puzzle:
Difference between Catholic and Protestant Ethic
o The reformation: Martin Luther
The protestant Ethic:o Asceticismo Time is money– Benjamin Franklino Expression of virtueo Expansion of capitalism
Salvation and Predestination:
Calvinism: John Calvin:
PredestinationHow to prove one’s salvation?Does Protestantism created capitalism?Individualism
Social Action:
1. Value-Rational action2. Instrumental-Rational action3. Emotional action:4. Traditional action:
Power, authority and domination:
PowerLegal authorityTraditional authorityBureaucracyo Bureaucratic authorityo Charismatic authority
Social stratification
o Social statuso Status and classo Political powerThe value neutrality of science