classification
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Classification
Core concepts
Modern Taxonomy or Systematics is the field of biology that deals with organizing living things such as plants and animals into a hierarchy or category that shows artificial or natural relationships
Core concepts
Taxonomy or systematics involves three procedures namely classification, identification and nomenclature
Classification is a process of assigning arbitrary categories to an organism, or group/s of an organism based on its biological relatedness
Core concepts
Identification is a method to recognize organisms, or group/s or an organism based on its morphology, anatomy, biochemical property, molecular organization, etc. The use of traits is often subjective, but a consencus is generally made on which traits to use in identifying organisms.
Core concepts
Nomenclature is simply the practice of naming organisms based on rules of certain codes for every taxa of organism. The ICBN (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature) has rules for naming and publishing plant specimens that are new to science. The counterpart of ICBN is the ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature), while in microorganisms it is the International Code for Naming Bacteria.
Keywords
Taxonomy systematics classificationIdentification nomenclature hierarchyCategory artificial naturalTaxon species binomial systemLinnean classification domain kingdomDivision/phylum class order family
genusSpecific epithetarchaea bacteria eukarya
protista mycetae/fungi plantae animalia
Classification
Evolutionary systematicsPhenetic systematicsCladistic systematics
Evolutionary systematics
Use of phylogenetic relationship and over all similarity of organisms
Taxa > single species Groups of species give rise to new groups
Evolutionary systematics
Pre-Darwinian Linnean taxonomy- orderly lists
Evolutionary systematics- phylogenetic trees Allows for paraphylectic trees Use of dinosaurs to links extinct and extant species
MonophylecticParaphylecticpolyphylectic
mammalia
synapsida
amniota
reptilia
dinosauria
crocodilia
aves
Phenetic systematics
Also known as taximetricsMethod of clasification that uses morphology
or other observable traits regardless of any phylogentic or evolutionary relationship
Cladistic systematics
Method of classifying organisms based on groups or clades
Clades- ancestor and all descendantsSingle branch on the tree of life,
monophylecticPlesiomorphies- derived characteristics from
ancestorsApomorphies- evolved traitsSynapomorphies- shared traits
Evolutionary taxonomist- birds evolved from dinosaurs
Cladist- birds are dinosaurs
Linnean species vs Darwinian species
Immutable speciesMutable species
Good taxonomic system should be…..
Universally acceptedClassification of organisms should have real
biological meaning
Scheming scientists….
2 kingdom scheme4 kingdom scheme5 kingdom scheme6 kingdom scheme3 domain scheme
2 + 2 Lapu lapu
Linnaeus Regnum Animale Regnum Vegetabile Regnum Lapideum
Divided into classes
3 + 3 Christmas tree
Ernst Haeckel due to LeeuwenhoekUnicellular or multicellular
Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae
4 + 4 bagong bapor
Herbert Copeland due to electron microscopeAbility to discern organelles
Monera Protista Plantae Animalia
Presence of superkingdom- empire prokaryota, empire eukaryota
5 + 5 Voltes Five
Robert WhittakerBased on nutrition- auto, hetero, saprotroph
Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
6 + 6 (bonus ang makakaalam)
Carl Woese (use of genetic makeup) Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Ultimate purpose of taxonomy
Ano nga ba?
Group Assignment
Short history of taxonomy Hunter gatherer period Sedentary lifestyle Agricultural period Greeks to Karolus Linnaeus Modern taxonomy and systematics
How do species arise?Biological species concept (BSC)- advantages
and disadvantages over other species concept