classification and naming - msauscience.weebly.com · binomial nomenclature developed by carolus...
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Classification and Naming
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Naming Warm-up ActivityDirections:1. Go to website and click on your group’s image.
2. With your group, come up with a name for your bird that:
a) Describes its main features
b) Could be used to communicate about that type of bird with scientists in Oxford
3. Share your bird name with the class.
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Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoenicieus
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Why Naming is Important▪ Same species can look very different (male vs
female)
▪Different species can look alike
▪Want to be sure you are talking about the same organism!
Pacific Wren (Troglodytes pacificus)
Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis)
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History of Naming (pre-1700s)▪No standardized way to name species
▪ Species names were mainly descriptive, consisting of multiple words (polynomial nomenclature)▪ E.g. Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ("Plantain
with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike and a terete scape")
▪Drawbacks:▪ Very long names
▪ Difficult to tell apart similar species (especially in different areas of the world)
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History of Naming (1700s)▪Binomial nomenclature developed
by Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s
▪Published book “Species Plantarum” in 1753 with the names of thousands of species
▪Binomial nomenclature: system of providing two names in a species’ scientific name (“bi”= two; “nomial”= name)
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Binomial Nomenclature: Rules▪ Scientific name made of two parts: genus name
and specific epithet
▪Genus name (pl. genera)▪ Name for small group of closely related organisms
▪ Always capitalized
▪ Specific epithet:▪ Distinguishes a species from others in the same genus
▪ Always lowercase
▪Both words are italicized (or underlined when hand-written)
▪Both words are in Latin (or Latinized)
Homo sapiens
genus specific epithet
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Binomial Nomenclature: Examples
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Binomial Nomenclature: Examples
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Binomial Nomenclature: Examples
http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/spring/LectNotes/2014/week1mon.pdf
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Binomial Nomenclature:Benefits▪ Every species can be identified with only two words
▪ Same name is used world-wide
▪ Names generally stable:
▪ Latin is a ‘dead language’
▪ Newly discovered species are given new names
▪Often descriptive/informative▪ Vinca minor vs Vinca major; small vs large periwinkle
flowers
▪ Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (American white pelican); “erythro” means red while “rhynchos” means nose
▪ Antigone canadensis (sandhill crane); native to CanadaFurther reading on binomial nomenclature: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Binomial_nomenclature
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Why Classify?▪To help correctly identify organisms
▪To know the origin and evolutionary history of organisms
▪To understand and develop the phylogenetic relationshipsbetween different groups of organisms
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TaxonomyTaxonomy: the science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups
Taxon (pl. taxa): group of organisms that share important characteristics and are evolutionarily related (similar to ‘clade’)
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Taxonomy
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Project Link
Rainbow unicorn (ancestor)
brown
loss of colour
boringness
goatishness
Goat (modern animal)
A CB
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Project Link
Domestic goatCapra aegagrus
Rainbow unicornUnico roygbivisus
Domestic sheepOvis aries
Rainbow unicornUnico roygbivisus
Plain unicornUniqla blancus
Brown unicornUniqla brunus
brown
loss of colour
boringness
goatishness
Taxa:
- Genus “Uniqla” consists of plain unicorn & brown unicorn
- Order “Noncolor” consists of plain unicorn,brown unicorn, domestic sheep, domestic goat
- Family “Domestiformes” consists of domestic sheep and domestic goat (Note: I can tell they are not a genus because of their different genus names)
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Project LinkNotes:▪ Look up the real Latin name of your modern animal on google; other names
may also be googled but at least one must be invented (your mythical creature)▪ Feel free to look at the following link for inspiration/words you might use in your invented
names https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names
▪ Invented names do not have to be ‘real’ Latin…as long as they sound Latin-ish, is ok!
▪Not all named animals from the tree need to show up in your story
▪No rules for taxa names: have fun with it! However, make sure they describe clades▪ (Technically there are some patterns…e.g. Family names for animals end in “-idae“ and
family names of plants end in “-aceae”, while the Order names for birds end in “-formes”…however, you do not have to worry about these patterns unless you want to.)
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Your Task- Read: ▪ 15-1 in textbook▪ https://animaldiversity.org/animal_names/scientific_name (google “ADW scientific
name” and it should pop up)▪ 15-2 (recommend: take notes as you read)▪ Recommended: skim 15-3 for main ideas and for much amazement
- Answer these questions for handing in:▪ Why is it so important to have a unified classification system for living things?▪ Create a venn diagram comparing the benefits and drawbacks to both binomial
nomenclature and common names. (Not necessarily covered in powerpoint).
- Part 2b of project
- Work on project (due March 7/8)