Classification Chapter 18 Non-Science Example of Classification The item in this picture is Automobile: Truck, Car, or SUV? Car Made by? Ford Type of Ford car? Mustang -Was made in what year? Is it Convertible? No -Color? Silver Classification: Goes from General to Specific Automobile Biggest Car Ford Mustang Non Convertible -Silver - Specific How are living things organized for study? Classification To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner Why? Common names can be confusing (buzzard) or misleading (starfish) Taxonomy: discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name In science we use Binomial Nomenclature, a 2- part naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1700s). Early Classification Aristotle B.C. 2 Groups: Plants and Animals Plants Green, Non Mobile Animals Not Green, Mobile How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system? Praying Mantis Green but.. Mobile Aristotles Grouping of life not specific enough Binomial Nomenclature Rules: Both words must be in italics or underlined. The first letter of the first word (the Genus) is CAPITALIZED. The second word (the species) is in lower case. Example Felis catus Kingdoms and Domains There are 2 different Systems of Classification: 1) The 5-Kingdom System (now 6 kindoms) 1) Monera Eubacteria Archaebacteria 2) Protista 3) Fungi 4) Plantae 5) Animalia 2) The 3-Domain System (superkingdoms) 1) Archaea 2) Bacteria 3) Eukarya Which is the most primitive? 3 Domains 3 Domains contain 6 Kingdoms Classification 5 Kingdoms turns into 6 Monera is now Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria Just another example of changes in science Classification System Linnaeus created a classification system based on organisms form and structure. He created 7 taxa (classification groups, domain added later) from broadest to most specific: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools Brown Squirrel Kingdom: Animalia (is an animal) Phylum: Chordata (has a spine) Class: Mammalia (nurses its young) Order: Rodentia (has long sharp front teeth) Family: Scuridae (has a bushy tail) Genus: Tamiasciurus (climbs trees) Species: hudsonicus (has brown fur on its back and white fur on its underparts) How do we determine how similar or how dissimilar certain organisms are? Cladistics Cladistics is one method of reconstructing phylogenies (how they are related) based on derived traits. Patterns of shared characteristics Derived traits are new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time. These derived traits are displayed on a cladogram. Shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms Cladogram DICHOTOMOUS KEY A tool used to identify objects or organisms. A list of characteristics become more narrow as they describe the particular item of interest. Forced-choice selection between two characteristic options Follow directions next to characteristic until you get to a species Practice Lets look at an example together.. Domain Bacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) Ecologically Diverse live everywhere! Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan special protein and sugar Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning Not all bad.used to turn grapes into wine Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, Streptococcus, E. coli Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaeabacteria Domain Archaea Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) Heterotrophs and Autotroph Cells Walls without peptidogylcan Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Volcanic Hot Springs.. some even live in your gut Examples: halophiles, Methanogens Summary of Bacteria All Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) Heterotrophs or Autotrophs What is the big difference? Cell Wall Does it have Peptidoglycan? Bacteria With Peptidoglycan Archaea Without Peptidoglycan Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya Contains Multiple Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Eukaryotic Has a nucleus Single or multi-cellular Most visible life Humans are in Domain Eukarya Diatom Kingdom Protista Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic Majority are unicellular, but some are colonial or multicellular. Heterotrophs and autotrophs May or may not have a cell wall Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or animal like. Examples: Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox, giant kelp, slime molds. Kingdom Fungi - Mushrooms All in the same domain as us! Kingdom Fungi Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin. Majority multicellular; few unicellular. Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying organic matter. (_Decomposer_) Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold. Bread Mold Kingdom Plantae Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of cellulose. Autotrophs; photosynthesis chloroplast. Examples: Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, cacti. Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls. Heterotrophs Extreme diversity is found in this kingdom Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles.