classification finding order in diversity. kingdom phylum class order family genus species define...

CLASSIFICATION

Finding Order Finding Order

in Diversityin Diversity

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

DEFINE TAXONOMY

Discipline of Discipline of classifying classifying organisms and organisms and assigning each assigning each organism a organism a universally universally accepted name.accepted name. TURKEY

VULTURE(Cathartes aura)


WHY CLASSIFY?

1. How do biologists use a 1. How do biologists use a classification system to study classification system to study the diversity of life?the diversity of life?

to name organisms and group to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.them in a logical manner.


WHY CLASSIFY?2. How do taxonomists group 2. How do taxonomists group

organisms when they organisms when they classify them?classify them?

Into groups that have Into groups that have biological significance.biological significance.


WHY CLASSIFY?

3. How does classification 3. How does classification make life easier?make life easier?

grouping things makes them grouping things makes them easier to find and work witheasier to find and work with

3a. What are some things we 3a. What are some things we classify?classify?


C. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES1. Many organisms may 1. Many organisms may

have several different have several different common names. common names.

1a.The cougar is also 1a.The cougar is also known as the known as the mountain lion, mountain lion, catamount, or puma catamount, or puma …thus the need for a …thus the need for a scientific name.scientific name.

Felis concolor

Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Department © 2004

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies 2. A Swedish botanist named 2. A Swedish botanist named

Carolus Linnaeus developed Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature, a , a two-word naming systemtwo-word naming systemfor naming all speciesfor naming all specieson earth.on earth.

What do botanists What do botanists study? study?

ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES



2a. The first part of the 2a. The first part of the scientific name is the scientific name is the genus. genus.

This word is always written This word is always written first and capitalized.first and capitalized.

It appears in italics or is It appears in italics or is underlined.underlined.

Homo sapien

Ursus arctos horribilis

Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.



2b. The second part of 2b. The second part of the scientific name is the scientific name is the species name.the species name.

This word is always This word is always written second and is written second and is not capitalized.not capitalized.

It appears in italics or It appears in italics or is underlined.is underlined.

Homo sapien



LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system 1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system of classification includes of classification includes seven levels called taxa.seven levels called taxa.

They are, from largest to They are, from largest to smallest, smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesGenus, Species..



2. The Kingdom is the largest and 2. The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories. taxonomic categories.

3. Species is the smallest and 3. Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic least inclusive of the taxonomic categories. categories.


LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATIONKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,

Family, Genus, SpeciesFamily, Genus, Species..

More specific

More general

Place the taxa in the correct level of the pyramid.



4. The more taxonomic 4. The more taxonomic levels that two levels that two organisms share, the organisms share, the more closely related more closely related they are considered they are considered to be. to be.


LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATIONWhat do the scientific names of the What do the scientific names of the

polar, grizzly and panda bears tell polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each you about their similarity to each other?other?

Ursus maritimus


Ailuropoda melanoleucaPictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature

(Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.


THINKING CRITICALLYOrganisOrganis

mmCatCat WolfWolf FlyFly

KingdoKingdomm

AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia

PhyluPhylumm

ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ArthropodaArthropoda

ClassClass MammaliaMammalia MammaliaMammalia InsectaInsecta

OrderOrder CarnivoraCarnivora CarnivoraCarnivora DipteraDiptera

FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae CanidaeCanidae MuscidaeMuscidae

GenusGenus FelisFelis CanisCanis MuscaMusca

SpecieSpeciess

F. F. domesticusdomesticus

C. lupusC. lupus M. domesticaM. domestica


THINKING CRITICALLY1. What type of animal is 1. What type of animal is

Musca domesticaMusca domestica??2. From the table, which 2. From the table, which

2 animals are most 2 animals are most closely related?closely related?

3. At what classification 3. At what classification level does the level does the evolutionary evolutionary relationship between relationship between cats and wolves diverge cats and wolves diverge (become different)?(become different)?

Animal; insect

Cat and Wolf

Family Level


E. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

1. Biologists group organisms 1. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.similarities.

2. Define Phylogeny: The study 2. Define Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships of evolutionary relationships among organisms.among organisms.


E. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

3. Classification using Cladograms3. Classification using Cladogramsa. Cladograms are diagrams a. Cladograms are diagrams

that show the evolutionary that show the evolutionary relationships among a group relationships among a group of organisms.of organisms.

b. A phylogenic tree is a specific b. A phylogenic tree is a specific type of cladogram.type of cladogram.


E. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATIONExample of a phylogenic tree.Example of a phylogenic tree.

A B C D E F

Speciation: formation of two new species from one

Clade or lineage

TIME


3. CLADOGRAMSc. This cladogram shows the evolutionary c. This cladogram shows the evolutionary

relationship among several vertebrates.relationship among several vertebrates.

Fur & MammaryGlands

Jaws

Lungs

Claws or Nails

Feathers

HagfishFish

FrogLizard

Pigeon

Mouse

Chimp


3. CLADOGRAM

d. Characteristics listed below the d. Characteristics listed below the line are called derived line are called derived characters (traits). characters (traits).

Fur & MammaryGlands

JawsLungs

Claws or Nails

Feathers

HagfishFish Frog

Lizard

Pigeon

MouseChimp


3. CLADOGRAM

e. When the derived character is e. When the derived character is aboveabove an organism, the organism an organism, the organism lacks that derived character. lacks that derived character.

Fur & MammaryGlands

JawsLungs

Claws or Nails

Feathers

HagfishFish Frog

Lizard

Pigeon

MouseChimp

Do hagfish have jaws?

Do frogs have mammary glands?


3. CLADOGRAM

f. When the derived character is f. When the derived character is belowbelow the organism, the organism the organism, the organism possesses that derived character. possesses that derived character.

Fur & MammaryGlands

JawsLungs

Claws or Nails

Feathers

HagfishFish Frog

Lizard

Pigeon

MouseChimp

Do lizards have jaws?

Do pigeons have claws or nails?


4. VENN DIAGRAMSVenn Diagrams can be used to make Venn Diagrams can be used to make

models of a classification scheme.models of a classification scheme. Venn diagrams show hierarchy and Venn diagrams show hierarchy and

grouping relationships of organisms.grouping relationships of organisms.

A.

B.

C. D.


Four groups are represented by circular regionsFour groups are represented by circular regions Each region represents different taxonomic levels.Each region represents different taxonomic levels. Regions that overlap, share common members.Regions that overlap, share common members. Regions that do not overlap do not have common Regions that do not overlap do not have common

members.members.

A.

B.

C. D.


Matching:Matching:MammalsMammalsAnimals with backbonesAnimals with backbones InsectsInsectsAll animalsAll animals

C

B

D

A

A.

B.

C. D.

classification finding order in diversity. kingdom phylum class order family genus species define...

Documents

classification system

diversity slide

assigning scientific

word naming system

taxonomists group organisms

taxonomic levels

taxonomic categories

different common names