classification of matter this well-known molecule is a compound because it contains more than one...
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MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
Colloids Suspensions
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Elements
only one kindof atom; atomsare bonded itthe element
is diatomic orpolyatomic
Compounds
two ormore kindsof atoms
that are chemicallybonded
substancewith
definitemakeup
andproperties
Mixtures
two or moresubstances
that arephysically
mixed
two ormore
kinds ofand
Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.
Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
Matter Flowchart
Examples:
– graphite
– pepper
– sugar (sucrose)
– paint
– soda
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element
hetero. mixture
compound
solution homo. mixture
hetero. mixture
Pure Substances
Element– composed of identical atoms– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
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Pure Substances
Compound
– composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of individual elements
– EX: table salt (NaCl)
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Pure Substances
Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions
– Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.
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Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2
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Mixtures
Variable combination of two or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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Mixtures
Solution– homogeneous– very small particles– no Tyndall effect Tyndall Effect
– particles don’t settle– EX: rubbing alcohol
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Mixtures
Colloid– heterogeneous– medium-sized particles– Tyndall effect– particles don’t settle– EX: milk
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Mixtures
Suspension– heterogeneous– large particles– Tyndall effect– particles settle– EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade
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Mixtures
Examples:
– mayonnaise
– muddy water
– fog
– saltwater
– Italian salad dressing
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colloid
suspension
colloid
solution
suspension
Classification of Matter
Materials
HomogeneousHeterogeneous
Heterogeneousmixture
Homogeneousmixture
Substance
Element Compound Solution Mixture
Speci
fic /
Gen
eral
Order / Disorder
Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course, 1990, page 43
Classification of Matter
MATTER(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)
PURESUBSTANCES MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUSMIXTURESELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS
Separated by
physical means into
Separated by
chemical means into
Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
Classification of Matter
uniformproperties?
fixedcomposition?
chemicallydecomposable?
no
no
no
yes
hetero-geneousmixture
solution
element
compound
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
(a)an element(hydrogen)
(b)a compound(water)
(c)a mixture(hydrogen and oxygen)
(d)a mixture(hydrogenand oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
hydrogenatoms hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
(a)an element(hydrogen)
(b)a compound(water)
(c)a mixture(hydrogen and oxygen)
(d)a mixture(hydrogenand oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
hydrogenatoms hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
Mixture vs. Compound
Mixture
FixedComposition
Bonds between
components
Can ONLY beseparated by
chemical means
VariableComposition
No bondsbetween
components
Can beseparated by
physical means
Alike Different
Contain two or more
elements
Can beseparated
intoelements
Involvesubstances
Compound
Different
Topic Topic
Compounds vs. Mixtures
• Compounds have properties that are uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. – A formula can always be written for a compound
– e.g. NaCl Na + Cl2
• Mixtures retain their individual properties.– e.g. Salt water is salty and wet
Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7H2
N2 O2 F2
Cl2
Br2
F2
Products made from Sulfur
Magazines and printing papersWriting and fine papersWrapping and bag papersSanitary and tissue papersAbsorbent papers
RayonCellophaneCarbon TetrachlorideRuber processing chemicals
Containers and boxesNewsprintPulp for rayon and film
PULP 3%
OTHER 3%
NONACID 12%
InsecticidesFungicidesRubber vulcanizingSoil sulfur
Specialty steels Magnessium Leather processing PhotographyDyestuffs
Bleaching Soybean extraction
Aluminum reductionPaper sizingWater treatmentPharmaceuticalsInsecticidesAntifreeze
Superphosphates Ammonium phosphate Ammonium sulfate Mixed fertilizers
AutosAppliancesTin and other containersGalvanized products
Explosives Nonferrous metals Synthetic rubber Storage batteries Textile finishing
Tire cords Viscose textiles Acetate textiles Blended fabrics Cellophane Photographic film
Paints and enamels Linoleum and coated fabrics Paper Printing inks
Aviation Gasoline
Lubricants
Other Refinery products
SULFURICACID 88%
CARBONDISULFIDE 3%
GROUND &DEFINED 3%
IRON & STEEL 1%
PETROLEUM 2%
CHEMICAL 17%
OTHER INDUSTRIES 6%
RAYON & FILM 3%
TITANIUM AND O
THER
PIGM
ENTS 5%
Synthetic detergents Feed additives Anti-knock gasoline Synthetic resins Protective coating Dyestuffs Oil well acidizingPetroleum catalysts
• Rhombic sulfur– “Brimstone” (when
molten)– Polyatomic (S8)– Forms SO2
Amorphous sulfur – (without shape)
Sulfur
The sudden cooling of -sulfur produces amorphous sulfur.
Amorphous(Glass)Crystalline
The Haber Process
MatterMatter
SubstanceDefinite composition
(homogeneous)
SubstanceDefinite composition
(homogeneous)
Element(Examples: iron, sulfur,
carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, silver)
Element(Examples: iron, sulfur,
carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, silver)
Mixture ofSubstances
Variable composition
Mixture ofSubstances
Variable composition
Compound(Examples: water.
iron (II) sulfide, methane,Aluminum silicate)
Compound(Examples: water.
iron (II) sulfide, methane,Aluminum silicate)
Homogeneous mixtureUniform throughout,also called a solution
(Examples: air, tap water,gold alloy)
Homogeneous mixtureUniform throughout,also called a solution
(Examples: air, tap water,gold alloy)
Heterogeneous mixtureNonuniform
distinct phases(Examples: soup, concrete, granite)
Heterogeneous mixtureNonuniform
distinct phases(Examples: soup, concrete, granite)
Chemicallyseparable
Physicallyseparable
The Organization of Matter
MATTER
PURESUBSTANCES
HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUSMIXTURES
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
Physical methods
Chemical methods
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 41
Top Ten Elements in the Universe
Top Ten Elements in the Universe
Percent
Element (by atoms) 1. Hydrogen 73.92. Helium 24.03. Oxygen 1.14. Carbon
0.465. Neon 0.136. Iron 0.117. Nitrogen
0.0978. Silicon 0.0659. Magnesium 0.05810.Sulfur 0.044
A typical spiral galaxy(Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 26
The Composition of Air
AirAir
NitrogenNitrogen
OxygenOxygenHeliumHelium
Watervapor
Watervapor
NeonNeon
Carbondioxide
Carbondioxide ArgonArgon
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34
Chart Examining Some Components of Air
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of two atoms of nitrogen:
Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of two atoms of oxygen:
Water consists of molecules consisting of twohydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:
Argon consists of individual argon atoms:
Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consistingof two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom:
Neon consists of individual neon atoms:
Helium consists of individual helium atoms:
N2
O2
H2O
Ar
CO2
Ne
HeZumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 35
Reviewing ConceptsReviewing ConceptsClassifying Matter
• Why does every sample of a given substance have the same properties?
• Explain why the composition of an element is fixed.
• Describe the composition of a compound.• Why can the properties of a mixture vary?• On what basis can mixtures be classified as
solutions, suspensions, or colloids?