classification of organisms. the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their...

Classification of Organisms

Classification of Organisms

•The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships is called systematics or taxonomy▫Taxonomy is the work involved in the

original description of a species.▫Systematics is the assigning of species

into evolutionary groups.

Father of Modern Classification

•The modern classification system originated with the work of Carolus Linnaeus ▫he recognized the different species could be

grouped into broader categories based on shared characteristics

▫any grouping of animals that shares a particular set of characteristics forms an assemblage called a taxon

08 June 200908 June 2009Classification.pptClassification.ppt

44

CLASSIFICATION

•OBSERVATION:•Many kinds of organisms:•Some similar to each other.

▫wood frog, ▫leopard frog, ▫bull frog


55

CLASSIFICATION•Others less

similar▫fish, ▫ frogs, ▫snakes


66

CLASSIFICATION

•Others very dissimilar▫people, ▫pine trees, ▫protozoans


77

CLASSIFICATION•Why are some kinds similar and

others NOT similar? Question to be answered later?

•How can we make sense of (explain) this diversity?

•How can we organize what we know about these organisms?


88

Answer: CLASSIFY

•Similar “types” (species) grouped together, separated from other species.

•Then, group similar groups together, •etc.


99

CLASSIFICATION

•Species = kind of organism▫fundamental unit in evolution and

ecology▫more precise definition soon


1010

CLASSIFICATION

•Necessary? YES !!~ 1 million species of plants,5-10 million species of animals+ fungi, protists, bacteria

no good estimates of numbers of species•Human mind needs to organize

information.


1111

CLASSIFICATION•Classification system organizes

biological knowledge.•Classification itself is HYPOTHESIS

about relationships, similarity because of common ancestry.


1212

HYPOTHESIS of relationship

Modern taxonomists use 7 taxa:•kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,

genus and species ▫as taxa increase organisms get more

specific


1414

CLASSIFICATION = Sequence of levels. Linnaean system, from Carolus Linnaeus, 1740's

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

King Phil called old fat George stupid.

Kingdoms and DomainsBacteriaBacteria ArchaeaArchaea EukaryaEukarya

BacteriaBacteria ArchaeaArchaea ProtistaProtista PlantaePlantae FungiFungi AnimaliaAnimalia

MoneraMonera ProtistaProtista PlantaePlantae FungiFungi AnimaliaAnimalia

The three-domain systemThe three-domain system

The six-kingdom systemThe six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom systemThe traditional five-kingdom system


1616

CLASSIFICATIONWoese, 1985

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesDid King Phil call old fat George

stupid ?

Kingdoms of Life

•In 1969, Robert H. Whitaker classified kingdoms based on cellular organization and mode of nutrition

▫this lead to the formation of the 5 kingdoms

5 Kingdoms of Classification:

Monera: comprised of bacteria and cyanobacteria• distinguished by being single cell prokaryotes

Protista: comprised of Amoeba, Paramecium etc….

• distinguished by being single celled eukaryotes

Plantae: multi-cellular photosynthetic eukaryotes• plants have cell walls and are non-motile

5 Kingdoms of Classification:Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic

eukaryotes• fungi have cell walls and usually non-motile•digest organic matter extra-cellularly (outside

of cell) and absorb the breakdown products

Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes

•animal cells lack a cell wall and usually motile

• feed by ingesting other organisms or parts of other organisms

MoneraMonera prokaryoteprokaryote single-cellsingle-cell

ProtistaProtista eukaryoteeukaryote multi-cell multi-cell

PlantaePlantae eukaryoteeukaryote multi-cellmulti-cell autotrophicautotrophic

FungiFungi eukaryoteeukaryote multi-cellmulti-cell heterotrophic, heterotrophic, external digestionexternal digestion

AnimaliaAnimalia eukaryoteeukaryote multi-cellmulti-cell heterotrophic, heterotrophic, internal digestioninternal digestion

DOMAINS???

•Many taxonomists have pushed the idea that the five kingdom system isn’t enough▫they feel that organisms share too much

similarities and need to be grouped otherwise

• the push has led to the addition of 3 domains

3 Domains

1. Archae: bacteria that live in extreme conditions

2. Eubacteria: “true bacteria”

3. Eukarya: all eukaryotic organisms

Taxonomic Diagrams

MammalsMammals TurtlesTurtles Lizards and Lizards and SnakesSnakes

CrocodilesCrocodiles BirdsBirds MammalsMammals TurtlesTurtles Lizards and Lizards and SnakesSnakes

CrocodilesCrocodiles BirdsBirds

CladogramCladogramPhylogeneticPhylogeneticTreeTree

BioEd OnlineBioEd Online

Binomial Nomenclature:•when a species is talked about only the

genus and species names are used▫this is called the scientific name ▫unique to each type of organism

•Required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

Writing Scientific Names

•the genus names is always capitalized• both names are either italicized or

underlined ▫leave a space in the underline between names

ex. Homo sapienFelis leoQuercus rubra

Ursus americanusUrsus americanus

American Black BearAmerican Black Bear

Often Latin names contain clues about the type of organism being described.

Canis domesticus :And closely related organisms are often in the same genus, also giving clues about their names

Canis lupus: Some names are given after the discoverer, or the discovery location, or even a Latinized descriptive term in English

ConclusionThe classification system for organismshave been around for a long time. It hasendured several changes and is quitecomplex. Without it modern biology couldnot exist, much in the same way thata grocery store would go out of businessif it did not have a classification system.

classification of organisms. the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their...

Documents

kingdoms of classification

assigning of species

different species

species of plants

species of animals fungi

kinds similar

kinds of organisms

classifysimilar types