classification of organisms why classify?. the scientific name of an organism gives biologists a...
TRANSCRIPT
Classification of Organisms
Why Classify?
The scientific name of an organism gives
biologists a common way of communicating,
regardless of their native language!
Classification:1. Why Classify?
– Eliminate confusion
– Organize information
– Reveal Evolutionary relationships
Classification:2. What is
Taxonomy?
* Field of biology that identifies and
classifies organisms
Classification:
What is the name (general) of a scientist who studies traits to determine evolutionary relationships?
*Taxonomist
Classification:3. What was Aristotle’s
method of classification? What did he use to put organisms in these categories?
*Plants and Animals
*Animals were further
divided to where they
lived (air, land, water)
Classification: 4. Which biologist
developed the current classification system?–Carlos
Linnaeus began working on classification in 1735
Classification:Linnaeus He placed organisms into Taxon or Taxa (pl) From: most general to most specific
Carlos Linnaeus method for Classification
•Morphology: Structure and Form
Classification:5. Hierarchy of Classification (from
largest to smallest)– domain– kingdom– phylum– class– order– family– genus– species
Classification: What is a domain? What are the three
domains and which kingdoms do they contain?
*Domain – most general category in which kingdoms are placed.
*Archaea – Archaebacteria
*Bacteria – Eubacteria
*Eukarya – Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Classification:6. Binomial nomenclature: What is it?
Which language is used and why?– 2-name system using the genus name and
the species name. The scientific name is either underlined or italicized. The first letter of the Genus name is capitalized and the species name is lowercase.
– EX: Cambarus bartoni or Cambarus bartoni
– Latin - universal language
Ursus americanus
American Black Bear
How about some EXAMPLES?
• Homo sapiens -----
• Castor canadensis-----
• Canis latrans---
How Biologists Classify Organisms
5. Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms. It lists several observable traits and 2 contrasting options.
18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms
1. Define Phylogeny:
*evolutionary history
18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms
2. What is a Phylogenetic Tree?*a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. Shows possible relationships among phyla. Tips represent modern organisms.
What do they consider when classifying organisms?
3a. Fossil record – fossils give clues to evolutionary history; some organisms have a complete record, some have incomplete records.
What do they consider when classifying organisms?
3b. Morphology - Form & structure
• EX: homologous vs analogous structures. Determine if there is a common ancestor or not.
What do they consider when classifying organisms?
• Embryology –
A blastopore is a small indentation that develops into the digestive system. blastopore @ the anterior end (mouth) and in chordates/echinoderms, the blastopore @ the posterior end (anus).
What do they consider when classifying organisms?
3c. Embryology – egg + sperm = zygote; zygote divides via mitosis and forms a blastula.
Embryology
• Do you remember?
What do they consider when classifying organisms?
3d. Macromolecule comparison – amino acid and protein comparison (remember the amino acid activity).
18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms
4. Why do biologists study cladistics?
* Infers relationships based on shared characters (features).
– Cladogram – ancestry diagrams
How Biologists Classify Organisms
4. Differentiate between an ancestral character and a derived character. Provide examples.
– Ancestral character – feature that evolved in a common ancestor of two different groups. (backbone is in birds and mammals)
– Derived character – feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration. (birds and feathers – mammals do not have feathers)
How Biologists Classify Organisms
4c. What is a cladogram? How are organisms placed on a cladogram?
*Cladogram –
ancestry diagrams
~Organisms that
share derived
characters are
grouped together.
18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms
How are cladograms and phylogenetic trees similar?
*each represents a hypothesis of evolutionary history, which must be inferred because it was not observed.
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Amoeba Paramecium Giardia
Water Mold Slime Mold
Euglena DinoflagellatesDiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm;
DicotAngiosperm;
Monocot
Time for some Classification!!
• List your 15 Favorite Musical Artists or Groups.
KINGDOM•MUSIC
PHYLUM•Type of Music ie: Blues, Rock, Rap
CLASS• Specific Type ie: Rock: Classic
Rock, Punk Rock etc.
OrderThis is Extra Credit!
• Record labels
Genus species• Title of Song
The Break Down!• Birth name: Christopher Brian Bridges
Born: September 11, 1977 ) (age 30)Champaign, Illinois, United States
• Origin: Atlanta, Georgia, United States• Genre(s):Southern Rap
Pop RapCrunkHyphyHardcore RapGangsta Rap
• Years active1998 – present• Label(s)Disturbing tha Peace/Def Jam