Classification of research by Methods

1. What was? : Historical Research

2. What is? : Descriptive Method

3. Why? : Explanatory Method

4. What will be? Experimental Method : Ex post Fact Research or Causal- Comparative Method

Research

• R= Research

• AR= Action Research

• PR= Participatory Research

• PAR = Participatory Action Research

Writing the parts of the research report

• The Introduction and the Problem

• The Review of the Literature and the Hypothesis

• The Research Methodology

• The Research Findings

• Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Writing the Proposal and Writing the Report

• A research report : What has happen?

• A proposal : What will happen in the future?

The Concept of Process

• “Process” defines as “any phenomenon which shows a continuous change in time,” or “any continuous operation or treatment.” 500 years before Christ, Heraclitus pointed out the importance of the concept of process when he started that “A man never step in the same river twice; the man is different and so is the river.

Process

• Thomas Wolfe’s novel of the 1940s, You Can’t Go Home Again, makes the same point.

• Source: David Berlo.1960. The Process of Communication. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston.p.23.