ClassificationBiology I

Aristotle384-322 b.c.

• Classified things based on if they are plant or animal

• Classified animals based on how they look into land, water, or air dwellers

• Grouped plants based on stem structure

1707-1778

The Science of classifying organisms is called TAXONOMY

The father of modern taxonomy is Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Living organisms are classified based on how closely related they are to one another in a system of taxa

The Old SystemGrouped on cell type, single or multi cellular, moving or stationary

6 Kingdom Proposal

Archebacteria

EUbacteria

Now, the Monerans are broken into two groups of bacteria

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Echinoderms Phylum

Porifera

Phylum Chordata

Class Reptiles Class Aves

Class Mammalia

Order CetaceaOrder Primates

Order Carnivora

Ursus americanus

American Black Bear

Binomial nomenclature is a two-name naming systemThe first part of the name is the genus of the organism and is always capilalized,The second part of the name is the species and is always all lower case

The entire name is underlined and italicized and are usually Latin based

Often names contain clues about the type of organism being described

Canus domesticus Canus lupus

Closely related organisms are often in the same genus

Domain Archaea

Formerly part of the kingdom moneraMicrobiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteriaMost Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

Domain Eubacteria

Name means “true bacteria”

These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese

Domain Eukarya

Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells)Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Kingdom Protistaunicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic

Amoeba Paramecium Giardia

Water Mold Slime Mold

Euglena DinoflagellatesDiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae

Kingdom FungiAll eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organismsIncludes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens

Kingdom Plantaeeukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic,

Bryophyte (Moss)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm;

DicotAngiosperm;

Monocot

Kingdom Animalia

Human Classification

Dichotomous Keys

1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2

1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20

2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3

2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35

3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger

3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion

Dichotomous Keys

• Tool Scientists use to identify organisms using an “either/or” process

• “Di” meaning two “chotomous” meaning branching

• Start by breaking organisms into two groups, then two more, then two more, etc

Dichotomous Key• Try this one:

1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped) 2

1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped) 8

2a. Organism has visible fur 3

2b. Organism has no visible fur 20

3a. Organism lives in warm climates 7

3b. Organism lives in cold climates 4

4a. Organism has brown or black fur Ursus americanus

4b. Organism has white fur Ursus maritimus

Note Guide

• Who was Linnaeus?

• What are taxa?

• The old classification system is:

• The new classification system choices are:

– 1.

– 2.

• How are organisms scientifically named?

• What is the difference between the 3 domains?

– 1.

– 2.

– 3.

• Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya:

– 1.

– 2.

– 3.

– 4.

Note Guide (pg. 2)

• Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia:

– 1.

– 2.

– 3.

– 4.

– 5.

– 6.

– 7.

– 8.

– 9.

– 10.

• How would you fully classify a human?

• What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?

• How do you read a dichotomous key?