classifying matter and the periodic table from chapter 8 & 10 in trefil & hazen the sciences
TRANSCRIPT
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Classifying Matter and the Periodic Table
From Chapter 8 & 10
in Trefil & Hazen The Sciences
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Classification of Matter
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…discuss the origin and development
of the idea of “atoms”. • 530 B.C. Democritus• atomos• Smallest piece of
“uncuttable” matter• atoms are eternal and
unchanging • relationship between
atoms is constantly shifting
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Figure 8-1
Repeatedly dividing a bar of gold, just like cutting paper repeatedly, produces smaller and smaller groups of atoms, until you come to a single gold atom. Dividing that atom into two parts produces fragments that no longer have the properties of gold.
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Antoine Lavoisier’s law of conservation of matter
• measured the mass of substances before and after chemical reactions
• found that the masses were always equal
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Joseph Proust’ law of constant composition:
• he found that a given compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by mass
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Dalton’s atomic theory of matter
• each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
• all atoms of a given element are identical, but they differ from those of other any other element
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Dalton’s atomic theory of matter
• a given compound always has the same relative numbers and kinds of atoms
• atoms are neither created nor destroyed in any chemical reaction
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…distinguish between atoms and
elements. • Atom = the smallest particle of an
element that retains the chemical identity of that element.
• An element is a material made from a single type of atom.
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…evaluate evidence for the existence of atoms.
• Behavior of a gas
• Chemical combinations
• Radioactivity
• Brownian motion
• X-ray crystallography
• Atomic-scale microscopy
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Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of the Elements
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Mendeleev’s Table
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…interpret J.J. Thompson’s cathode ray tube experiment.
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Thompson’s Tube gave first evidence of the electron
• “cathode” is the connection to negative source of electricity
• The “ray” was a stream of particles carrying negative electric charge
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Figure 8-3
In Rutherford’s experiment, a beam of radioactive particles was scattered by atomic nuclei in a piece of gold foil. A lead shield protected researchers from the radiation.
Interpret E. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment.
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• Discovery of the electron
• Discovery of the proton
• Discovery of the neutron
3Li
6.941
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“Flame Test”
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Bohr Model of the Atom
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Figure 8-6
Stairs provide an analogy to energy changes associated with electrons in the Bohr atom.
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Figure 8-7 Electrons may jump between the energy levels shown in (a) and, in the process, (b) absorb or (c) emit energy in the form of a photon.
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Physical Properties…
• describe the physical characteristics of a substance, such as color, hardness, density, texture, and phase.
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Physical change…
• is a change in some property of a substance.
• Usually occur during heating/cooling or when there is a change in pressure.
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Chemical properties…
• characterize the tendency of a substance to transform into a different substance.
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Chemical change
• Atoms rearrange during a chemical change, switching partners as previous connections are broken and new ones are formed.
• Evidence?
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• Physical change• New attributes result
from new set of conditions imposed on the material
• Chemical change• New attributes are the
physical properties of a fundamentally different material
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Element: a pure substance containing only one kind of atom
• Periodic Table – front cover and p 172
• Element symbol Latin name
• Sodium Na natrium
• Potassium K kalium
• Copper Cu cuprum
• Gold Au aurum
• Lead Pb plumbum
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Atoms that compose an element may combine in a variety of ways.
• Gold, Au
• Sulfur, S8
• Nitrogen, N2
• Oxygen, O2
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Compounds –atoms of different elements combined in a fixed ratio
• Compounds have physical and chemical properties different from the properties of their elemental components
• NaCl, sodium chloride or table salt
• Fe2O3, iron oxide or rust
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Mixtures = various combinations of elements, compounds, or both
• Stainless steel is a mixture of the elements iron, chromium, nickel and carbon.
• Our atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and pollutants.
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How might we separate the following:
• Iron filings and sand
• Sawdust and rubber washers
• Salt and water
• Oil and water
• Point: Components of any mixture can be separated by physical means.
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Classification of Matter
E lem en t C om p ou n d
P u re
H eterog en ou s M ixtu re
S o lu tion S u sp en s ion
H om og en ou s M ixtu re
Im p u re
M atte r
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Pure Substance
• Element– Gold, Au
– Hydrogen, H2
– Silicon, Si
• Compound– Salt, NaCl
– Carbon Dioxide, CO2
– Ammonia, NH3
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Impure Substances
• Heterogenous Mixture– Sand in water
– Oil and water
– Salt and pepper
• Homogenous Mixture– Solution
– Suspension
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Homogenous Mixture
• Solution– Air (N2, O2)
– Salt water (NaCl, H2O)
– Stainless Steel (Fe, Cr, Ni, C)
• Suspension– Milk (water, solid
proteins)– Blood (water, solid
cells, nutrients)– Fog (air, tiny water
droplets)
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Figure 8-13
The periodic table of the elements. The weights of the elements increase from left to right. Each vertical column groups elements with similar chemical properties.
Periodic Table Basics: Element Symbol, Atomic Number, Average Atomic Mass, Families and Periods.
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• Average Atomic Mass = sum of protons and neutrons; an average of the relative abundance of the isotopes for that element
92
U 238.028
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…distinguish between properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.
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…compare and contrast families of elements in terms of their chemical properties.
Alkali Metals, group IA (1)
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…compare and contrast families of elements in terms of their chemical properties.
Alkaline Earth Metals, group IIA (2)
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…compare and contrast families of elements in terms of their chemical properties.
Halogens, group VIIA (17)
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…compare and contrast families of elements in terms of their chemical properties.
Noble Gases, group VIIIA (18)
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NaCl CaCl2 MgO Al2O3
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H2O CO2 CH4 NH3
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Text questions:
• Chapter 8 – Discussion Questions 6-10 p. 175
• Chapter 10– Discussion Questions p. 216: 1,2,4,5,6,7,11
and Problems 1, 2, 3.