We will continue on to the back of the worksheet.

The 5 remaining Achievements of Ancient Greece are:

Geography

Biology

Architecture

Theater

Sports

Remember to find the Important people along with the

Achievements of each section

CLASSWORK

DIRECTIONS

Step 1 – You get to your station and as a group read over on

your graphic organizer what needs to be filled out for your

station

Step 2 – Begin reading and analyzing the article and picture

to fil l out your graphic organizer.

Step 3 – Make sure as a group you come to an agreement on

what you all will write down.

Step 4 – Check each others work to make sure of the

correctness.

6. Anc ient Greek Cont r ibut ions to Geography

The ear ly Greeks were the f i r s t to pract ice a form of geography that was more than just map making (car tography) . Greek ph i losopher s and sc ient is t were a lso interes ted in learning about the spat ia l nature of human and phys ical features found on the Ear th . The word geography comes f rom Greek words that mean “wr i t ing about the ear th . ” The Greek h is tor ian Herodotus created the f i r s t map of the known wor ld , in about 450 B .C .E . To gather the informat ion for h is map, Herodotus asked geographic quest ions . He found some answers to h is quest ions by t rave l ing and ta lk ing with other t rave lers . He organized the informat ion by d isplay ing i t on a map.

The ancient Greeks were a lso interes ted in the s ize and geometr y of the Ear th . A r is tot le (384 - 322 BCE) proved that the Ear th had a spher ical shape. Ev idence for th is idea came f rom h is obser vat ions of lunar ec l ipses . Lunar ec l ipses occur when the Ear th casts i ts c i rcu lar shadow on to the moon's sur face .

A Greek geographer even calculated the c i rcumference of the equator to be 40,233 ki lometer s us ing s imple geometr ic re lat ionsh ips . Th is pr imit ive calculat ion was unusual ly accurate . Measurements of the Ear th us ing modern sate l l i te technology have calculated the c i rcumference to be 40,072 ki lometers .

Another great geographer of ancient t imes was P to lemy (TAH- luh -mee ) . He wrote a book cal led Geograph ia that l is ted about 8 ,000 p laces around the wor ld . H is book contained maps that showed how to represent the cur ve of Ear th on a f lat sur face . Some of h is other impor tant cont r ibut ions inc lude the creat ion of three d i f fe rent methods for pro ject ing the Ear th 's sur face on a map and deve lopment of the concepts of geographical lat i tude and longi tude . With th is system, he recorded the speci f ic locat ions for the thousands of p laces he l i s ted in h is book . Centur ies later, Arab scholars would fur ther deve lop the s tudy of geography, especia l l y in the f ie ld of mapmaking .

Most of the Greek accompl ishments in geography were passed on to the Romans. The Roman mi l i tar y used th is informat ion to guide the expansion of the i r Empire . The Romans also made several impor tant addi t ions to geographical knowledge .

6. GEOGRAPHY ARTICLE

GEOGRAPHY PICTURE

7. Anc ient Greek Contr ibut ions to B io logy

Ancient Greeks developed the sc ience of b io logy. About 600 B.C .E . , Greek th inkers bel ieved each event has a cause and an ef fect . They used th is idea to s tudy the natura l wor ld.

Cur iosi ty led Greeks to study p lants and animals . Sc ient is ts learned about the anatomy, or body st ructure , o f animals and humans. This knowledge helped doctors in thei r medical s tudies .

The Greeks ident i f ied p lants and a lso named thei r par ts . The Greeks learned that p lants reproduce by spreading seeds. Greek doctors used p lants , such as herbs , as medic ines and for pain .

The Greek phi losopher A r is tot le was fasc inated by l i v ing th ings. Ar istot le most d is t inguished h imself in the f ie ld of b io logy. He co l lected information about many types of animals and p lants . An av id natural h is tor ian who t i relessly s tudied and cata logued many spec ies of p lants and animals , he then organized animals into groups, such as “ those wi th backbones” and “ those wi thout backbones.” He d iv ided p lants into such groups as “herbs ,” “shrubs ,” and “ t rees .” The way we c lass i fy, o r group, animals and p lants today ref lects the work of Ar istot le .

7. BIOLOGY ARTICLE

BIOLOGY PICTURE

8 . An c ien t G r eek s C o n t r ib u t io ns to A r c h i tec t ur e

G r eek l i fe wa s d o m in a ted by r e l i g io n a n d so i t i s n o t su r p r i s in g t h a t t h e tem p les o f a n c ien t G r eec e wer e t h e b ig g es t a n d m o st b ea u t i f u l . T h ey a l so h a d a p o l i t i ca l p u r p o se a s t h ey wer e o f ten b u i l t to c e leb r a te c i v i c p ower a n d p r id e , o r o f fe r t h a n k sg i v in g to t h e p a t ro n g o d o f a c i t y fo r su c c ess in wa r.

T h e wo r d a r c h i tec t ur e c o m es f ro m a G r eek wo r d t h a t m ea n s “ m a ste r b u i ld e r. ” G r eek a r c h i tec t ur e wa s o n e o f t h e a c h ievem en t s o f t h e G o ld en A g e o f At h en s . On e fea t u r e wa s t h e way t h a t t h e G r eek s u sed c o lu m n s to m a ke t h e i r tem p les lo o k b a la n c ed a n d s t a te l y .

T h e G r eek s d eve lo p ed t h r ee a r c h i tec tu r a l s y s tem s , c a l l ed o r d e r s , ea c h w i t h t h e i r ow n d i s t in c t i ve p ro p o r t io n s a n d d et a i l i n g . Th e Gr eek o r d er s a r e : Do r i c , I o n ic , a n d C o r in t h ia n .

T h e Do r i c s t y le i s r a t h e r s t u r d y a n d i t s to p ( t h e c a p i t a l ) , i s p la in . T h i s s t y le wa s u sed in m a in la n d G r eec e a n d t h e c o lo n ies in so u t h e r n I t a l y a n d S i c i l y .

T h e I o n ic s t y le i s t h in n er a n d m o r e e leg a n t . I t s c a p i t a l i s d ec o r a ted w i t h a sc ro l l - l i ke d es ig n ( a vo lu te ) . T h i s s t y le wa s fo u n d in ea s te r n G r eec e a n d t h e i s la n d s . T h e C o r in t h ia n s t y le i s se ld o m u sed in t h e G r eek wo r ld , b u t o f ten seen o n Ro m a n tem p les . I t s c a p i t a l i s ve r y e la b o r a te a n d d ec o r a ted w i t h a c a n t h u s leaves .

A n o t h er fea t u r e wa s t h e p ed im en t s , t h e t r ia n g u la r sh a p es w h er e ro o f l i n es c o m e to g et h e r. A n d a t h i r d a r c h i tec t u r a l fea t u r e wa s t h e d ec o r a ted b a n d s c a l led f r i e z es .

To d ay, G r eek s t y les a r e s t i l l u sed in m a ny b u i ld in g s . T h ey a r e c o m m o n in p u b l i c s t r u c t u r es su c h a s g ove r n m en t b u i ld in g s , sc h o o ls , c h u r c h es , l i b r a r ies , a n d m u seu m s . T h e U . S . C a p i to l h a s e lem en t s o f G r eek a r c h i tec tu r e , su c h a s c o lu m n s a n d p ed im en t s . T h e b u i ld in g t h a t h o u ses t h e U . S . S u p r em e C o u r t i s a n o t h e r exa m p le o f a p u b l i c s t r u c t u r e in sp i r ed by G r eek a r c h i tec t u r e .

A n o t h er la s t in g G r eek a r c h i tec t u ra l c o n t r ib u t io n to wo r ld c u l t u r e wa s t h e s t a d iu m . S t a d iu m s wer e n a m ed a f te r t h e d i s t a n c e ( 6 0 0 a n c ien t feet o r a ro u n d 1 8 0 m et r es ) o f t h e fo o t - ra ce t h ey o r ig in a l l y h o s ted - t h e s t a d e o r s t a d io n

T h e G r eek c o n c er n w i t h s im p l i c i t y, p ro p o r t io n , p e r sp ec t i ve , a n d h a r m o ny in t h e i r b u i ld in g s wo u ld g o o n to g r ea t l y i n f lu enc e a r c h i tec t s in t h e Ro m a n wo r ld a n d p rov id e t h e fo u n d a t io n fo r t h e c la ss i c a l a r c h i tec t u r a l o r d e r s w h ic h wo u ld d o m in a te t h e wes te r n wo r ld f ro m t h e Ren a issa n c e to t h e p r esen t d ay.

8. ARCHITECTURE ARTICLE

ARCHITECTURE ARTICLE

9. Anc ient Greek Cont r ibut ions to Theate r

The Greek theatre h is tor y began with fest iva ls honor ing the i r gods . In ancient Greece , theatre was a real ly b ig deal . Crowds of 15,000 people would gather to see a p lay. Theatre was so impor tant to the ancient Greeks that pr isoners would be re leased f rom ja i l temporar i ly, so they could a lso at tend .

The word theater comes f rom a Greek word that means “a v iewing p lace .” Greek theaters were bui l t as semic i rc les . The rows of seats rose s teeply f rom the stage so that ever yone in the audience could see and hear. These ideas are used in theaters bui l t today.

The Greeks even invented specia l e f fec ts . For example , they used hoists to l i f t actors of f the s tage , so that they appeared to be f ly ing . They a lso created scener y that revolved, or turned. Revolv ing the scener y let them quickly change where the act ion in a p lay was taking p lace . In Greek drama, the chorus or the s ingers to ld the s tor y, not the actors . Actors used gestures and masks to act out the i r par ts . Actors changed ro les by changing masks .

There were three types of p lays . Tragedies : The f i r s t type they invented was the t ragedy. In t ragedies , one or more major characters a lways suf fered a d isast rous end.

Comedies : Comedies were invented next . In comedies , p lays a lways had a happy end. The th i rd type was the sat i re .

Sat i res : Sat i res were p lays that made fun of mor tal legends and of real people . In ancient Greece , you d id not poke fun at the gods - not in a p lay, not in real l i fe , not ever. But you could poke fun at your leaders . And that was unique ly Greek . Sat i res in ancient Greece were of ten pol i t ica l in nature , and could indeed af fect people 's opin ions about cur rent events .

Ar is tophanes was a Greek wr i te r. Most of h is p lays were pol i t ica l sat i res h igh l ight ing the t roubles in Athens dur ing the golden age . Many of them were per formed at fest ivals , watched and voted for by the people .

Perhaps the greates t Greek contr ibut ions to the theater are the i r s tor ies and p lays . Wr i ters throughout the ages have been inspi red by Greek myths and stor ies . Greek dramas are s t i l l per formed al l over the wor ld .

9. THEATER ARTICLE

THEATER PICTURE

10. Anc ient Greek Contr ibut ions to Spor ts

Many modern spor ts t race thei r roots back to anc ient Greece. The most famous example is the Olympic Games. The Greeks invented ath let ic contests and held them in honor of thei r gods

The anc ient Olympics were rather d i f ferent f rom the modern Games. There were fewer events , and only f ree men who spoke Greek could compete, instead of ath letes f rom any country. A lso , the games were a lways held at Olympia instead of moving around to d i f ferent s i tes ever y t ime. A l l f ree male Greek c i t izens were ent i t led to par t ic ipate in the anc ient Olympic Games, regardless of thei r soc ia l s tatus . Marr ied women were not a l lowed to par t ic ipate in , or to watch, the anc ient Olympic Games. However, unmarr ied women could at tend the compet i t ion, and the pr iestess of Demeter, goddess of fer t i l i ty, was g iven a pr iv i leged pos i t ion next to the Stadium al tar.

The f i r s t Olympics were held in 776 B.C .E . to honor the Greek god Zeus . Today’s Olympic Games ref lect anc ient Greek customs. Dur ing the opening ceremony, an ath lete l ights the Olympic f lame. This custom comes f rom the t ime in anc ient Greece when the f i r s t Olympic ath letes l i t a f i re on the a l tar o f Zeus .

Many modern Olympic events grew out of Greek contests . One example is the pentathlon. Pentathlon is a Greek word that means “ f i ve contests .” The Greek pentathlon inc luded the footrace, d iscus throw, long jump, javel in throw, and wrest l ing. The Greeks invented th is event as a test o f a l l -around ath let ic sk i l l . A l though the f i ve contests are d i f ferent today, the pentathlon is s t i l l an Olympic event .

10. SPORTS ARTICLE

SPORTS PICTURE