Claude MonetNot to be confused with douard Manet, another painterof the same era.For other uses, see Monet (disambiguation).Oscar-Claude Monet (/mone/; French: [klod mn];14 November 1840 5 December 1926) was a founderof French Impressionist painting, and the most consistentand prolic practitioner of the movements philosophyof expressing ones perceptions before nature, especiallyas applied to plein-air landscape painting.[1][2] The termImpressionism is derived from the title of his paintingImpression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which wasexhibited in 1874 in the rst of the independent exhibi-tions mounted by Monet and his associates as an alterna-tive to the Salon de Paris.Monets ambition of documenting the French country-side led him to adopt a method of painting the samescene many times in order to capture the changing of lightand the passing of the seasons.From 1883 Monet livedin Giverny, where he purchased a house and property,and began a vast landscaping project which included lilyponds that would become the subjects of his best-knownworks. In 1899 he began painting the water lilies, rst invertical views with a Japanese bridge as a central feature,and later in the series of large-scale paintings that was tooccupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life.1 Monet and ImpressionismImpression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), 1872; the paint-ing that gave its name to the style. Muse Marmottan Monet,Paris1.1 First Impressionist exhibitionFrom the late 1860s, Monet and other like-minded artistsmet with rejection from the conservative Acadmie desBeaux-Arts, which held its annual exhibition at the Salonde Paris.During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley or-ganized the Socit anonyme des artistes peintres, sculp-teurs et graveurs (Cooperative and Anonymous Associa-tion of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers) to exhibit theirartworks independently. At their rst exhibition, held inApril 1874, Monet exhibited the work that was to givethe group its lasting name.Impression, Sunrise was painted in 1872, depicting a LeHavre port landscape. From the paintings title the artcritic Louis Leroy, in his review, L'Exposition des Im-pressionnistes, which appeared in Le Charivari, coinedthe term "Impressionism".[3] It was intended as dispar-agement but the Impressionists appropriated the term forthemselves.[4][5]2 Biography2.1 Birth and childhoodClaude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on thefth oor of 45 rue Latte, in the 9th arrondissementof Paris.[6] He was the second son of Claude AdolpheMonet and Louise Justine Aubre Monet, both of themsecond-generation Parisians. On 20 May 1841, he wasbaptizedinthelocal parishchurch, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude, but his parents called him sim-ply Oscar.[6][7] (He signed his juvenilia O. Monet.) De-spite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became anatheist.[8][9]In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. Hisfather wanted him to go into the family grocery business,but Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was asinger.On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondaryschool of the arts. Locals knew him well for his charcoalcaricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs.Monet alsoundertookhis rst drawinglessons fromJacques-Franois Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856he met fellowartist Eugne Boudin, who became his men-tor and taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet12 2 BIOGRAPHY"en plein air" (outdoor) techniques for painting.[10] Bothreceived the inuence of Johan Barthold Jongkind.On 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of six-teen, he left school and went to live with his widowed,childless aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre.TheWomanintheGreenDress, Camille Doncieux, 1866,Kunsthalle Bremen2.2 ParisWhen Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he wit-nessed painters copying from the old masters. Havingbrought his paints and other tools with him, he would in-stead go and sit by a window and paint what he saw.[11]Monet was in Paris for several years and met other youngpainters, including douard Manet and others who wouldbecome friends and fellow Impressionists.In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of AfricanLight Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment,but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever,his aunt intervened to get himout of the army if he agreedto complete an art course at an art school.It is possiblethat the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whomMonet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this mat-ter. Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at artschools, in 1862 Monet became a student of CharlesGleyre in Paris,where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Frdric Bazille and Alfred Sisley. Together they sharednewapproaches to art, painting the eects of light en pleinair with broken color and rapid brushstrokes, in what latercame to be known as Impressionism.Le djeuner sur l'herbe, (right section), 18651866, withGustave Courbet, Frdric Bazille and Camille Doncieux, rstwife of the artist, Muse d'Orsay, Paris[12]In January 1865 Monet was working on a version of Ledjeuner sur l'herbe, aiming to present it for hanging at theSalon, which had rejected Manets Le djeuner sur l'herbetwo years earlier.[13] Monets painting was very large andcould not be completed in time. (It was later cut up, withparts now in dierent galleries.) Monet submitted insteada painting of Camille or The Woman in the Green Dress(La femme la robe verte), one of many works using hisfuture wife, Camille Doncieux, as his model. Both thispainting and a small landscape were hung.[13] The follow-ing year Monet used Camille for his model in Women inthe Garden, and On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt in1868. Camille became pregnant and gave birth to theirrst child, Jean, in 1867.[14] Monet and Camille marriedon 28 June 1870, just before the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War,[15] and, after their excursion to London andZaandam, they moved to Argenteuil, in December 1871.During this time Monet painted various works of mod-ern life. He and Camille lived in poverty for most of thisperiod. Following the successful exhibition of some mar-itime paintings, and the winning of a silver medal at LeHavre, Monets paintings were seized by creditors, fromwhom they were bought back by a shipping merchant,Gaudibert, who was also a patron of Boudin.[13]2.4 Impressionism 32.3 Franco-Prussian War and ArgenteuilAfter the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July1870), Monet and his family took refuge in England inSeptember 1870,[16] where he studied the works of JohnConstable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both ofwhose landscapes would serve to inspire Monets inno-vations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871,Monets works were refused authorisation for inclusionin the Royal Academy exhibition.[15]In May 1871, he left London to live in Zaandam, inthe Netherlands,[15]where he made twenty-ve paint-ings (and the police suspected himof revolution-aryactivities).[17]Healsopaidarst visit tonearbyAmsterdam. InOctoberorNovember1871, here-turned to France. From December 1871 to 1878 helived at Argenteuil,a village on the right bank of theSeine river near Paris, and a popular Sunday-outing des-tinationforParisians, wherehepaintedsomeofhisbest-known works. In 1873, Monet purchased a smallboat equipped to be used as a oating studio.[18] Fromthe boat studio Monet painted landscapes and also por-traits of douard Manet and his wife; Manet in turndepicted Monet painting aboard the boat, accompaniedby Camille, in 1874.[18] In 1874, he briey returned toHolland.[19]2.4 ImpressionismThe rst Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874 at 35boulevard des Capucines, Paris, from15 April to 15 May.The primary purpose of the participants was not so muchto promote a new style, but to free themselves from theconstraints of the Salon de Paris. The exhibition, opento anyone prepared to pay 60 francs, gave artists the op-portunity to show their work without the interference ofa jury.[20][21][22]Renoir chaired the hanging committee and did most ofthe work himself, as others members failed to presentthemselves.[20][21]In addition to Impression: Sunrise (pictured above) Monetpresented four oil paintings and seven pastels. Among thepaintings he displayed was The Luncheon (1868), whichfeatures Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet, and whichhad been rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870.[23] Alsoin this exhibition was a painting titled Boulevard des Ca-pucines, a painting of the boulevard done from the pho-tographer Nadars apartment at no. 35. Monet paintedthe subject twice, and it is uncertain which of the twopictures, that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, orthat in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City,was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow pic-ture has been favoured.[24][25][26] Altogether, 165 workswere exhibited in the exhibition, including 4 oils, 2 pas-tels and 3 watercolors by Morisot; 6 oils and 1 pastel byMadame Monet in a Japanese kimono, 1875, Museum of FineArts, BostonRenoir; 10 works by Degas; 5 by Pissarro; 3 by Czanne;and 3 by Guillaumin. Several works were on loan, in-cluding Czannes Modern Olympia, Morisots Hide andSeek (owned by Manet) and 2 landscapes by Sisley thathad been purchased by Durand-Ruel.[20][21][22]Thetotal attendanceisestimatedat 3500, andsomeworks did sell, though some exhibitors had placed theirprices too high. Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for TheOrchard and Monet the same forImpression: Sunrise,neither of which sold. Renoir failed to obtain the 500francs he was asking forLaLoge, but later sold it for450 francs to Pre Martin, dealer and supporter of thegroup.[20][21][22]Paintings 18581872View at Rouelles, Le Havre 1858, Private collection;an early work showing the inuence of Corot andCourbetMouth of the Seine at Honeur, 1865, Norton SimonFoundation, Pasadena, CA; indicates the inuenceof Dutch maritime painting.[1]Women in a Garden, 18661867, Muse d'Orsay,Paris.[2]4 2 BIOGRAPHYWoman in a Garden, 1867, Hermitage, St. Peters-burg; a study in the eect of sunlight and shadow oncolourJardinSainte-Adresse, 1867, Metropolitan Mu-seum of Art, New York.[3]The Luncheon, 1868, Stdel, which features CamilleDoncieux and Jean Monet, was rejected by the ParisSalon of 1870 but included in the rst Impression-ists exhibition in 1874.[4]La Grenouillre 1869, Metropolitan Museumof Art,New York; a small plein-air painting created withbroad strokes of intense colour.[5]The Magpie, 18681869. Muse d'Orsay, Paris; oneof Monets early attempts at capturing the eect ofsnow on the landscape. See also Snow at Argenteuil.Le port de Trouville (Breakwater at Trouville, LowTide), 1870, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest.[6]La plage de Trouville, 1870, National Gallery, Lon-don. The left gure may be Camille, on the rightpossibly the wife of Eugne Boudin, whose beachscenes inuenced Monet.[7]Jean Monet on his hobby horse, 1872, MetropolitanMuseum of Art, New YorkSpringtime 1872, Walters Art Museum1. ^ Norton Simon Museum2. ^ Muse d'Orsay3. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art4. ^ Stdel5. ^ La Grenouillre at the Metropolitan Museum ofArt6. ^ Le port de Trouville, Museum of Fine Arts, Bu-dapest7. ^LaplagedeTrouville, 1870, National Gallery,London2.5 Death of CamilleIn 1876,Camille Monet became ill with tuberculosis.Their second son, Michel, was born on 17 March 1878.This second child weakened her already fading health. Inthe summer of that year, the family moved to the villageof Vtheuil where they shared a house with the family ofErnest Hosched, a wealthy department store owner andpatron of the arts. In 1878, Camille Monet was diagnosedwith uterine cancer,[27] and she died on 5 September 1879at the age of thirty-two.[28][29]Claude Monet, Camille Monet on her deathbed, 1879, Mused'Orsay, ParisPierre-Auguste Renoir, Portrait of Claude Monet, 1875, Mused'OrsayMonet made a study in oils of his dead wife. Many yearslater, Monet confessed to his friend Georges Clemenceau5that his need to analyse colours was both the joy and tor-ment of his life. He explained,I onedayfoundmyself lookingat mybeloved wifes dead face and just systematicallynoting the colours according to an automaticreex!John Berger describes the work as a blizzard of white,grey, purplish paint ... a terrible blizzard of loss whichwill forever eace her features. In fact there can be veryfew death-bed paintings which have been so intensely feltor subjectively expressive.[30]2.6 VtheuilAfter several dicult months followingthedeathofCamille, Monet began to create some of his best paint-ings of the 19th century. During the early 1880s, Monetpainted several groups of landscapes and seascapes inwhat he considered to be campaigns to document theFrench countryside. These began to evolve into series ofpictures in which he documented the same scene manytimes in order to capture the changing of light and thepassing of the seasons.Monets friend Ernest Hosched became bankrupt, andleft in 1878 for Belgium. After the death of CamilleMonet in September 1879, and while Monet continuedto live in the house in Vtheuil, Alice Hosched helpedMonet to raise his two sons, Jean and Michel.She tookthem to Paris to live alongside her own six children,[31]Blanche (who married Jean Monet), Germaine, Suzanne,Marthe, Jean-Pierre, and Jacques. In the spring of 1880,Alice Hosched and all the children left Paris and re-joined Monet at Vtheuil.[32] In 1881, all of them movedto Poissy, which Monet hated. In April 1883, looking outthe window of the little train between Vernon and Gasny,he discovered Giverny in Normandy.[31][33][34]Monet,Alice Hosched and the children moved to Vernon, thento the house in Giverny, where he planted a large gardenand where he painted for much of the rest of his life. Fol-lowing the death of her estranged husband, Monet mar-ried Alice Hosched in 1892.[10]Paintings 18731879Camille Monet on a Garden Bench, 1873,Metropolitan Museum of Art, New YorkThe Artists house at Argenteuil, 1873, The Art Insti-tute of ChicagoCoquelicots, La promenade (Poppies), 1873, Mused'Orsay, ParisArgenteuil, 1874, National Gallery of Art, Washing-ton D.C.The Studio Boat, 1874, Krller-Mller Museum, Ot-terlo, NetherlandsWoman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and HerSon, 1875Flowers on the riverbank at Argenteuil, 1877, PolaMuseum of Art, JapanSaint Lazare trainstation, Paris, 1877, The Art In-stitute of ChicagoVtheuil in the Fog, 1879, Muse Marmottan Monet,Paris3 GivernyStudy of a Figure Outdoors: Woman with a Parasol, facing left,1886. Muse d'Orsay3.1 Monets house and gardenAt the beginning of May 1883, Monet and his large fam-ily rented a house and 2 acres (8,100 m2) from a lo-cal landowner. The house was situated near the mainroad between the towns of Vernon and Gasny at Giverny.There was a barn that doubled as a painting studio, or-chards and a small garden.The house was close enoughto the local schools for the children to attend and the6 4 LAST YEARSsurrounding landscape oered many suitable motifs forMonets work. The family worked and built up the gar-dens and Monets fortunes began to change for the betteras his dealer Paul Durand-Ruel had increasing successin selling his paintings.[35] By November 1890, Monetwas prosperous enough to buy the house, the surround-ing buildings and the land for his gardens. During the1890s, Monet built a greenhouse and a second studio, aspacious building well lit with skylights.Monet wrote daily instructions to his gardener, precisedesigns and layouts for plantings,and invoices for hisoral purchases and his collection of botany books. AsMonets wealth grew, his garden evolved. He remainedits architect, even after he hired seven gardeners.[36]Monet purchased additional land with a water meadow.In 1893 he began a vast landscaping project which in-cluded lily ponds that would become the subjects of hisbest-known works. White water lilies local to Francewere planted along with imported cultivars from SouthAmerica and Egypt, resulting in a range of colours in-cluding yellow, blue and white lilies that turned pink withage.[37] In 1899 he began painting the water lilies, rst invertical views with a Japanese bridge as a central feature,and later in the series of large-scale paintings that was tooccupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life.This scenery, with its alternating light and mirror-like re-ections, became an integral part of his work. By themid-1910s Monet had achieved:acompletelynew, uid, andsomewhataudacious style of painting in which thewater-lily pond became the point of departurefor an almost abstract artGary Tinterow[38][39]Monets gardenInthe Garden, 1895, CollectionE. G. Buehrle,ZrichAgapanthus, between 1914 and 1926, Museum ofModern Art, New YorkThe rose arches, Giverny, 1913, private collectionWater Lilies andthe Japanese bridge, 189799,Princeton University Art MuseumWater Lilies, 1906, Art Institute of ChicagoWater Lilies, Muse Marmottan MonetWater Lilies, c. 1915, Neue Pinakothek, MunichWater Lilies, c. 1915, Muse Marmottan MonetMonet, right, in his garden at Giverny, 19224 Last years4.1 Failing sightMonets second wife, Alice, died in 1911, and his old-est son Jean, who had married Alices daughter Blanche,Monets particular favourite, died in 1914.[10] After Al-ice died, Blanche looked after and cared for Monet. Itwas during this time that Monet began to develop the rstsigns of cataracts.[40]During World War I, in which his younger son Michelserved and his friend and admirer Clemenceau led theFrench nation, Monet painted a series of weeping willowtrees as homage to the French fallen soldiers. In 1923, heunderwent two operations to remove his cataracts. Thepaintings done while the cataracts aected his vision havea general reddish tone, which is characteristic of the vi-sion of cataract victims. It may also be that after surgeryhe was able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of lightthat are normally excluded by the lens of the eye; thismay have had an eect on the colors he perceived. Afterhis operations he even repainted some of these paintings,with bluer water lilies than before.[41]4.2 DeathMonet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the ageof 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery.[33]Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only7about fty people attended the ceremony.[42]His home, garden, and waterlily pond were bequeathedby his son Michel, his only heir, to the French Academyof Fine Arts (part of the Institut de France) in 1966.ThroughtheFondationClaudeMonet, thehouseandgardens were opened for visits in 1980, followingrestoration.[43]In addition to souvenirs of Monetandother objects of his life, the house contains his collectionof Japanese woodcut prints. The house and garden, alongwith the Museum of Impressionism Giverny, are major at-tractions in Giverny, which hosts tourists fromall over theworld.Monets late paintingsWater Lilies and Reections of a Willow (191619),Muse Marmottan MonetWater-Lily Pond and Weeping Willow, 19161919,Sale Christies New York, 1998WeepingWillow, 19181919, Columbus Museumof ArtWeeping Willow, 19181919, Kimball Art Museum,Fort Worth, Monets Weeping Willowpaintings werean homage to the fallen French soldiers of WorldWar IHouse Among the Roses, between 1917 and 1919,Albertina, ViennaThe Rose Walk, Giverny, 192022, Muse Marmot-tan MonetThe Japanese Footbridge, 192022, MuseumofModern ArtThe Garden at Giverny5 Monets methodsMonet has been described as the driving force behindImpressionism.[44] Crucial to the art of the Impressionistpainters was the understanding of the eects of light onthe local colour of objects, and the eects of the juxtapo-sition of colours with each other.[45] Monets long careeras a painter was spent in the pursuit of this aim.In1856, hischancemeetingwithEugeneBoudin, apainter of small beach scenes, opened his eyes to the pos-sibility of plein-air painting. From that time, with a shortinterruption for military service, he dedicated himself tosearching for new and improved methods of painterly ex-pression. To this end, as a young man, he visited the ParisSalon and familiarised himself with the works of olderpainters, and made friends with other young artists.[44]The ve years that he spent at Argenteuil, spending muchtime on the River Seine in a little oating studio, were for-mative in his study of the eects of light and reections.Rouen Cathedral at sunset, 1893, Muse Marmottan Monet. Anexample of the Rouen Cathedral Series.He began to think in terms of colours and shapes ratherthan scenes and objects. He used bright colours in dabsand dashes and squiggles of paint. Having rejected theacademic teachings of Gleyres studio, he freed himselffrom theory, saying I like to paint as a bird sings.[46]In 1877 a series of paintings at St-Lazare Station hadMonet looking at smoke and steam and the way that theyaected colour and visibility, being sometimes opaqueand sometimes translucent. He was to further use thisstudy in the painting of the eects of mist and rain onthe landscape.[47] The study of the eects of atmospherewere to evolve into a number of series of paintings inwhich Monet repeatedly painted the same subject in dif-ferent lights, at dierent hours of the day, and through thechanges of weather and season. This process began in the1880s and continued until the end of his life in 1926.His rst series exhibitedas suchwas of Haystacks,painted from dierent points of view and at dierenttimes of the day. Fifteen of the paintings were exhib-ited at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in 1891. In 1892 he pro-duced what is probably his best-known series, twenty-sixviews of Rouen Cathedral.[45] In these paintings Monetbroke with painterly traditions by cropping the subject sothat only a portion of the facade is seen on the canvas.The paintings do not focus on the grand Medieval build-8 6 FAMEing, but on the play of light and shade across its surface,transforming the solid masonry.[48]Other series include Poplars, Mornings on the Seine, andtheWater Lilies that were painted on his property atGiverny. Between 1883 and 1908, Monet traveled to theMediterranean, where he painted landmarks, landscapes,and seascapes, including a series of paintings in Venice.In London he painted four series: the Houses of Parlia-ment, London, CharingCrossBridge, WaterlooBridge,and Views of Westminster Bridge. Helen Gardner writes:Monet, withascienticprecision, hasgiven us an unparalleled and unexcelled recordof the passing of time as seen in the movementof light over identical forms.[49]Series of paintingsLa Gare Saint-Lazare, 1877, Muse d'OrsayArrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare,1877, The Art Institute of Chicago[1]The Clis at Etretat, 1885, Clark Institute,WilliamstownSailboats behind the needle at Etretat, 1885Two paintings froma series of grainstacks, 1890-91:Grainstacks in the Sunlight, Morning Eect,Grainstacks, end of day, Autumn, 18901891, ArtInstitute of ChicagoPoplars (Autumn), 1891, Philadelphia Museum ofArtPoplars at the River Epte, 1891 TateTheSeineNearGiverny, 1897, Museum of FineArts, BostonMorning on the Seine, 1898, National Museum ofWestern ArtCharingCrossBridge,1899,Thyssen-BornemiszaMuseum MadridCharingCrossBridge, London,18991901,SaintLouis Art MuseumTwo paintings from a series of The Houses of Par-liament, London, 190001, Art Institute of ChicagoLondon, HousesofParliament. TheSunShiningthrough the Fog, 1904, Muse d'OrsayGrand Canal, Venice, 1908, Museum of Fine Arts,BostonGrand Canal, Venice, 1908, Fine Arts Museums ofSan Francisco1. ^ Art Institute of Chicago6 FameIn 2004, London, the Parliament, Eects of Sun in the Fog(Londres, le Parlement, troue de soleil dans le brouillard)(1904), sold for US$20.1 million.[50] In 2006, the jour-nalProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety published a paperproviding evidence that these were painted in situ at StThomas Hospital over the river Thames.[51]Falaises prs deDieppe(Clis nearDieppe) has beenstolen on two separate occasions: once in 1998 (in whichthemuseumscuratorwasconvictedofthetheft andjailed for ve years and two months along with two ac-complices) and most recently in August 2007.[52] It wasrecovered in June 2008.[53]Monets Le Pont du chemin de fer Argenteuil, an 1873paintingofarailwaybridgespanningtheSeinenearParis, was bought by an anonymous telephone bidderfor a record $41.4 million at Christies auction in NewYork on 6 May 2008. The previous record for his paint-ing stood at $36.5 million.[54] Just a few weeks later, Lebassin aux nymphas (from the water lilies series) soldat Christies 24 June 2008 auction in London, lot 19,[55]for36,500,000($71,892,376.34)(hammerprice)or40,921,250 ($80,451,178) with fees,nearly doublingthe record for the artist[56] and representing one of thetop 20 highest prices paid for a painting at the time.In October 2013, Monets paintings, L'Eglise de Vetheuiland Le Bassin aux Nymphease, became subjects of a legalcase in New York against NY-based Vilma Bautista, one-time aide to Imelda Marcos, wife of dictator FerdinandMarcos,[57] after she sold Le Bassin aux Nymphease for$32 million to a Swiss buyer. The said Monet paintings,along with two others, were acquired by Imelda duringher husbands presidency and allegedly bought using thenations funds. Bautistas lawyer claimed that the aidesold the painting for Imelda but did not have a chance togive her the money. The Philippine government seeks thereturn of the painting.[57] Le Bassin aux Nymphease, alsoknown as Japanese Footbridge over the Water-Lily Pondat Giverny, is part of Monets famed Water Lilies series.Series of water lilies in dierent lightsLe Bassin Aux Nymphas, 1919. Monets late se-ries of Waterlily paintings are among his best-knownworks.Water Lilies, 1919, Metropolitan Museum of Art,New YorkWater Lilies, 19171919, Honolulu Museum of ArtWater lilies (Yellow Nirwana), 1920, The NationalGallery, LondonWater Lilies, circa 1915-26, Nelson-Atkins Museumof ArtThe Water Lily Pond, c. 191719, Albertina, Vienna97 See alsoList of works by Claude MonetHistory of paintingWestern painting8 References[1] House, John, et al.: Monet in the 20th century, page 2, YaleUniversity Press, 1998.[2] Claude MONET biography. Giverny.org. 2 December2009. Retrieved 5 June 2012.[3] From John Rewald, The History of Impressionism[4] Impressionism: A Centenary Exhibition, the MetropolitanMuseum of Art, December 12, 1974-February 10, 1975,Anne Distel, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York,N.Y.)[5] Impressionism OverviewARTinthePICTURE.com.Retrieved 6 January 2007.[6] P. Tucker Claude Monet: Life and Art, p. 5[7] S. Patin, Monet un il ... mais bon Dieu, quel il !", Col-lection Dcouverte Gallimard. p. 14.[8] Steven Z. Levine (1994). 6. Monet, Narcissus, and Self-Reection: The Modernist Myth of the Self (2 ed.). Uni-versity of Chicago Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780226475431.Much closer to Monets own atheism and pessimism isSchopenhauer, already introduced to the impressionist cir-cle in the criticism of Theodore Duret in the 1870s andwhose inuence in France was at its peak in 1886, theyear of The World as Will and Idea.[9] Ruth Butler (2008). Hidden in the Shadow of the Mas-ter: the Model-wives of Czanne, Monet, and Rodin. YaleUniversity Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780300149531. ThenMonet took the end of his brush and drew some longstraight strokes in the wet pigment across her chest. Itsnot clear, and probably not consciously intended by theatheist Claude Monet, but somehow the suggestion of aCross lies there on her body.[10] Biographyfor ClaudeMonet GuggenheimCollection.Retrieved 6 January 2007.[11] GaryTinterow, Origins of Impressionism, Metropoli-tan Museum of Art, Jan 1, 1994, ISBN 0870997173,9780870997174[12] Muse d'Orsay, Le djeuner sur l'herbe, Notice de l'uvre,Iconographie[13] Charles F. Stuckey, p. 1116[14] Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metmuseum.org. Re-trieved 20 December 2012.[15] Charles Stuckey Monet, a Retrospective, Hugh LauterLevin Associates, 195[16] Monet, Claude Nicolas Pioch, www.ibiblio.org, 19September 2002. Retrieved 6 January 2007.[17] The texts of seven police reports, written on 2 June 9October 1871 are included in Monet in Holland, the cata-log of an exhibition in the AmsterdamVan Gogh Museum(1986).[18] Wattenmaker, Richard J.; Distel, Anne, et al. (1993).Great French Paintings from the Barnes Foundation. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 98.ISBN 0-679-40963-7[19] His paintings are shown and discussed here .[20] Bernard Denvir, The Chronicle of Impressionism: A Time-lineHistoryofImpressionist Art, Bulnch Press Book,1993[21] Bernard Denvir,The chronicle of impressionism: an in-timatediaryofthelivesandworldofthegreat artists,Thames & Hudson, Limited, 1993[22] archives, Notes for The First Impressionist Exhibition,1874[23] Stdelsches Kunstinstitut und Stdtische Galerie, Frank-furt am Main[24] Kennedy, Ian. KansascityorMoscow?", Apollo, 1March 2007. Retrieved on 8 June 2009.[25] Nathalia Brodskaya, ClaudeMonet, Parkstone Interna-tional, Jul 1, 2011[26] NathaliaBrodskaa, Impressionism, ParkstoneInterna-tional, 2010[27] Jiminez, Jill Berk (2013). Dictionary of Artists Models.Routledge. p. 165. ISBN 1135959145.[28] La Japonaise. artelino. Retrieved 5 June 2012.[29] http://members.aol.com/wwjohnston/camille.htm[30] Berger, John (1985). TheEyesofClaudeMonet fromSense of Sight. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 194195. ISBN 0-679-73722-7.[31] Biography of Oscar-Claude Monet, The Life and Workof Claude Monet. Monetalia.com. Retrieved 5 June2012.[32] Charles Merrill Mount, Monet abiography, Simon andSchuster publisher, copyright 1966, pp.309322.[33] Monets Village. Giverny. 24 February 2009. Retrieved5 June 2012.[34] Charles Merrill Mount, Monet abiography, Simon andSchuster publisher, copyright 1966, p326.[35] MaryMathewsGedo, Monet andHis Muse: CamilleMonet in the Artists Life, University of Chicago Press, Sep30, 2010, ISBN 0226284808, 9780226284804[36] Garrett, Robert (20 May 2007). Monets gardens a drawto Giverny and to his art. Globe Correspondents. Re-trieved 13 October 2008.10 10 EXTERNAL LINKS[37] Art Gallery of Victoria, Monets Garden, (retrieved 16December 2013)[38] The Metropolitan Museumof Art, Water Lilies, HeilbrunnTimeline of Art History[39] Gary Tinterow, Modern Europe, Metropolitan MuseumofArt (New York, N.Y.), Jan 1, 1987[40] Forge, Andrew, and Gordon, Robert, Monet, page 224.Harry N. Abrams, 1989.[41] Let the light shine in Guardian News, 30 May 2002. Re-trieved 6 January 2007.[42] P. Tucker Claude Monet: Life and Art, p.224[43] Historical record. Fondation-monet.fr. Retrieved 19January 2010.[44] Jennings, Guy (1986). Impressionist Painters. OctopusBooks. ISBN 9780706426601.[45] Gardner, Helen (1995). Art through the Ages (10th Reissed.). Harcourt CollegePub. p. 669. ISBN978-0155011410.[46] Jennings, p. 130[47] Jennings, p. 132[48] Jennings p. 137[49] Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, p. 669[50] Monets masterpiece reaches record high bid newsfrom-russia.com, 5 November 2004. Retrieved 6 January 2007.[51] Virtual Monet Thumbnails Pg 1| Special reports.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2012.[52] Monet and Others Stolen in Museum Heist in Nice. art-forum.com. 8 August 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2007.[53] French police recover stolen Monet painting. artfo-rum.com. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.[54] Monet fetches record price at NewYorkauction.Google. AFP. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2010.[55] Le Bassin Aux Nymphas. Christies of London. 24June 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.[56] Monet work auctioned for 40.9m. BBCNews. 24 June2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.[57] Ex-Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monetwork. Associated Press. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17October 2013.9 Further readingHoward, Michael The Treasures of Monet.(MuseMarmottan Monet, Paris, 2007).Kendall, Richard Monet by Himself, (Macdonald &Co 1989, updated Time Warner Books 2004), ISBN0-316-72801-2Monets years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism.NewYork: TheMetropolitanMuseumof Art.1978. ISBN 978-0-8109-1336-3. (full text PDFavailable)Stuckey, CharlesF., Monet, aretrospective, BayBooks, (1985) ISBN 0-85835-905-7Tucker, Paul Hayes, Monet in the '90s. (Museum ofFine Arts in association with Yale University Press,New Haven and London, 1989).Tucker, Paul HayesClaudeMonet: LifeandArtAmilcare Pizzi, Italy 1995 ISBN 0-300-06298-2Tucker, Paul Hayes, Monet inthe 20thcentury.(Royal Academy of Arts, London, Museum of FineArts, Boston and Yale University press. 1998).10 External linksClaude Monet at the Museum of Modern ArtClaude Monet, Ministre de la culture et de la com-municationClaude Monet, Joconde, Portail des collections desmuses de FranceMonet at GivernyUnion List of Artist Names, Getty VocabulariesWorks by or about Claude Monet in libraries(WorldCat catalog)Claude Monet at The GuggenheimImpressionism: acentenaryexhibition, an exhibi-tion catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art(fully available online as PDF), which contains ma-terial on Monet (p. 131167)1111 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses11.1 Text Claude Monet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet?oldid=674647377 Contributors: Magnus Manske, MichaelTinkler,Derek Ross, Bryan Derksen, Tarquin, Danny, Gianfranco, Deb, SimonP, Heron, DW, Olivier, DennisDaniels, Edward, Infrogmation,Liftarn, Delirium, Arpingstone, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Cadastral, Angela, Habj, Bogdangiusca, Samw, Jabo~enwiki, Dysprosia,WhisperToMe, Norm Shea, Tpbradbury, Nricardo, Renato Caniatti~enwiki, David.Monniaux, Hajor, Owen, Donarreiskoer, Robbot,Altenmann, Academic Challenger, Rasmus Faber, Sunray, JackofOz, Nerval, Lupo, Dmn, Centrx, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Tom harri-son, Everyking, Gamaliel, Leonard G., Macrakis, Solipsist, Bobblewik, Jonel, Antandrus, OverlordQ, Rdsmith4, AmarChandra, TiMike,Sam, Joyous!, Kate, D6, Discospinster, Zaheen, Rich Farmbrough, Paul August, Zaslav, Janderk, Ignignot, Elwikipedista~enwiki, Edwin-stearns, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Shanes, Remember, Art LaPella, Cacophony, Kaveh, Renice, Bobo192, TomStar81, Infocidal, Smalljim,Viriditas, AKGhetto, Dungodung, Man vyi, Jojit fb, David Gale, Nsaa, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Gary, SlaveToTheWage, Kessler, Atlant, Ray-mond, Ciceronl, Viridian, Jonathanriley, Sligocki, Walkerma, Denniss, Hu, Yummifruitbat, Snowolf, Benna, Dschwen, Super-Magician,Vcelloho, Omphaloscope, RainbowOfLight, Sciurin, Mikeo, TheAznSensation, AderS, Khankhan~enwiki, Monoet, Dejvid, Jerey O.Gustafson, Schroeder74, FeanorStar7, Hello5959us, ScottDavis, Etacar11, Xag, John Cardinal, EnSamulili, Schzmo, Scm83x, AchimRaschka, Kralizec!, Wayward, Prashanthns, Palica, MrSomeone, Paxsimius, Mandarax, Mdale, Graham87, Sparkit, Magister Mathemati-cae, Erl, BD2412, Chun-hian, Rjwilmsi, Lockley, CQJ, SeanMack, The wub, DoubleBlue, FlavrSavr, Shalmanese, Sango123, YamamotoIchiro, Algebra, Artlover, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Ground Zero, Musical Linguist, Nihiltres, Nivix, RexNL, Wingsandsword,Thndr333, Chobot, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, RobotE, Sceptre, RussBot, Muchness, DanMS, SpuriousQ, CambridgeBayWeather,Wimt, NawlinWiki, Davidswan, Wiki alf, Aeusoes1, Oberst, Usingha~enwiki, Jpbowen, Raven4x4x, Misza13, Zagalejo, Syrthiss, Prime-CupEevee, Psy guy, BusterD, CLW, 1717, Botteville, Paul Magnussen, Zzuuzz, J. 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Pbweil, Stroppolo, Rjwilm-siBot, Ienpw III, Beyond My Ken, Poepoe123, Josephlestrange, Slon02, Oil painting art, EmausBot, Superduper123456, WikitanvirBot,Dewritech, Riggr Mortis, ZroBot, Felix Pirvan, The Nut, Music-lvr know-all, Total-equilibrity, AVarchaeologist, Alborzagros, Chuispas-tonBot, Matkatamiba, Saudiartexpert, Hiltzhowes, Gift2woman, Castncoot, CaroleHenson, Reify-tech, Cbernasc, Balanceasia, SchroCat,Xtfcr7, Pine, ProtoplasmaKid, Zambonia, Michael MacIsaac, BattyBot, Carpediem6655, Ninmacer20, SD5bot, Packer1028, Dexbot, Mo-12 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSESgism, Jeccabreen, Periglio, VIAFbot, Leighperson, WilliamDigiCol, CorinneSD, Ohsocolorful, ThomasMikael, Kavdiaravish, RaphaelQS,Kaitymh, RainCity471, SouthGal62, Theparties, Bilorv, Mekeane, Samanta Snowdy, KasparBot, Chrish65, Marioorellanaencinar andAnonymous: 105611.2 Images File:Claude_Monet,_1879,_Camille_sur_son_lit_de_mort,_oil_on_canvas,_90_x_68_cm,_Muse_d'Orsay,_Paris.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Claude_Monet%2C_1879%2C_Camille_sur_son_lit_de_mort%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_90_x_68_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Image source: Mused'Orsay Original artist: Claude Monet File:Claude_Monet,_Impression,_soleil_levant,_1872.jpgSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant%2C_1872.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Claude Monet File:Claude_Monet,_Impression,_soleil_levant.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: wartburg.edu Original artist: Claude Monet File:Claude_Monet-Madame_Monet_en_costume_japonais.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Claude_Monet-Madame_Monet_en_costume_japonais.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Claude Monet File:Claude_Monet_-_Camille.JPGSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Claude_Monet_-_Camille.JPGLicense: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Claude Monet File:Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral,_Facade_(Sunset).JPGSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral%2C_Facade_%28Sunset%29.JPGLicense: Public domainContributors: UnknownOriginalartist:Claude Monet File:Claude_Monet_023.jpgSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Claude_Monet_023.jpgLicense: PublicdomainContributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000MeisterwerkederMalerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed byDIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Claude Monet File:Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Claude Monet 1899 Nadar.jpg Original artist: Nadar File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ? File:Monet_dejeunersurlherbe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Monet_dejeunersurlherbe.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors:Original artist: Claude Monet File:Monet_in_Garden,_New_York_Times,_1922.JPGSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Monet_in_Garden%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1922.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: From the Times online store here Original artist:? 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