Clean Air Initiative for Asian Clean Air Initiative for Asian CitiesCities

World BankEASES Briefing April 19, 2004

Presentation Outline Presentation Outline

• Context - Why this initiative • How to solve the problem• What is in this initiative• List of Activities

– Knowledge Management, Projects and Program, Networking

• BAQ 2002, 2003, 2004• Next Phase of activities

Air quality in most citiesAir quality in most cities of the developing world …. of the developing world ….

Air quality they deserve…Air quality they deserve… .... and the clean air they need .... and the clean air they need

The Problem: 2000/2001The Problem: 2000/2001

Source: Benchmarking Report on Air Quality in Asian cities Phase 2, 2003

SO2

NO2

SPMPM10

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Bangk

ok

Busan

Chong

qing

Colom

bo

Hong

Kong

Jaka

rta

Kath

man

du

Kolkat

a

Man

ila

Mum

bai

New D

elhi

Osaka

Pune

Sing

apor

e

Seou

l

Shan

ghai

Toky

o

con

cen

trati

on

in

µg

/m3

The Impact of the The Impact of the ProblemProblem

Premature DeathsPremature Deaths

“Air pollution puts the lives of millions at risk in Asian cities”

EnvironmentalRisks

GlobalEstimate

AsianEstimate

Asia as %of Global

Unsafe Water 1,730,000 730,000 42%

Urban Outdoor Air 799,000 487,000 61%

Indoor Air 1,619,000 1,025,000 63%

Lead 234,000 88,000 37%

Burden of Urban Air Burden of Urban Air PollutionPollution

disability adjusted life-years per disability adjusted life-years per 1000 people1000 people

Latin America

Europe & Central Asia

Middle East & N. Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

South Asia

East Asia & Pacific

0 5 10 15Source: Lvovsky, 2002

Problem IdentificationProblem Identification

• Main problem is PM10 and PM2.5

• Vehicles – especially diesel and 2-stroke two and three wheelers are important contributors

• Fuel quality, driving style and lack of maintenance important reasons why these vehicles are a problem

How to solve the How to solve the problem? problem?

• Better information for policy makers • Consensus on issues and actions • Political commitment & rigorous enforcement• Identification of technical solution(s)• Economic analysis of options• Macro-policy in place: trade, lube, taxes, etc.• Institutional cooperation: Private, Public etc. • Learn from international experience

Air Pollution Impact of Air Pollution Impact of TransportTransport

• Important contributor to air pollution– Lead from gasoline—a problem of the past in most countries in Asia

as they have phased out leaded gasoline (Indonesia left)– Two-stroke motorcycles mostly phased out (issue in the Philippines,

Indonesia and South Asia)– Fine and ultrafine particles in vehicle exhaust—main concern now– Ozone precursors (HC and NOx) in vehicle exhaust—emerging

problem

• Current reality– Old polluting fleets and low replacement rates – specifically Diesel – Lack of vehicle maintenance culture– Weak administrative capacity to regulate and monitor

• Future challenge– Rising income and motorization will increase congestion, pollution

and traffic safety problems unless concerted measures are taken

Pollu

tion

Per-Capita GDP

The Kuznet’s Curve

Why: Kuznet’s CurveWhy: Kuznet’s Curveopportunities for cities to bypass a opportunities for cities to bypass a

BAUBAU• developing cost-effective analytical

frameworks, exploring innovative opportunities and learning from other city experiences...

CAI-Asia GoalsCAI-Asia Goals

• Sharing knowledge and experiences • Capacity building• Improving policy and regulatory frameworks -

regional • Assisting cities in formulating and implementing

integrated air quality management systems • Piloting projects to encourage innovation

CAI Asia promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnerships

Collaborators: WBI, EASTR, EASUR, EASEG, DEC, ENV

CAI-Asia Networking CAI-Asia Networking PhilosophyPhilosophy

CAI-Asia

APMA

Kitakyushu Initiative

IES/US-EPA

Local CAI-Asia network

Local CAI-Asia network

Local CAI-Asia network

Local CAI-Asia network

Activity AreasActivity Areas

1. Knowledge and Information – Clean Air web-site and newsletter– Regional and local media campaigns– Publication of air quality data, technical

papers, case studies, proceedings– Thematic and/or city-specific workshops– Training courses

Activity AreasActivity Areas

2. Regional Policies and Standards– Air pollution control regulations and

standards– Related technical specifications to help

reduce air pollution emissions– Energy efficiency policies– Sustainable financing mechanisms and

fiscal policies for air pollution control

Activity AreasActivity Areas

3. Studies and Pilot Projects– Thematic studies on key issues (e.g.

emissions inventories and monitoring, modeling, transport management, etc.)

– City-level formulation and implementation of integrated air quality action plans

– Technical exchanges among cities– Pilot projects to implement innovations in

policies and technologies

Mainstreaming Air Quality Mainstreaming Air Quality Management at the World Management at the World

BankBank• Hanoi Urban Transport, Bicycle path in MMUTRIP• GEF co-financing for China sustainable urban transport

strategy and a multi-city action program AAA and TA • Air Quality monitors for the Philippines and Thailand• Country Development Partnership dialogue on

Environment in Thailand• DIESEL pilot program – tested in Bangkok and to be

applied in other cities• Dhaka Three Wheeler Phaseout – 40% improvement• Car free day at the World Bank and other organizations• Influencing the Air Quality Thematic group at the Bank• Transport forum and internal training of Bank staff

Mic

rogra

m/m

3

PM2.5 Average

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

12/2

5/20

02

12/2

7/20

02

12/2

9/20

02

12/3

1/20

02

1/2/

2003

1/4/

2003

1/6/

2003

PM2.5 concentrations in Dhaka PM2.5 concentrations in Dhaka Declines by 41% because of Two Declines by 41% because of Two

Stroke PhaseoutStroke Phaseout

Testimonials from TTLs in Testimonials from TTLs in the regionthe region

Discussion: Next Phase?Discussion: Next Phase?

• Simplified lending framework - cross sectoral issues to be dealt through a strategic sector approach

• Identify and transfer management to the region • Explore new financing opportunities - GEF, CF, Italian

CTF for China, etc.• Assess cost-effectiveness of different emission

reduction strategies and increase understanding• Involve local agencies in the evaluating international

experiences and its applicability in their country

Next Phase cont.Next Phase cont.

• Regional monitor for Air Quality• Respond to client requests for air quality

programs• Develop air pollution projects or mainstream

into existing Bank operations• Harmonization of regional standards on fuels

and vehicles• External evaluation of CAI-Asia (ongoing)• Any other ideas???

For further information For further information contactcontact

http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia