clean energy sources
TRANSCRIPT
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Clean Energy Options
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Outline of Presentation
The Present Status of Power in India Clean Energy Options
Hydro Power
Geothermal Energy
Solar Energy
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Safety
Radioactive Emissions Transportation
Wastage Disposal
Other Environmental Effects
Conclusions
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India at a Glance
Population : 1.2 billion
GDP : $ 500 billion
Installed capacity : 120,000 MW
Projected demand : 212,000 MW
by 2012
Shortfall in Power : 92,000 MW
Over 300 million Indian citizens had no access to electrici ty.
Over one third of India's rural population lacked electrici ty
Area : 3.287 million sq. km.
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Power Generation in India
Targets & Achievements
Five Year Plan Year Target (MW) Achievement (MW)
Eighth Plan 1992 - 1997 30,538 16,423
Ninth Plan 1997 - 2002 40,245 19,015
Tenth Plan 2002 - 2007 41,110 21,180
Eleventh Plan 2007 - 2012 78,577 Data not Available
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Modes of Power Generation
World-over India
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Thermal Power
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Thermal Power Plant - Efficiency
Pollution
Fuel
100
units
Power Plant
=
67 units
Waste
Energy
33 units
ElectricityEnd User
Waste HeatTransmission Line
Losses
3 units (7.5%)
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Coal in India
Reserves
Proven 91 billion Tons
Indicated 116 billion Tons
Inferred 37 billion Tons
TOTAL 245 billion Tons
Coal reserves:
> 250 years at present levelsof consumption
Concentrated in Eastern India
Quantity Quality
Heating
Value
(BTU/lb)
Ash
Content
(%)
Sulfur
(%)
Illinois # 6 10,900 11.00 3.25
Wyodak 11,960 5.97 0.40
WPC Utah 11,240 5.32 0.61
Indian
Coal
6,500 25-45
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Problems in Thermal Power
Indian coal is of low calorific value and high ash content.
The iron content is low in India's coal
The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor.
Despite abundant reserves of coal, India can't produce
enough to feed its power plants.
India's coal sector is hampered by primitive mining
techniques and rife with theft and corruption
Shoddy transport infrastructure Environmental Issues:
Ash generation > 200 million Tons
CO2 emissions > 850 Million Tons
Particulate emissions
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Clean Energy Options
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Total installed capacity of Hydro
Power in India 36,000 MW.
Indias exploitable Hydro Electric
potential is estimated to be 1.5 lakh
MW.
So far only 23% of this potential
has been harnessed.
An estimated potential of about15,000 MW of Small Hydro Projects
exist in India.
Hydro Power in India
Potential Projects in small
hydropower
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Indian Geothermal provinces
can produce up to 10600 MW of
power.
Government has identified 340hot springs in the country and are
planning to develop some of the
Geothermal fields for power
generation.
Geothermal Energy in India
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India receives solar energy
equivalent to over 5000
trillion KWh/year, which is far
more than the total energyconsumption of the country.
The daily average solar
energy incident over Indiavaries from 4 -7 KWh/m2
depending upon the location.
Solar Energy in India
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There is an estimated
Gross Potential of 45,000
MW
Centre for Wind Energy
Technology has been
established.
Wind resource Map is
given here (w/m2 = Watt
per square meter):
Wind Power in India
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Renewable energy potential of India
Technologies Units PotentialAchievements
(2004)
Wind Power MW 45,000 2,483
Small hydro power(upto 25 MW)
MW 15,000 1,603
Biomass power MW 19,500 681
Solar waterheating
million m2(collector area)
140 0.8
Waste-to-energy MW 2500 25
Biogas plants million 12 3.6
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Nuclear Power
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Why Nuclear Power
The cost of electricity in USA
1.72 cents/kWh from nuclear
2.21 cents/kWh from coal
7.51 cents/kWh from natural
gas
Electricity from new nuclear
plants would be a modest
percentage higher than from
new coal plants.
If Govt. imposed a
reasonable tax on CO2emissions, nuclear electricity
would become cheaper.
The cost of electricity in USA (Cents)
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Advantages of Nuclear Power
Substantial base load energy producing capability
No greenhouse gas emissions during operation
Does not produce air pollutants
The quantity of waste produced is small
Small number of major accidents
Low fuel costs; Large fuel reserves
Ease of transport and stockpiling of fuel Future designs may be small and modular
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Nuclear Power Plant
Heat
Steam
produced
Steam
TurbineGenerator
Electricity
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Nuclear Power Plants
Work best at constant power Excellent for baseload power
Power output range of 40 to 2000 MW
Current designs are 600 to1200 MW
441 licensed plants operating in 31 countries
Produce about 17% of global electrical energy
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Nuclear Power Generation (%)
World over
scenario
Here we are
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Nuclear Safety
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Types of Radiation
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Types of Radiation
Alpha radiation Cannot penetrate the skin Blocked out by a sheet of paper
Dangerous in the lung
Beta radiation Can penetrate into the body Can be blocked out by a sheet of aluminum foil
Gamma radiation
Can go right through the body Requires several inches of lead or concrete, or a yard or
so of water, to block it.
Neutron radiation
Normally found only inside a nuclear reactor
W ld id it
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Worldwide average per capitadose from natural and man-made radiation
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,April 2006
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Natural
sources
Diagnostic
medical X-ray
examination
Atmospheric
Nuclear
testing
Nuclear
Power
Production
Worldwideannualpercapita
e
ffectivedose(
mSv)
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Sources of Radiation
Medical 51%Rocks, Soil &Radon 37%
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Equivalent Risk Factor
Half a bottle of wine 650 km air travel
100 km car travel
Three fourth of cigarette smoking
1.5 m of mountain climbing Use of oral contraceptive pills for 15 days
Equivalent Risk Factor in comparison tonuclear exposure in India
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Reactor Safety Design
Containment Vessel
1.5-inch thick steel
Shield Building Wall3 foot thick reinforced concrete
Dry Well Wall
5 foot thick reinforced concrete
Bio Shield4 foot thick leaded concrete with
1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and out
Reactor Vessel
4 to 8 inches thick steel
Reactor Fuel
Weir Wall1.5 foot thick concrete
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Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Gen IV
Generation IV
Gen I
Generation I
Early PrototypeReactors
Shippingport
Dresden,Fermi-I
Magnox
Gen II
Generation II
Commercial Power
Reactors
LWR: PWR/BWR
CANDUVVER/RBMK
Gen III
Generation III
Advanced
LWRs
System 80+EPR AP1000ABWR
Enhanced safety Improved
economics
Minimized
Wastes
Proliferation
resistance
E S D th R t
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Energy Source Death Rate
(deaths per TWh)
Coal world average 161
Oil 36
Biofuel / Biomass 12
Natural Gas 4
Hydro 1.4
Solar 0.44
Wind 0.15Nuclear 0.04
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Comparative Seismic Hazard b/w India & Japan
Why India is safer than Japan
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Nuclear Transportation
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Nuclear Transportation
3 million packages of radioactivematerials are shipped each year
in the U.S
Impact with a locomotive at 80mph
Vehicles carrying radioactive
materials have been involved in
transportation accidents
However, No deaths or serious
injuries have resulte
Containers for transporting
nuclear material are tested to
survive various types of
crashes and exposure to fire.
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Nuclear Waste
Wastes in Fuel Preparation and Plant
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Wastes in Fuel Preparation and PlantOperation
Source: IAEA, 1997
Fluegas
desulphurization
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ash
Gassweetening
was
te
Radio
active
waste
(HLW)
Oil Nuclear SolarPV
Naturalgas
WoodCoal
Million tonnesper GWyr
Ash
F
luegas
desu
lphurization
Toxic
waste
Ash
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Nuclear Waste Disposal
If all the used fuel produced by U.S.nuclear power plants in nearly 50 years
were stacked end to end, it would cover a
football field to a depth of less than 10
yards.
96% of this waste can be recycled.
Currently, USA dispose their waste inYucca Mountain which is an Isolated,
desolate, uninhabited land in Nevada
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Environmental Issues
Relative environmental impact of
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Relative environmental impact ofDifferent Technologies
Biomass
Technologies
Nuclear
Wind
Natural gas
technologies
Existing coal
technologies
no gas cleaning
New coal
technologies
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,April 2006
Airpollutionimpa
cts(PM10)
andotherim
pacts
Greenhouse gas impacts
Low
Low
High
High
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Other environmental advantages
Nuclear energy requires lessland use than most other forms
of green energy.
Nuclear energy does not deplete
useful resources
o There is no other commercialuse for Uranium
Nuclear reactors emit nogreenhouse gasses duringoperation.
Over their full lifetimes, nuclearreactors result in comparableemissions to renewable forms ofenergy such as wind and solar.
[
Land needed by wind or solar energy to
match Annual Nuclear Energy of USA
N l P & Cli t Ch
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Nuclear Power & Climate Change
Clearly, there are issues surrounding thetechnology that need continued attention
Finance
Maintaining and improving safety performance
standards Waste disposal / spent fuel management
Non-proli feration and physical security
BUT: If you are serious about protecting theclimate you cannot ignore nuclear energy
Nuclear energy needs public tolerance andpolitical support
Ch ll d t t i
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Challenges and strategies
A country of the size of India cannot afford to planits economy on the basis of large scale import ofenergy resources or energy technology
Indigenous development of energy technologiesbased on domestic fuel resources should be apriority for us.
Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of
the total electric power required 50 years fromnow, in order to l imit energy import dependence inpercentage terms at about the current level.
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Sources of Clean Energy - USA
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A quote by Patrick Moore
"In the 1970s, I equated nuclear energy to holocaust.
Now, my views have changed.
Nuclear energy may be the energy source that can save our planet
from another possible disaster - catastrophic climate change.
Wind and solar can't replace coal, nuclear, and hydro. Natural gas
is too expensive.
Nuclear is, by elimination, the only viable substitute for coal. It is
that simple.
a founding member of Greenpeace
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There is no power as costly as no-power
Homi Bhabha
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Thank you !